译林版英语选修八新素养学案Unit2TheuniversallanguageSectionⅣGrammarWritingWord版含答案

SectionⅣGrammar&Writing省略句一、简单句中的省略1．在口语中的省略—Howisyourmothertoday?——你妈妈今天怎么样？—Muchbetter.——好多了。Anythingwrong？有什么问题吗？2．在祈使句中的省略Openthedoor,please.请开门。3．在感叹句中的省略Whataboy！多好的男孩子啊！Howtheyareworking！他们工作得多起劲啊！4．某些名词的省略名词所有格修饰的名词若表示店铺、住宅、教堂或上下文已暗示或明确指出过的事物时经常被省略。Imethimatthedoctor’s.我在医生那里见过他。5．动词不定式的省略(1)为避免重复，常省略上文已提到的动词原形，只保留不定式符号to。这类动词(短语)有：expect,forget,hope,intend,mean,prefer,refuse,try,want,wish,wouldlike,like和love等。Sheaskedmetodancewithher,butIdidn’twantto.她要我和她跳舞，但是我不想跳。—Willyougowithme？——你愿意和我去吗？—Well,I’dliketo.——嗯，我愿意。(2)在haveto,need,oughtto,begoingto,usedto等后省略动词。Ireallydidn’twanttogotherewithhim,butIhadto.我确实不想和他去那儿，可是我不得不去。(3)在某些形容词delighted,glad,happy,pleased等后面时省略to后面的动词。—Willyoujoininourdiscussion?——你愿意加入我们的讨论吗？—I’llbegladto.——我愿意。(4)若不定式中带有be,have等时，通常保留它们。—Areyouateacher？——你是一位老师吗？—No,butIusedtobe.——不是，但我过去是。二、并列句中的省略1．在并列句中的后面的分句中与前面相同的部分常被省略。Shewaspoorbuthonest.她贫穷但是诚实。2．有时并列句的省略部分出现在前面的分句中，看完最后一个分句才能掌握全句的完整意义。MarycanandoughttospeakEnglish.玛丽会也应该说英语。Bobworks,andPeterlivesinLondon.鲍勃(在伦敦)工作，彼得住在伦敦。三、复合句中的省略1．主句的省略(1)主句的省略多见于句首，多用于口语中。Pityyoucouldn’te.可惜你不能来。(2)在对话中，答句省去整个主句，只用从句。—ShallIgotoplay？——我可以去玩吗？—Ifyoulike.——如果你想来的话(就来玩吧)。2．宾语从句中的省略在以I’mafraid,Ithink,Ibelieve,Ihope,Iguess,Iexpect,Isuppose,Iimagine等开头的答句中，后面接so与not,用于代替名词性从句，以避免重复前面所说的内容。—Doyoubelieveourteamwillwin?——你相信我们队会赢吗？—Iguessso./Iguessnot./Idon’tguessso.——我想会。/我想不会。—Willwebelate？——我们会晚吗？—I’mafraidso/not.——恐怕是这样/不会。—Doyouthinkitwillrain？——你认为会下雨吗？—Ihopeso/not.——我希望如此/不要。Ihopeso.的否定式只能用Ihopenot.不可用Idon’thopeso.。3．状语从句中的省略(1)在某些状语从句中，如果从句的主语是it,其后的be动词及其主语可一起省略。这种结构通常为：if(itis)possible,when(itis)necessary等。Pleasetrytofinishyourhomeworkbyyourselfifpossible.如有可能请尽量自己完成你的家庭作业。We’llhavetheoldhousepulleddownwhennecessary.当有必要的时候我们将拆除这所旧房子。(2)在虚拟语气结构中，当谓语含有were,had,should等时，连词if可省略，但were,had和should需要放在句首。WereIyou,Iwoulddomoreexercise.如果我是你，我就做更多的运动。(3)以as,than引导的比较状语从句可以全部或部分省略。Hegotupearlyasusual.他像往常那样起得早。Hestudiesashardasyou.他学习和你一样努力。eq\a\vs4\al()对接高考____________(have)thegovernmentsandscientistsnotworkedtogether，AIDS­relateddeathswouldnothavefallensincetheirhighestin2005.如果政府和科学家不共同努力，与艾滋病相关的死亡就不会从2005年的最高点下降。Had解析：这是一个省略了从属连词if的虚拟语气句，使用了倒装句式。根据主句的wouldnothavefallen可知，这里是表示过去的虚拟语气，所以用had。(4)如果状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致，并且从句的谓语部分有be动词，则可以将从句中的主语及be动词一起省略。引导这类状语从句的连词有：when,while,though,if和unless。Unlessinvited,Iwillnotgo.除非邀请我去，否则我不去。4．定语从句中的省略在限制性定语从句中可以省略作宾语的关系代词that,which,whom；在thesame...as和such...as引导的定语从句中，可以省略与主句相同的部分；先行词是theway,在后面的定语从句中，可以省略that或inwhich。HeisoneofthemenIcantrust.他是我所能信任的人之一。Wewilldothesameworkasthey.我们将做和他们一样的工作。Idon’tlikethewayyouspeaktoyourmother.我不喜欢你和你妈妈说话的方式。四、惯用的省略结构及固定短语中某些介词的省略1．How/Whatabout＋名词/代词/动名词？Whataboutsomemoremilk？再来些牛奶怎么样？Whatabouthim？他怎么样？Howaboutgoingoutforawalk?出去散散步怎么样？2．Whynot＋省略to的动词不定式？Whynotgoatonce？为什么不马上就走呢？3．固定短语中介词的省略havetrouble(in)doingsth.做某事有困难bebusy(in)doingsth.