句子成分（教师版）

句子成分一）句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。（一）主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：

Englishisveryimportant.（名词）

WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.（代词）

One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.（数词）

Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.Therichshouldhelpthepoor.

WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）（二）谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：Hecamelateagain.Thesunrisesintheeast.2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：1.Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.2.Hehascaughtabadcold.（2）由系动词加表语构成的谓语。如：Wearestudents.Theideasoundsgood.谓语必须由动词充当，但动词不定式、动名词、分词为非谓语动词不能作谓语。可作谓语的动词一般为行为动词(表动作)和连系动词(表状态)，行为动词根据其后是否可直接接宾语，又可分为及物动词和不及物动词。Weshouldhelpeachother.Helefthereyesterday.（三）表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。

OurteacherisanAmerican.（名词）Isityours?（代词）

Theweatherhasturnedcool.（形容词）Thespeechisexciting.（分词）

Threetimessevenistwentyone.

数词Hiswishistobecomeapilot.（不定式）Hishobbyisplayingfootball.（动名词）Themachine

mustbeoutoforder.（介词短语）Timeisup.Theclassisover.（副词）Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.（表语从句）4）宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承受者，一般可分为动词宾语和介词宾语，充当宾语的可以是名词、代词、动名词、动词不定式或从句。例如：Theywenttoseeanexhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词）Theheavyrainpreventedmeformcomingtoschoolontime.（代词）Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.（数词）Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.（名词化形容词）Hepretendednottoseeme.（不定式短语）Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.（动名词短语）Ithink（that）heisfitforhisoffice.（宾语从句）5）宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当.WecallhimLaoWang.（名词）WhatyousaidmadeXiaoWangangry.（形容词）Isawthemswimmingintheriver.(分词)Weaskedhimtosingusasong.(动词不定式)Ifeltmyhandstrembling. Wesawhimenterthehall.(省to不定式)Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.（介词短语）Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.（从句）后跟名词作宾语补足语的动词有call,name,think,make,choose等，后跟形容词作宾语补足语的谓语动词有keep,find,get,think,make等。动词不定式作宾语补足语时，当谓语动词为感官动词(如feel,see,hear,notice,watch,observe,listento,lookat等)，使役动词(如let,have,make等)，动词不定式不带to。（6）定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。可分为前置定语和后置定语。一般由形容词性物主代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词(短语)或从句充当。Guilinisabeautifulcity.（形容词）Hisfatherisadoctor.（形容词性物主代词）Mr.Greenhastwosons.（数词）Themandownstairscouldn’tsleepwell.（副词）Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.（分词）Wouldyoulikesomethingtodrink?（不定式）ThegirlinredisSusan.（介词短语）DoyouknowthemanwhoisstandingnexttoMr.Green?（从句）（7）状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。主要由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词充当，或由连词引导状语从句，表示时间、地点、程度、目的、方式，比较、让步、条件、原因、结果、伴随等。 Lighttravelsmostquickly.（副词及副词性词组）Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.（介词短语）Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.（不定式短语）Hesatthere,makingamodelplane.（分词短语）Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.（状语从句）状语种类如下：Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?（时间）Lastnightshedidn’tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.（原因）Ishallgothereifitdoesn’train.（条件）MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.（地点）Ihavequitealotofworktodo.（程度）Weusuallygotoschoolonfoot.（方式）Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.（伴随）Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.（目的）Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.（结果）Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.（让步）Iamtallerthanheis.（比较）8）同位语：当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，一个句子成分用来说明和解释另一个句子成分，这个句子成分就叫做它的同位语。Westudentsshouldstudyhard.

(students是we的同位语，都是指同一批‘学生’）Weallarestudents.

(all是we的同位语，都指同样的‘我们’）Practice一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分1.Thestudentsgotontheschoolbus.2.Hehandedmethenewspaper.3.Ishallansweryourquestionafterclass.4.WhatabeautifulChinesepainting!5.Theywenthuntingtogetherearlyinthemorning.6.Hisjobistotrainswimmers.7.Hetookmanyphotosofthepalaces

inBeijing.8.Thereisgoingtobe

anAmericanfilmtonight.9.HeistoleaveforShanghaitomorrow.10.Hiswishistobecomeascientist.11.Hemanaged

tofinishtheworkintime.12.Tomcametoaskmeforadvice.13.HefounditimportanttomasterEnglish.14.Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?15.Tobehonest;yourpronunciationisnotsogood.16.Wouldyoupleasetellmeyouraddress?17.Hesatthere,

readinganewspaper.18.Itisourdutytokeepourclassroomcleanandtidy.19.Henoticedamanentertheroom.20.Theapplestastedsweet.【句子操练]分析句子练习1.

They

work

hard.2.

Theflower

is

dead.3.

Plants

need

water.4.

He

gives

me

someseeds.5.

We

shouldkeep

theplants

intheshade.6.

Manyanimals

live

intrees.

Theapples

tastedsweet.7.Shall

I

call

youataxi?8.Thisterm

Ihavewritten

threeletters

tomyparents.9.He

showed

theticket

totheconductor.10.Allofus

consider

him

honest.11.They

haveset

thethieffree.12.He

asked

us

tojoininthegame.13.I

want

you

totellmethetruth.14.Everymorning

we

hear

him

readEnglishaloud.15.Theschool

madeitarule

thatthestudentsshouldstandupwhenclassbegins.16.Theterriblesound

made

thechildren

frightened.17.I

thought

it

nouse

talkingwiththatman.18.He

has

hishair

cut

onceamonth.19.Beijing,thecapitalofChina,is

abeautifulcity.翻译句子练习我的兄弟都是大学生.Mybrothersarealluniversitystudents.2.这本是关于美国历史的书。ThisbookisaboutthehistoryoftheUnitedStates.3.她的工作是在幼儿园里照看儿童。Herjobistolookafterthechildreninthenursery.4.他失业了。Heisoutofwork.5.树叶已经变黄了。Theleaveshaveturnedyellow.6.这个报告听起来很有感人。Thereportsoundsmoving.7.布朗夫人看起来很健康。Mrs.Brownlooksveryhealthy.8.十五岁他就成为有名的钢琴家了。Attheageoffifteenhebecameafamouspianist.9.他昨天回家很晚。

Shewenthomeverylateyesterdayevening.10.那天早上我们谈了很多。Thatmorningwetalkedagreatdeal11.那部电影放了两个小时。Thefilmlastedtwohours.12.约翰的父亲昨晚去世了。John’sfatherdiedlastnight.13.每天下午有许多学生到图书馆借书。Everyafternoonalotofstudentscometothelibrarytoborrowbooks.14.秋天有些鸟飞到南方。Inautumn,somebirdsflytothesouth.15.五年前我住在北京。IlivedinBe