考研真题：《英语一》2023年考试真题与参考答案

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考研真题：《英语一》2023年考试真题与参考答案

一、完形填空

UseofEnglish

CaravanseraiswereroadsideinnsthatwerebuiltalongtheSilkRoadinareas

including

China,NorthAfricaandtheMiddleEast.Theyweretypicallyoutsidethewallsof

acityorvillageandwereusuallyfundedbygovernmentsof2

Thisword“Caravanserais”isa3ofthePersianword"karvan",whichmeansagroupoftravellersoracaravan,andseray,apalaceorenclosedbuilding.ThePermcaravanwasusedto4groupsofpeoplewhotravelledtogetheracrossthe

ancientnetworkforsafetyreasons,5merchants,travellersorpilgrims.

Fromthe10thcenturyonwards,asmerchantandtravelroutesbecomemoredeveloped,the6oftheCaravanseraisincreasedandtheyservedasasafeplaceforpeopletorestatnight.TravellersontheSilkRoadpossibilityofbeingattackedbythievesorbeing8toextremeconditions.Forthisreason,Caravanseraiswere

strategicallyplaced9__theycouldbereachedinaday'straveltime.

Caravanseraisservedasaninformal10_pointforthevariouspeoplewhotravelledtheSilkRoad.]thosestructuresbecameimportantcentersforculture2 andinteraction,withtravelerssharingtheircultures,ideasandbeliefs,3talking

knowledgewiththem,greatly4thedevelopmentofseveralcivilizations.

2

Caravanseraiswerealsoanimportantmarketplaceforcommoditiesand_15_inthetradeofgoodsalongtheSilkRoad._16,itwasfrequentlythefirststopmerchantslookingtoselltheirwaresand_17__suppliesfortheirownjourneys.Itis

_18__thataround120000to15000caravanseraiswerebuiltalongtheSilkRoad,

_19_onlyabout3000areknowntoremaintoday,manyofwhicharein20

参考答案：

1、C.located

2、A.privately

3、D.combination

4、C.describe

5、C.suchas

6、A.construction

7、B.faced

8、B.subjected

9、A.sothat

10、D.meeting

11、D.Asaresult

12、C.exchange

13、C.aswellas

14、B.influencing

15、A.aided

16、B.indeed

17、D.stockupon

18、A.believed

19、D.although

20、A.ruins

二、阅读理解

Text1

TheweatherinTexasmayhavecooledsincetherecentextremeheat,butthetemperaturewillbehighattheStateBoardofEducationmeetinginAustinthismonth

asofficialsdebatehowclimatechangeistaughtinTexasschools.

PatHardy,whosympathizedwithviewsoftheenergysector,isresistingtheproposed

changetosciencestandardsforpre-teenpupils.Thesewouldemphasisetheprimacyofhumanactivityinrecentclimatechangeandencouragediscussionofmitigation

measures.

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MostscientistsandexpertssharplydisputeHardy'sviews."Theycasuallydismissthecareerworkofscholarsandscientistsasjustanothermisguidedopinion."saysDanQuinn,seniorcommunicationsstrategistattheTexasFreedomNetwork,anon-profitgroupthatmonitorspubliceducation,"WhatmillionsofTexaskidslearnintheirpublicschoolsisdeterminedtoooftenbythepoliticalideologyofpartisanboard

members,ratherthanfactsandsoundscholarship."

SuchdebatereflectsfiercediscussiondiscussionsacrosstheUSandaroundtheworld,asresearchers,policymakers,teachersandstudentsstepupdemandsforagreater

focusonteachingaboutthefactsofclimatechangeinschools.

AstudylastyearbytheNationalCenterforScienceEducation,anon-profitgroupofscientistsandteachers,lookingathowstatepublicschoolsacrossthecountryaddressclimatechangeinscienceclasses,gavebarelyhalfofUSstatesagradeB+orhigher.Amongthe10worstperformersweresomeofthemostpopulousstates,includingTexas,whichwasgiventhelowestgrade(F)andhasadisproportionate

influencebecauseitstextbooksarewidelysoldelsewhere.

GlennBranch,thecentre'sdeputydirector,cautionsthatsettingstate-levelsciencestandardsisonlyonelimitedbenchmarkinacountrythatdecentralisesdecisionstolocalschoolboards.Evenifastateisconsideredahighperformerinitsscience

standards,"thatdoesnotmeanitwillbetaught",hesays.

Anotherissueisthatwhileclimatechangeiswellintegratedintosomesubjectsand

atsomeages—suchasearthandspacesciencesinhighschools—itisnotaswell

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representedincurriculaforyoungerchildrenandinsubjectsthataremorewidely

taught,suchasbiologyandchemistry.Itisalsolessprominentinmanysocialstudies

coUrses.