忙于做某事eq\a\vs4\al(Ⅰ)句型转换eq\a\vs4\al(1.)Hewon’tetoJane’spartyunlessheisinvited.→Hewon’tetoJane’sparty________________________．答案：unlessinvitedeq\a\vs4\al(2.)Whentheywerefirstintroducedtothemarket，theseproductsenjoyedgreatsuccess.→____________________________tothemarket，theseproductsenjoyedgreatsuccess.答案：Whenfirstintroducedeq\a\vs4\al(3.)I’mlookingforwardasmuchtoherreturnassheherselfislookingforwardtoseeingme.→I’mlookingforwardasmuchtoherreturnassheherself________________________．答案：toseeingmeeq\a\vs4\al(4.)Whocanyouturntointimeofdanger，ifyoudonotturntous?→Whocanyouturntointimeofdanger,____________？答案：ifnotuseq\a\vs4\al(5.)—Didyouvisitthemuseumlastweek?—No，wecouldhavevisiteditlastweek,butwespenttoomuchtimeshopping.→—Didyouvisitthemuseumlastweek?—No,__________________________，butwespenttoomuchtimeshopping.答案：wecouldhaveeq\a\vs4\al(6.)Shehurriedlylefttheroomasifshewasangry.→Shehurriedlylefttheroom______________________．答案：asifangryeq\a\vs4\al(7.)Ifitispossible，Iwillhelpyouwithyourwork.→______________，Iwillhelpyouwithyourwork.答案：Ifpossibleeq\a\vs4\al(8.)Therewillbeonlyafewknowingit，ifthereareanyknowingit.→Therewillbeonlyafewknowingit,____________．答案：ifanyeq\a\vs4\al(Ⅱ)语法与写作eq\a\vs4\al(1.)我要去老师办公室。I’mgoingto________________________．答案：theteacher’seq\a\vs4\al(2.)——你愿意来参加聚会吗？——愿意。—Wouldyouliketoetotheparty?—(Yes,)I’d____________．答案：liketo3.eq\a\vs4\al()——她还没有完成家庭作业。——噢，她本来应该完成的。—Shehasn’tfinishedherhomework.—Well,she________________．答案：oughttohaveeq\a\vs4\al(4.)她不能来，但是我想知道为什么。Shecan’te,butIwonder____________．答案：whyeq\a\vs4\al(5.)横穿大街的时候要小心汽车。Lookoutforcars____________________thestreet.答案：whencrossingeq\a\vs4\al(6.)我比他更爱你。Iloveyoubetterthan____________．答案：heeq\a\vs4\al(7.)你和我一样恨他。Youhatehim____________________．答案：asmuchasIeq\a\vs4\al(8.)除了在那儿坐着他们什么事情也没干。Theydidnothing____________there.答案：butsiteq\a\vs4\al(9.)我们所能做的就是等待。Allwecandonowis____________．答案：(to)waiteq\a\vs4\al(10.)如果有必要，我会借给你一个。I’lllendyouone__________________．答案：ifnecessary如何介绍人物eq\a\vs4\al()文体感知1．人物介绍包括他人介绍和自我介绍。本单元的写作项目是介绍人物生平事迹，要用第三人称来写。2．介绍人物生平的文章时态一般使用过去的时态，如：Heworkedinthefactoryforonlyeightmonths.(他在那个工厂仅仅工作了八个月。)ShegotadoctordegreethreeyearsagoinAmerica.(三年前她在美国取得了博士学位。)3．(1)介绍人物生平事迹的文章要注意句式丰富多变，整合与把握不同类型的句子，尽量避免简单罗列句子。我们可以在简单句的基础上进行整合扩充。如：Sheisashygirl.(她是一位害羞的女孩。)HernameisMary.(她的名字叫玛丽。)ShestudiesinNo.3MiddleSchool.(她在第三学习。)这三个句子都是简单句，如果在文章中只是简单地罗列出来，会给人啰嗦拖沓的感觉，我们可以对句子进行整合，如：SheisashygirlnamedMary,studyinginNo.3MiddleSchool.(她是一位害羞的女孩，名叫玛丽，在第三学习。)(2)有时为了句式连贯合理，我们也可以把一些简单句通过加连接词的方式进行合并整合，如：Sheworkedveryhardinthefactory.Shecouldbeeoneofthemajorleaders.→Sheworkedsohardinthefactorythatshecouldbeeoneofthemajorleaders.(她在这家工厂里工作如此努力，以至于她能成为主要领导之一。)(3)为了句式丰富多变，不给人枯燥乏味的感觉，我们可以多使用一些含有各种从句的复合句。如Hewrotesomesciencefictionnovelsinhisthirties,whichmadehimfamousintheworld.(在三十几岁时，他写了几本科幻小说，这让他闻名全世界。)(4)另外，英文人物介绍一般要求能用简洁明了的英语把介绍的情况按逻辑顺序一一讲明即可，最常采用的是按时间顺序和空间顺序，有时也会采用倒叙或者插叙的方法进行。eq\a\vs4\al()写作要求请根据下面的提示，写一篇介绍美国著名游泳运动员迈克尔·菲尔普斯的英语短文。姓名：MichaelPhelps出生地：Maryland,theU．S．A．出生年份：1985简历：5岁开始游泳，从小就热爱游泳；15岁入选为美国奥运游泳队最年轻的选手；2001年，打破200米蝶泳世界纪录；2008年北京奥运会，勇夺8金，6次破世界纪录，被载入史册。2012年8月6日宣布退役，后又复出。截至2016年里约奥运会，菲尔普斯共获得23块奥运金牌。成绩：多次打破世界纪录，成为当今泳坛最出色的全能型游泳选手之一。注意：1.词数100左右；2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。参考词汇：蝶泳butterflystrokeeq\a\vs4\al()审题谋篇项目结论体裁记叙文话题介绍人物时态以一般过去时为主人称第三人称eq\a\vs4\al()词句推敲1．词汇①打破世界纪录________________②金牌________________③被认为是________________答案：①breaktheworldrecord②goldmedal③beconsidered(tobe)2．句式①MichaelPhelps于1985年出生于Maryland,theU．S.A．,5岁开始游泳，从小就热爱游泳。一般表达：MichaelPhelpswasborninMaryland,theU．S.A．in1985andhebeganswimmingattheageoffiveandhelikesswimmingverymuch.(用非谓语动词改写句子)高级表达：______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________②2008年北京奥运会，他勇夺8金，6次破世界纪录，被载入史册。一般表达：Inthe2008BeijingOlympicGames,hebrokesixworldrecordsandwoneightgoldmedals.Bothofthemhavegonedowninhistory.(用定语从句合并句子)高级表达：______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________答案：①BorninMaryland,theU．S.A．in1985,MichaelPhelpshashadastrongpassionforswimmingsincehetookitupattheageoffive.②Inthe2008BeijingOlympicGames,hebrokesixworldrecordsandwoneightgoldmedals,bothofwhichhavegonedowninhistory.eq\a\vs4\al()妙笔成篇________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Onepossibleversion：BorninMaryland,theU．S.A．in1985,MichaelPhelpshashadastrongpassionforswimmingsincehetookitupattheageoffive.Whenhewas15,hebecametheyoungestAmericanOlympicswimmerofalltime.In2001,hebroketheworldrecordinthe200­meterbutterflystroke.Inthe2008BeijingOlympicGames,hebrokesixworldrecordsandwoneightgoldmedals,bothofwhichhavegonedowninhistory.OnAugust6,2012,heannouncedhisretirementfromswimming,laterhecameback.Duringthe32thOlympics,hewon23goldmedals.Hehasbrokenmanyworldrecordsandisconsideredoneofthemostoutstandingall­roundswimmersintheworldswimmingcircles.A卷eq\a\vs4\al(Ⅰ)单句语法填空1．When____________(cross)theroad，you’dbetterlookatbothsides.答案：crossing2．Thelittlegirlbegantocrywhen____________(ask)bythepolice.答案：asked3．____________(have)Ihadtime，Iwouldhavegoneshoppingwithyou.答案：Had4．____________(be)shehere,shewouldagreewithus.答案：Were5．Bobhasdonehishomework，butTom____________(nothave)．答案：hasn’t6．That’swhyIhelpbrightenpeople’sdays.Ifyou____________(notdo),who’stosaythatanotherpersonwill?答案：don’t7．—Iwillbeawayonabusinesstrip.Couldyoumindlookingaftermycat?—Notatall.Iwouldbehappy____________．答案：to8．Once____________(catch)stealinginasupermarket,youwillbepunished.答案：caught9．—Youlookhappytoday,Mary.—IlikemynewdressandMother____________(do),too.答案：does10．—Howareyougettingonwithyourwork?—Oh,I’msorry.Thingsaren’tgoingsowellas____________(plan)．答案：plannedeq\a\vs4\al(Ⅱ)阅读理解ThehitmovieNottingHill(《诺丁山》)beginswithafamousscene.HughGrantbumpsintoJuliaRobertsandspillsorangejuicealloverher.Afterthecollision,Grantrepeatedlysays，“I’msosorry.I’msosorry.”HisactionsinthissceneareveryBritish.IfRobertswerefromBritain,thenshewouldprobablyapologizerepeatedlyaswell—evenifthecrashwerenotherfault.Butthisdoesn’thappeninthemovie,asRobertsisfromtheU．S．