Branchpointsoutthat,evenifagrowingnumberofofficialguidelinesandtextbooksreflectscientificconsensusonclimatechange,unofficialeducationalmaterialsthatconveymoreslantedperspectivesarebeingdistributedtoteachers.Theyinclude

materialssponsoredbylibertarianthink-tanksandenergyindustryassociations.

21.Inparagraph1,theweatherinTexasismentionedto

答案：C.indicatetheatmosphereattheboardmeeting

22.WhatdoesQuinnthinkofHardy?

答案：B.Shedeniesthevalueofscientificwork.

23.ThestudymentionedinParagraph5

答案：A.Climateeducationisinsufficientatstatepublicschool

24.AccordingtoBranch,state-levelsciencestandardsintheUS

答案：C.havelimitedinfluence

25.Itisimpliedinthelastparagraphthatclimatechangeteachinginsomeschools

答案：D.canbeswayedbyexternalforces

Text2

Communitiesthroughouttheregionhavebeenattemptingtoregulateshort-term

rentalssincesiteslikeAirbnbtookoffinthe2010s.Now,withrecord-highhomeprices

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andhistoricallylowinventory,there'sanincreasedurgencyinsuchregulation,particularlyamongthosewhoworrythatdeveloperswillcomeinandbuyupswaths

ofhousingtoflipforafortuneontheshort-termrentalmarket.

InNewHampshire,wheretherentalvacancyratehasdroppedbelow1percent,housingadvocatesfearuncheckedshort-termrentalswillputfurtherpressureonanalreadystrainedmarket.ThestateLegislaturerecentlyvotedagainstabillthatwould'vemadeitillegalfortownstocreatelegislationrestrictingshort-termrentals. “Weareatacrisislevelonthesupplyofrentalhousing,soanytimeyou'retakingthetooloutofthetoolkitforcommunitiestoaddressthis,you'repotentiallytakingsupplyoffthemarketthat'salreadyincrediblystressed,''saidNickTaylor,executivedirectoroftheWorkforceHousingCoalitionoftheGreaterSeacoast.WithoutenoughaffordablehousinginsouthernNewHampshiretowns,"employersarehavingahardtimeattractingemployees,andworkersarehavingahardtime

findingaplacetolive,''Taylorsaid.

However,short-termrentalsalsoprovidehousingfortourists,acrucialpartoftheeconomiesinplaceslikeNantucket,CapeCod,orthetownsthatmakeupNewHampshire'sSeacoastandLakesRegion,pointedoutRyanCastle,CEOoftheCapeCod&IslandsAssociationofRealtors."Alotofworkersareservicingthetouristindustry,andthetourismindustryisservicedbythosepeoplecominginshortterm,''

Castlesaid,“andsoit'sacyclicaleffect.''

Short-termrentalsthemselvesarenotthecruxoftheissue,saidKerenHorn,an

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affordablehousingpolicyexpertattheUniversityofMassachusettsBoston."Ithinkindividualsbeingabletorentouttheirsecondhomeisagoodthing.Ifit'stheirvacationhomeanyway,andit'sjustempty,whycan'tyoumakemoneyoffit?''Hornsaid.Issuesarise,however,whendevelopersattempttocreatelarge-scaleshort-termrentalfacilities—defactohotels—tobypasstaxesandregulations."Ithinkthequestionis,shouldn'tadeveloperwho'sreallybuildingahotel,butdisguisingitas

notahotel,betreatedandtaxedandregulatedlikeahotel?''Hornsaid.

Attheendof2018,GovernorCharlieBakersignedabilltoreininthosepotentialinvestor-buyers.“Thebillrequireseveryrentalhosttoregisterwiththestate,mandatestheycarryinsurance,andopensthepotentialforlocaltaxesontopofanewstatelevy,''theGlobereported.Bostontookthingsevenfurther,limitingwhoisauthorizedtorentouttheirhome,andrequiringrenterstoregisterwiththecity's

nspectionalServicesDepartment.

Hornsaidsimilarregistrationrequirementscouldbenefitotherstrugglingcitiesandtowns.Theonlywaytosolvetheissue,however,isbycreatingmorehousing."Ifwe

wanttomakeachangeinthehousingmarket,themainoneiswehavetobuildalot

more.’

26.WhichofthefollowingistrueofNewEngland?

答案：A.Itshousingsupplyisataverylowlevel.

27.ThebillmentionedintheParagraph2wasintendedto?