AreportinTheTelegraphoncesaidthatthreequartersofBritishpeopleapologizewhentheybumpintosomeoneinthestreet—regardlessofwhethertheyareresponsibleornot.Infact,Britonsuse“sorry”inmanysituations.Forexample,iftheymishearsomeone,theysay“Sorry？”Thepersontheyaretalkingtowillalsoapologizebyreplying，“No,Iamsorry！”Thiscangoonforuptofiveminutesastheypeteforwhoisthemostsorry.WhyareBritonssosorry?MarkTyrrell,apsychologywriterintheU．K.,thinksthattheirapologetictendenciesarerootedintheBritishclasssystem.“WesaysorrybecausehistoricallythenewmiddleclassinBritainhadtoapologizefornotbeingtheworkingclass,butalsofornotreallybeingtheupperclass.”Anothertheoryisthattheyapologizetoavoidconflicts.Forexample,iftheybumpintosomeone,hemightgetangry.Toavoidthis,theyinstantlysay“Sorry！”Truemannersareaboutbeingconsiderate,andtoday’sconstantuseofapologizingshowsthatweareperhapsnotasthoughtfulasweoncewere.Theword“sorry”haslostsomeofitsmeaning.Doyouseemypoint?Sorry,itmightjustbeaBritishthing.【解题导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了英国人的道歉文化及其原因：一是因为历史上英国的新中产阶级；二是为了避免冲突。1．WhydoestheauthormentionasceneinthemovieNottingHillatthebeginning?A．TogiveanexampleofBritishmodesty.B．Tointroducedifferentwaysofsayingsorry.C．ToshowwhatkindofmenareconsideredgentlemenintheU．K．D．TodrawourattentiontowhenandhowBritishpeoplesaysorry.D解析：推理判断题。根据第一段的描述可知，文章开头用电影举例，描述了英国人道歉的场景，引出文章的主题——英国的道歉文化。2．WhichofthefollowingstatementsmightMarkTyrrellagreewith?A．Peopleshouldnotapologizeiftheyarenotresponsible.B．AmericanscarelessaboutmannersthanBritishpeopledo.C．ThatBritishpeopleapologizesomuchislinkedtotheclasssystem.D．Britishpeoplecaretoomuchaboutwhichsocialclasstheyarefrom.C解析：推理判断题。根据第四段中的“MarkTyrrell...thinksthattheirapologetictendenciesarerootedintheBritishclasssystem.”可知，MarkTyrrell认为英国人的道歉根源是其阶级制度。由此可推断，C项正确。3．Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?A．It’sunnecessaryforBritishpeopletobesopolite.B．TheoveruseofapologizingshowsBritonsaretrulysincere.C．Peopleshouldnotsticktothetraditionaluseoftheword“sorry”．D．Using“sorry”moredoesn’tnecessarilymeanpeoplearemorepolite.D解析：推理判断题。根据第四段的内容以及最后一段中的“today’sconstantuseofapologizingshowsthatweareperhapsnotasthoughtfulasweoncewere”可知，英国人道歉或是与他们的阶级制度有关，或是为了避免冲突，今天的多次道歉也并不意味着人们更有礼貌。4．Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthispassage?A．Toexplorethebestwayofsayingsorry.B．ToexplainwhyBritonsoverusetheword“sorry”．C．Toshowhowsayingsorryhaschangedovertime.D．TosuggestmanyBritishpeoplelacktraditionalmanners.B解析：写作意图题。根据全文内容可知，本文由电影场景引入主题，介绍了英国的道歉文化，并介绍了英国人道歉的原因及今天道歉的意义，主要目的是介绍英国人过量使用“sorry”这个词的原因。eq\a\vs4\al(Ⅲ)完形填空“Paulmusthavebeentryingtocarryhiswastepapertothegarbagecananddroppedafewpieces.”I1，pickingthemup.2laterIfoundmorepieces.Noquietsighingthistime.I3，“Whoisthrowinggarbage？”Noanswer.Instead,Isawmorebitsofpapersilentlyfloating4fromupstairs.Lookingup,Isawmyseven­year­oldson,Paul.“Stopmakingamess.”“It’snotamess.They’re5．”“Sorry,whatdidyousay？”