答案：D.allowafreeshort-termrentalmarket.

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28.ComparedwithCastle,Tailorismorelikelytosupport?

答案：Binincreaseinaaffordablehousing

29.WhatdoesHornemphasizeinparagraph3?

答案：Cthenecessitytostopdevelopersfromevadingtaxes.

30.Hornholdsthatimposingregistrationrequirementsis

答案：Daninadequatesolution.

Text3

lfyou'reheadingforyournearestbranchofWaterstonesinsearchoftheDuchessofSussex'snewchildren'sbookTheBench,youmighthavetobepreparedtohuntaroundabit;thesamemaybetrueofThePresident'sDaughter,thenewthrilerbyBillClintonandJamesPatterson.Bothofthesebooksarepublishednextweekby

PenguinRandomHouse,acompanycurrentlyinvolvedinastand-offwith

Waterstones

Theproblembeganlatelastyear,whenPenguinRandomHouseconfirmedthatithadintroducedacreditlimitwithWaterstones"ataverysignificantlevel".ThetrademagazineTheBooksellerreportedthatWaterstonesbranchmanagerswerebeingtoldtoremovePRHbooksfromprominentareassuchastables,displayspacesand

windows,andwere“quietlyretiringthemtotheirrelevantsections”.

PRHdeclinedtocommentontheissue,butaspokespersonforWaterstonestoldme:

“WaterstonesarecurrentlyoperatingwithreducedcredittermsfromPRH,theonly

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publisherintheUKtoplaceanylimitationsonourabilitytotrade.WearenotboycottingPRHtitlesbutwearedoingourutmosttoensurethatavailabilityforcustomersremainsgooddespitetheloweroveralllevelsofstock.Wedothisgenerallybygivingtheirtitleslessprominentpositioningwithinourbookshops."Wearehopefulwithourshopsnowopenagainthatnormalitywillreturnandthatwewillbeallowedtobuyappropriately.Certainly,ourshopsareexceptionallybusyandbooksalesareverystrong.ThesalesforourMayBooksoftheMonthsurpassedanymonthsince2018."Inthemeantime,PRHauthorshavebeenthelosers-ashavecustomers,whomightexpectthenewtitlesfromthecountry'sbiggestpublishertobeprominentlydisplayedbyitsbiggestbookretailer.Big-namePRHauthorsmaysufferabit,butit'sthosemid-listauthors,whonormallyrelyonWaterstonesstaff'spassionforpromoting

booksbylesser-knownwriters,whowillbeprayingforanendtothedispute.

ItcomesatatimewhenauthorsarealreadyworriedabouttheconsequencesoftheproposedmergerbetweenPRHandanotherbigpublisher,Simon&Schuster-thereductioninthenumberofunalignedUKpublishersislikelytoleadtofewerbiddingwars,loweradvances,andmoreconformityintermsofwhatispublished.AndonewondersifPRHwouldhavebeenconfidentenoughtodealwithWaterstonesinthewayithasifitweren'tquitesuchabigcompany(itwasformedwiththemergerof

PenguinandRandomHousein2013)andlikelytogetbigger.

“Thisisallpartofawiderchangetowardsconcentrationofpowerandcartels.

Literaryagenciesaregettingbiggertohavetheclouttonegotiatebettertermswith

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publishers,publishersconsolidatingtodealwithAmazon,"saysLownie."Thepublishingindustrytalksaboutdiversityintermsofauthorsandstaffbutitalsoneedsapluralityofwaysofdeliveringintellectualcontact,choiceanddifferentvoices.Afterall,manyofthemostinterestingbooksinrecentyearshavecomefromsmall

publishers."

Weshallseewhetherthatpluralityisacasualtyofthecurrentneedamongpublishers

tobebigenoughtotakeonall-comers.

31.theauthormentionstwobooksintheparagraph1topresent

答案：A.anongoingconflict

32.WhydidWaterstonesshopsretirePRHbookstotheirrelevantsections?

答案：C.torespondtoPRH'sbusinessmove

33.WhatmessagedidthespokesmanofWaterstonesseemtoconvey?

答案：A.theircustomersremainroyal

34.Whatcanbeoneconsequenceofthecurrentdispute?

答案：ASalesofbooksbymid-listPRHwritersfalloffconsiderably

35.WhichofthefollowingstatementsbestrepresentsLownie'sview?

答案：DThemergerofpublishersisaworryingtrend

Text4

Scientificpapersaretherecordkeepersofprogressinresearch.Eachyearresearchers

publishmillionsofpapersinmorethan30,000journals.Thescientificcommunity

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measuresthequalityofthosepapersinanumberofways,includingtheperceivedqualityofthejournal(asreflectedbythetitle'simpactfactor)andthenumberofcitationsaspecificpaperaccumulates.Thecareersofscientistsandthereputationoftheirinstitutionsdependonthenumberandprestigeofthepaperstheyproduce,

butevenmoresoonthecitationsattractedbythesepapers

Inrecentyears,therehavebeenseveralepisodesofscientificfraud,includingcompletelymade-updata,massagedordoctoredfigures,multiplepublicationsofthesamedata,theftofcompletearticles,plagiarismoftext,andself-plagiarism.Andsomescientistshavecomeupwithanotherwaytoartificiallyboostthenumberof

citationstotheirwork.

Citationcartels,wherejournals,authors,andinstitutionsconspiretoinflatecitationnumbers,haveexistedforalongtime.In2016,researchersdevelopedanalgorithmtorecognizesuspiciouscitationpatterns,includinggroupsofauthorsthatdisproportionatelyciteoneanotherandgroupsofjournalsthatciteeachotherfrequentlytoincreasetheimpactfactorsoftheirpublications.Recently,Icameacrossyetanotherexpressionofthispredatorybehavior:so-calledsupportserviceconsultanciesthatprovidelanguageandothereditorialsupporttoindividualauthorsandtojournalssometimesadvisecontributorstoaddanumberofcitationstotheirarticlesandthearticlesofcolleagues.Someoftheseconsultanciesarealsoactiveinorganizingconferencesandcanadvisethatcitationsbeaddedtoconference

proceedings.Inthismanner,asingleeditorcandrivehundredsofcitationsinthe

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directionofhisownarticlesorthoseofcolleaguesthatmaybeinhiscircle.

Howinsidiousisthistypeofcitationmanipulation?Inoneexample,anindividual—actingasauthor,editor,andconsultant—wasabletouseatleast15journalsascitationproviderstoarticlespublishedbyfivescientistsatthreeuniversities.TheproblemisrampantinScopus,whichincludesahighnumberofthenew “international”journals.Infact,alistinginScopusseemstobeacriteriontobe

targetedinthistypeofcitationmanipulation.

36Accordingparagraph1,thecareersofscientistscanbedeterminedby

答案：Bhowmanytimestheirpapersarecited

37Thesupportserviceconsultanciestendto_.

答案：Caskauthorstoincludeextracitation

38thefunctionofthemilkcowtojournglsisto

答案：Aboostcitationcountsforcertainauthors

39.WhatcanbelearnedaboutScopusfromthelasttwoparagraph?

答案：[B]Ithasthecapabilitytoidentifysuspiciouscitation

40.Whatshouldanauthordotodealwithcitationmanipulation?

答案：[D]Revealtheirmisconduct

三、新题型

ReadingPartB

A.Lastyearmarksthe150thanniversaryofaseriesofYellowstonephotographsbythe

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renownedlandscapephotographerWilliamHenryJackson.Hecapturedthefirst-evershotsoficoniclandmarkssuchastheTetons,OldFaithfulandtheColorado

Rockies.

B.Twocenturiesago,theideaofpreservingnature,ratherthanexploitingit,wasanovelonetomanyU.S.settlers.Oneoftheturningpointsinpublicsupportforlandconservationefforts—andrecognizingthemagnificenceoftheYellowstoneregion

inparticular—cameintheformofvividphotographs.

CAsaneffectiveWashingtonoperator,Haydensensedthathecouldcapitalizeontheexpedition'sstunningvisuals.HeaskedJacksontoprintoutlargecopiesanddistributedthem,alongwithreproductionsofMoran'spaintings,toeachmemberofCongress.“Thevisualization,particularlythosephotographs,reallyhithomethat

thisissomethingthathastobeprotected,”saysMurphy.

DThoughNativeAmericans(andlaterminersandfurtrappers)hadlongrecognizedthearea'sriches,mostAmericansdidnot.That'swhyHayden'sexpeditionaimedtoproduceafullerunderstandingoftheYellowstoneRiverregion,fromitshotspringsandwaterfallstoitsvarietyoffloraandfauna.Inadditiontotheentourageofscientists,theteamalsoincludedartists:PainterThomasMoranandphotographerWiliamHenryJacksonwerechargedwithcapturingthisastoundingnaturalbeauty

andsharingitwiththeworld.