Ihadn’theardhimclearly.Hedidn’tanswerme.Paulhasautism(自闭症)and6answersaquestion,especiallywhenhe’s7attentivelyonsomethingelse.Herandownthestairs.“Wherearemyotherbutterflies？”heasked,8around.EverytimePaul9fiveormorewordstogether,myheartsaysa10ofthanks.Butlatelyheseemsto11thatthebenefitsofformingpletesentenceswhenmunicatingare12oftheeffort.Butterflies.Ofcourse.Irushedto13themfromthegarbage,14themoffandhandedthemtomyyoungartist.“Wanttoseethem15again？”heaskedwithashysmile.“Ohyes!They’rebeautiful.”Iwhispered.Heranbackupstairstofloathis16downagain.Theyreallydidlooklikebeautifulbutterflies.ThatdayPaul17metolookupat18insteadofdownatgarbage.HowmanyothermasterpiecesdoImissbecauseI’mtoocaughtupinmy19totaketimetoappreciatewhat’srightinfrontofme?Lifeisnotwhathappenstous.It’s20welookatit.Now,Ilookup.1．A．laughed B．sighedC．amazed D．shoutedB解析：laugh“笑”；sigh“叹了口气”；amaze“使惊奇”；shout“大喊”。根据后文的“Noquietsighingthistime.”可知，此处指作者“叹气”。句意：我叹口气，把掉在地上的几张废纸捡起来。故选B项。2．A．Days B．YearsC．Moments D．WeeksC解析：days“数日”；years“数年”；moments“片刻”；weeks“数周”。根据语境可知一开始只是几张，作者边走边拾，同时发现更多的废纸。所以时间应该很短。故选C项。3．A．calledout B．turnedupC．gotin D．addedtoA解析：callout“大声叫喊”；turnup“出现”；getin“进入”；addto“添加到”。前面说不再静静地叹息，所以这里应该是大声喊：是谁在扔垃圾？故选A项。4．A．up B．downC．away D．offB解析：up“向上”；down“向下”；away“离开”；off“切断，走开”。根据后面“fromupstairs”可知，纸是从楼上飘下来的。下文有“Heranbackupstairstofloathis______downagain.”的提示。故选B项。5．A．planes B．papersC．leaves D．butterfliesD解析：plane“飞机”；paper“纸”；leaf“树叶”；butterfly“蝴蝶”。根据下文的“Wherearemyotherbutterflies？”可知，作者七岁的儿子认为是蝴蝶。故选D项。6．A．rarely B．frequentlyC．willingly D．eagerlyA解析：rarely“很少地”；frequently“经常地”；willingly“愿意”；eagerly“渴望地”。根据上文可知作者的儿子有自闭症，没有回答作者的问题，所以他很少回答问题。故选A项。7．A．devoted B．dependedC．focused D．addictedC解析：devote“献身于”，跟to搭配；depend“依靠”，与on连用；focus“专注”，与on连用；addict“上瘾”，与to连用。句意：尤其当Paul专注于别的事情时，他就很少回答问题。故选C项。8．A．showing B．lookingC．playing D．drawingB解析：show...around“领……四处参观”；lookaround“环顾四周”；playaround“玩耍，鬼混”；drawaround“围在四周”。他一边问一边四处看。故选B项。9．A．spells B．putsC．pushes D．accumulatesB解析：spell“拼写”；put“放”；push“推”；accumulate“积累”。每当患有自闭症的儿子Paul把5个以上的词放在一起时，“我”很激动。故选B项。10．A．sound B．remarkC．report D．prayerD解析：sound“声音”；remark“注意，评论”；report“报告”；prayer“祈祷”。孩子能说更多的话，“我”就会发出感谢的祈祷。故选D项。11．A．refuse B．hearC．mind D．realizeD解析：refuse“拒绝”；hear“听到”；mind“在意”；realize“认识到”。最近他似乎认识到交流时说完整的句子的好处，所以问出了他的问题：Wherearemyotherbutterflies？故选D项。12．A．worthy B．awareC．fond D．typicalA解析：worthy“值得”；aware“知道”；fond“喜欢”；typical“典型的”。句意：意识到交流时说完整的话有益处，值得努力。故选A项。13．A．hide B．destroyC．rescue D．removeC解析：hide“躲藏”；destroy“毁坏”；rescue“拯救”；remove“移动”。“我”跑过去把它们从垃圾堆里救出来。故选C项。14．A．tore B．dustedC．cut D．seizedB解析：tear“撕开”；dust“除去灰尘”；cut“切”；seize“抓住”。垃圾里应该很脏，所以应该是去掉灰尘。故选B项。15．A．throw B．flowC．land D．flyD解析：throw“扔”；flow“流动”；land“着陆”；fly“飞”。从后面可知这里Paul在问：还想看它们飞吗？故选D项。16．A．masterpieces B．schoolworkC．inventions D．imaginationA解析：masterpiece“杰作”；schoolwork“功课”；invention“发明”；imagination“想象”。既然说很漂亮，所以应该是跑回去再让它们从楼上飘下来。这里妈妈认为是儿子的杰作。故选A项。17．A．reminded B．forcedC．intended D．permittedA解析：remind“提醒”；force“强迫”；intend“打算”；permit“准许”。根据孩子的提醒“我”看到，飘着的纸的确看起来像美丽的蝴蝶。那一天，Paul提醒了“我”抬头看美的东西而不是低头看垃圾。故选A项。18．A．mistakes B．weaknessesC．beauty D．sceneryC解析：mistake“错误”；weakness“弱点”；beauty“美”；scenery“风景”。“我”抬起头看到了美。后面的“insteadofdownatgarbage”和前面对比，故选C项。19．A．amusement B．houseworkC．munication D．homeworkB解析：amusement“娱乐”；housework“家务”；munication“交流”；homework“作业”。“我”太忙于家务活而没有时间去欣赏眼前的东西。根据前面的叙述说“我”拾起地上的废纸可知，“我”总是做家务活让家干净而没有考虑其他。故选B项。20．A．when B．whetherC．where D．howD解析：when“当……的时候”；whether“是否”；where“哪里”；how“如何”。生活不是我们发生了什么，而是我们如何看待它。故选D项。B卷eq\a\vs4\al(Ⅰ)阅读理解APollution’sseriouseffectsontheenvironmenthavebeemoreobviousinrecentyears.Mostscientistsagreethateffortsarenecessarytoprotectourenvironmentfromfurtherharm.Asweknow，theconstructionindustryconsumesalargequantityofenergyandresourcesandcreatesahugeamountofpollution.Sogreenbuildingsareingreatneed.Theenvironmentalbenefitsofgreenbuildingsincludetheprotectionofecosystemsandbiodiversity(生物多样性)，improvedairandwaterquality，lesswasteflowingintostreamsandtheprotectionofnaturalresources.Greenbuildingscanalsoresultinloweroperatingcostsbecausetheytypicallyuselessenergyandfewermaterialsandimproveindoorairquality，improvingthehealthofpeoplewholivethere.Theprocessofbuildinggreenhousesincludestechnicalandartisticplanningwithnatureprotectioninmind.Buildingdesignsoftenreflectthesurroundingenvironmentandnaturalresourcesanduserenewablebuildingmaterialssuchasbambooandstraw.Inaddition，recycledresourcesfoundlocallyareusedforgreenbuildings，reducingthecostandairpollutionassociatedwithtransportingmaterialslongdistances.Carefulsiteselectionisimportanttominimize(使减少到最低限度)humaneffectsonthesurroundingenvironment.Forexample，placingastructureinanareathatallowsittotakeadvantageofcoolbreezes(微风)andsunlightcanreduceenergyuseandexpenses.Moreenergyandexpensesareneededforlargerbuildingsaswell，soitisimportanttobuildthesmallones.Greenroofsareanotherfeatureofgreenhousesthatreduceenergyuseandcosts.Theseroofsarepartiallyorpletelycoveredwithplants，whichhelpstokeepheatingandcoolingcostslow，preventwaterrunningoffanddealwithpollutants.Otherfeaturesofgreenbuildingsoftenincludeenergyandwaterprotection，recyclingandwastereduction.Inaddition，renewableenergysourcessuchassolarpower，waterpowerandwindpowerareusedforheatandelectricity，whichgreatlyreducescostsanddecreasestheinfluenceontheenvironment.【解题导语】本文主要介绍了绿色建筑的优势和特色。1．Whatcanweknowaboutgreenbuildings?A．Producingnowaste.B．Onlyusingcleanenergy.C．Beingmadeofnewmaterials.D．Beingenvironmentfriendly.D解析：推理判断题。根据对全文的整体理解特别是第三段的内容可推知，绿色建筑整体上是环保的，故选D。2．Whatisagreenbuildingprobablylikeaccordingtothefifthparagraph?A．Large. B．Small.C．Green. D．Low.B解析：细节理解题。根据第五段最后一句“Moreenergyandexpensesareneededforlargerbuildingsaswell，soitisimportanttobuildthesmallones.”可推知，绿色建筑应该倾向于小型建筑，而非高楼大厦，故选B。3．Whatisthepurposeofusinggreenroofs?A．Tofittheenvironment.B．Tokeepwarm.C．Tocollectnaturewater.D．Toreducecosts.D解析：细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“Greenroofsareanotherfeatureofgreenhousesthatreduceenergyuseandcosts.”可知，绿色屋顶可以降低能源使用和成本，故选D。4．Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A．