EThejourneyofficiallybeganinOgden,Utah,onJune8,1871.Overnearlyfourmonths,

dozenofmanmadetheirwayonhorsebackintoMontanaandtraversedalongthe

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YellowstoneRiverandaroundYellowstonelake.Thatfall,theyconcludedthesurvey

infortBridger,Wyoming

FThoughNativeAmericans(andlaterminersandfurtrappers)hadlongrecognizedthearea'sriches,mostAmericansdidnot.That'swhyHayden'sexpeditionaimedtoproduceafullerunderstandingoftheyellowstoneriverregion,fromit'shotspringsandwaterfallstoitsvarietyoffloraandfauna.Inadditiontotheentourgeofscientists,theteamalsoincludedartists:PainterThomasMoranandphotographerJacksonwerechargedwithcapturingthisastoundingnaturalbeautyandsharingitwiththeworld.GThebillprovedlargelypopularandsailedthroughCongresswithlargemajoritiesinfavor.Inquicksuccession,theSenateandHousepassedlegislationprotectingyellowstoneinearly1872.ThatMarch,PresidentUlyssesS.GrantsignedanactintolawthatestablishedYellowstoneastheworld'sfirstnationalpark.whilesomelocalsopposedtothedesignation,thedecisionwaslargelyaccepted-andJackson'sphotosplayedakeyroleinthefighttoprotectthearea.Idon'tbelievethatthelegalprotectionwouldhavehappenedinthetimeframethatitdidwithoutthoseimages,saysHeatherHansen,journalistandauthorofProphetsandMoguls,Rangersand

Rogues,BisonordBears:100yearsofthenationalParkService.

HPerhapsmostimportantly,theimagesprovideddocumentaryevidencethatlatermadeitswaytogovernmentofficials.Weeksaftercompletingtheexpedition,Haydencollectedhisteam'sobservationintoanextensiverepaimedatconvincing

SenatorsandRepresentatives,alongwithcolleaguesatgovernmentagencylikethe

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departmentofInteriorthatYellowstoneoughttobepreserved.

答案：BAFEDHCG;41.B42.F43.D44.C45.G

四、英译汉

(46)Alcanalsobeusedtoidentifythelifestyleschoicesofcustomersregardingtheirhobbies,favoritecelebrities,andfashionstoprovideuniquecontentinmarketing

messagesputoutthroughsocialmedia.

【参考译文】人工智能还可以用来识别出消费者生活方式的选择，包括他们的爱好、最喜欢的

名人和时尚，从而通过社交媒体发布的营销信息来提供独特的内容。

(47)SomebelievethatAlisnegativelyimpactingonthemarketer'srolebyreducingcreativityandremovingjobs,buttheyareawarethatitisawayofreducingcostsand

creatingnewinformation.

【参考译文】一些人认为，人工智能通过减少创造力和工作机会对营销人员产生了负面影响，

但他们也意识到，这是一种降低成本和创造新信息的方式。

(48)Algorithmsusedtostimulatehumaninteractionsarecreatingmanyoftheseconcerns,especiallyasno-oneisquitesurewhattheoutcomesofusingAltointeract

withcustomerswillbe.

【参考译文】用于刺激人际互动的算法正在引发许多此类担忧，尤其是在没有人非常确定使用

人工智能与客户互动的结果会是什么情况下。

(49)Ifcustomersarenotwillingtosharedata.Alwillbestarvedofessentialinformation

andwillnotbeabletofunctioneffectivelyoremploymachinelearningtoimproveits

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marketingcontentandcommunication.

【参考译文】如果客户不愿意分享数据，人工智能将缺乏必要的信息，无法有效地发挥作用，

也无法使用机器学习来改善其营销内容和传播。

(50)Thenon-intrusivedeliveryofthemarketingmessageinawaythatissensitiveto

theneedsoftargetcustomersisoneofthecriticalchallengestothedigitalmarketer.

【参考译文】以一种对目标客户需求敏感的方式非侵入式地传递营销信息是数字营销人员面临

的关键挑战之一。

五、小作文

小作文考查告示，主题是为教授关于校园体育活动的研究项目招募助手，给出助手工作责任和

要求，难点在于容易审题错误，要弄清楚是为研究项目招募学生，不是校园体育活动。

WritingPartA

Directions:

WriteanoticetorecruitastudentforProf.Smith'sresearchprojectoncampussports

activities.Specifythedutiesandrequirementsofthejob.

Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.

Donotwritetheaddress.(10points)

【参考范文】

Notice

December24,2022

ProfessorSmithislookingforastudenttojoinhisresearchprogramregardingcampus

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sportsactivities.Thedutiesofthepositionrequirethatthestudentcollectsdataon

campussportsactivitiestobeanalyzedbytheresearchteam.Thisincludesobserving

variousathleticevents,speaking

documentingtheirexperie