Promotingenergyefficiency.B．Environmentalbenefits.C．Greenbuildings.D．Ecosystemsandbiodiversity.C解析：主旨大意题。根据文章的关键词“greenbuildings”和对全文的整体理解可推知，本文主要讲的是绿色建筑，故选C。BI’veneverbeenthekindofpersontosay,“It’sthethoughtthatcounts”whenitestogifts.Thatwasuntilacoupleofweeksago,whenmykidsgavemeapresentthatblew_me_away．Foryearsnow,I’vebeenwantingtosellourhome,theplacewheremyhusbandandIraisedourkids.Buttome,thishouseismuchmorethanjustabuilding.Inthefrontroom,there’sawallthathashundredsofpencillines,markingtheprogressofmychildren’sgrowth.Everygrowthstageismarkedingrey,witheachchild’snameandthedatewhentheyweremeasured.Ofalltheobjectsandallthememories,it’sthisonethinginahomethat’sthehardesttoleavebehind.FriendsIknowhavereturnedhomeafterworkonlytodiscovertheirwallofheightshasbeenfreshlypaintedover.Anewpaintjobwouldn’tnormallybegreetedbytears,buterasingthatevidenceofmotherhoodhurtsmorethanitshould.Ourkidsgrowinsomanyways,butthewallisphysicalevidenceoftheirprogress,rightthereforeveryonetosee.Overtheyears,I’vetalkedabouthowmuchIwouldhateleavingthatwallbehindwhenImoved,eventhoughthelastmarksweremade10yearsagowhenmykidsstoppedgrowing.Sooneday,whileIwasatwork,mychildrendecidedtodosomethingaboutit.TheyhiredJacquieManning,aprofessionalphotographerwhoseworkisaboutcapturing(捕捉)thebeautifulthingsinlife,fromclearlakesandskiestodiamondsandballgowns(晚礼服)．ShecametoourhousewhileIwasatwork,andoverseveralhours,tookphotosofthehundredsofdrawingsandlines,littlegreyfingerprints(指纹),andoldmarks.Somehow,shemanagedtophotographallthoseyearsofmemoriesperfectly.Afterwards,sheputallthephotostogetherintooneimage,transformingthemintoabeautifulhistoryofmyfamily.Threeweekslater,mychildren’swonderfulgiftmadeitswaytome—alife­sizephotoofthepencillinesandfingerprintsthatrepresentsentirelifetimesofloveandgrowth.【解题导语】本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了孩子们送给“我”的一件充满爱意且特别的礼物的事情。5．Theunderlinedphrase“blewmeaway”inParagraph1probablymeans“________”．A．attractedme B．surprisedmeC．acceptedme D．refusedmeB解析：词义猜测题。根据第一段中的“I’veneverbeenthekindofpersontosay，‘It’sthethoughtthatcounts’...whenmykidsgavemeapresent”及下文的描述可知，“我”以前不相信送礼物的人的心思最重要，但几个星期前“我”的孩子们送给“我”的礼物让“我”改变了这样的想法，所以此处表示使“我”吃惊。6．Whatdoesthehousereallymeantotheauthor?A．Ahouse. B．Abuilding.C．Objects. D．Memories.D解析：推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Ofalltheobjectsandallthememories，it’sthisonethinginahomethat’sthehardesttoleavebehind.”可知，对作者来说这栋房子意味着回忆。7．Whatsurprisedthefriendstheauthorknowafterwork?A．Findingthewallrepainted.B．Erasingthefingerprints.C．Greetingthembytears.D．Leavingthewallunfinished.A解析：细节理解题。根据第四段中的“FriendsIknowhavereturnedhomeafterworkonlytodiscovertheirwallofheightshasbeenfreshlypaintedover.”可知，令朋友们吃惊的是房屋的墙面又被重新粉刷了。8．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．GiftMadewithLoveB．BuildingsMadebyChildrenC．AVeryWonderfulPaintingD．AFamilyHistoryA解析：标题归纳题。根据全文内容，尤其是最后一段“Threeweekslater，mychildren’swonderfulgiftmadeitswaytome—alife­sizephotoofthepencillinesandfingerprintsthatrepresentsentirelifetimesofloveandgrowth.”可知，这篇文章主要讲述了孩子们送给“我”的一份用爱制成的礼物，故A项作本文标题最佳。CNov.21isWorldHelloDay.Itbeganbackinthe1970saspartofanefforttomaketheworldmorepeaceful.ItwascreatedjustafterthewarbetweenIsraelandEgyptin1973.Thephilosophy(哲学)behinditis：Say“Hello”andstopwar.Itsoundslikeafineidea，butmostofusknowthatsimplysaying“Hello”won’tbringaboutworldpeace.Still，onasmallerrange，thesimpleactofsaying“Hello”tosomeonecanmakealotofdifference.Thismightnotbeobvious.Afterall，it’ssuchacasualthingandrequiressolittleeffort.Youraiseyourheadtosomeoneasyoupassbythemintheschoolcorridor(走廊)，say“Hello”，andthenit’sover.Althoughwemightnotrealizeit，asmallthinglikeagreetingcanmeanalottoaperson.Manypeoplearelonelybecausethey’reshy.Theyfinditdifficulttomunicatewithpeople，eventhoughtheywantto.Itleadstothemfeelingcutoff.Onthisbasis，maybeit’sagoodidea，notjustonNov.21，buteveryday，toremembertosay“Hello”toasmanypeopleaswecan.Thestrangerwhohearsyourgreetingmaysecretlysmileintheirheart.Youmightevenmaketheirday.Greetingotherpeopleistheeasiestwaytobepolite.Politenessisthewayweindividualhumanslinkupwiththerestofthehumanworldoutsideofourcirclesoffamilyandfriends.Politenessisoneoftheaspectsofculturethatmakeusasocietyratherthanjustmanyindividualslivinginthesamespace.NoonesaiditbetterthantheFrenchauthorJosephJoubert：“Politenessistheflowerofhumanity.”A“Hello”toastrangerisasmallthing，andoftenneglected(忽视)，butthroughitwecanmaketheworldbetterforanotherperson.【解题导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了世界问候日的由来及意义的相关信息。9．WhatisWorldHelloDayintendedfor?A．Philosophy. B．Peace.C．Politeness. D．War.B解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Nov.21isWorldHelloDay.Itbeganbackinthe1970saspartofanefforttomaketheworldmorepeaceful.”可知，世界问候日设立的初衷是为了和平。10．Whathasaneffectonpeoplemost?A．Raisingheadstoothers.B．Doingsomethingcasually.C．Meetingintheschoolcorridor.D．Thesimpleactofsaying“Hello”．D解析：细节理解题。根据第二段第二句“Still，onasmallerrange，thesimpleactofsaying‘Hello’tosomeonecanmakealotofdifference.”可知，对别人影响最大的是打招呼这种简单的行为。11．Whydosomepeoplefeellonely?A．Theyareunwillingtomunicatewithothers.B．Theyaretooshytomunicatewithothers.C．Theyareveryfondoflivingalone.D．Theydon’tlikedoingthingsasothersdo.B解析：细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Manypeoplearelonelybecausethey’reshy...cutoff.”可知，一些人感到孤独的原因是他们太害羞了，不敢和别人交流。12．Whatcanwelearnfromthelastparagraph?A．Weshouldneglectasmallthing.B．Saying“Hello”toothersispowerful.C．Theflowersmaketheworldbetter.D．NooneisbetterthanJosephJoubert.B解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“A‘Hello’toastrangerisasmallthing，andoftenneglected(忽视)，butthroughitwecanmaketheworldbetterforanotherperson.”可知，向别人打招呼是有影响力的。eq\a\vs4\al(Ⅱ)语法填空Atfifteenyearsold,Iwasaconfidentgirl.Oneday，whenIwastryingtogetthebottled(瓶装的)gastowork,1.____________fireexplodedinmyface.Isufferedtheconsequencesofmy2.____________(careless).Itwasmyneighborswhocametorescue,3.____________(help)toputoffthe