初中英语命题技术与测试研究

专题讲座初中英语命题技术与测试研究一、为什么要进行语言测试？基于语言测试的目的和功能。（一）语言测试的目的全面测试考生对义务教育阶段的英语语言基础知识的掌握和综合语言运用能力。（二）语言测试的功能1、诊断功能了解已达水平和存在的问题——分析原因——确定措施——设计目标2、反馈功能肯定反馈——满足——强化积极性否定反馈——焦虑——动因（阻力）3、定向功能测验内容、评价标准往往会成为学生学习的内容和标准，从而左右学生努力的方向、学习的重点和时间的分配。4、证明功能（1）测试成绩或评价可以作为证明学生掌握程度、能力水平或学习水平的证据；（2）教育行政部门评价教师工作的依据；（3）教育科研人员判定某个教学改革计划是否有效的依据。5、教学功能（1）测试本身是教学活动的一部分；（2）促使学生复习、巩固；（3）训练技能、提高分析和解决问题的能力。二、语言测试的内容主要参考教育部《英语课程标准（实验稿）》相应级别所规定的学习内容和要求及相关附录。如五级技能要求——听：能根据语调和重音理解说话者的意图；能听懂有关熟悉话题的谈话，并能从中提取信息和观点；能借助语境克服生词障碍、理解大意；能听懂接近正常语速的故事和记叙文，理解故事的因果关系；能在听的过程中用适当的方式做出反应；能针对所听语段的内容记录简单信息。三、语言测试的种类（一）按学习阶段来分1、编班测试编班测试经常用于摸底测试，目的是为了了解学生的入学水平，这样可对比历年学生的入学水平；第二种功能，就是把学生按不同水平分为不同班级；第三种功能是掌握学生的语言水平。2、随堂测试随堂测试分量小、时间短、形式多样，可用于复习巩固本课知识，但是操作中需要长计划、分课安排，保证系统性。3、期中测试期中测试是一种为了便于阶段性巩固的测试形式。4、期末测试期末测试主要用于评价一学期的教学效果。（二）按用途来分1、水平测试主要考查学生的语言能力，不考虑之前是否学过，学了多少，如何学的，而是为了测试被试者是否达到了某种语言水平。2、成绩测试与所学的课程直接相关，目的是考查学生对所学知识和技能的掌握与运用。可以依据课程内容或教材内容，也可依据课程目标。3、潜能测试用来预示学生学习某种语言的潜力和天赋4、诊断测试用来发现教和学的问题可以考查单个项目，也可综合考查目的是为了改进教学，调整教学计划，进行个别指导。四、试题设计的标准（一）效度（validity）效度就是测量的有效性，也就是看考试是否考查了想要考查的内容。（二）信度（reliability）信度指考试结果准确、稳定、可靠的程度。要求由不同的评卷人阅卷，所得分数大致相同；同一个评卷人在不同时间阅卷，分数也大致相同。（三）区分度（discrimination）区分的目的主要是为了比较。（四）实用性（practicality）试题便于使用，试卷印制清晰醒目，措辞简洁、避免拼法错误或遗漏，尽量少涉及各种器材设备。因为设备不一定处处都有，而且质量也不完全一样。（五）影响（back-washeffect）积极影响：发现问题，积极督促。消极影响：考什么，学什么；不考就不学。五、具体试题的命题技术（一）命题总原则1、要依据《课程标准》来确定考查内容与标准2、要着重考查学生的综合语言运用能力3、要充分考查学生的实际生活和身心发展水平4、要选用真实、地道的语言素材，根据语言实际使用情形命题5、要确保试题的信度和效度，杜绝繁、偏、旧的试题，控制题量6、要根据试题的考查目的和考查重点，科学、合理地制定评分标准（二）具体题型的命题技术1、如何设计听力测试（1）考查的主要形式①听对话选图；②听对话或独白选择正确答案；③听对话或独白记录关键信息。（2）考查的内容①理解事实的能力；②对对话背景、话题、地点、说话者之间的关系等做出判断的能力；③理解说话者的意图观点或态度的能力；④获取并填写信息的能力。（3）命题技术①要根据原文信息设计选项，主要针对关键信息设问；②选项长度不宜过长，要适当均衡；③题干应力求语言简洁、长度适宜；2、如何设计单项选择（1）题干的设计原则①尽量不要在题干句首设空；②题干应有一定的语境；③题干应力求语言简洁、长度适宜；④难易程度应与考生水平相适应。（2）选项的设计原则①首先要保证答案的唯一性；②选项应该基本符合语法规则；③正确选项与干扰项的形式应基本一致；④所有选项应该都能分别放入题干之中；⑤每个选项确实都能起到干扰作用；⑥选项的设计不应背离考查目标。（3）其他：避免常识类、脑筋急转弯的题3、如何设计完形填空（1）总的原则和要求？在语篇层次上把握语言材料，在阅读理解的基础上进行逻辑推理，综合运用所学语言知识。（2）考什么？主要考查以下几方面的知识和技能：①对文章上下文的理解和把握能力；②对词汇意义及用法的理解和运用能力；③根据生活常识进行推理和判断的能力；④对惯用法和常用搭配的掌握能力。（3）命题技术？①所选材料与《课标》要求相当，用于完形填空的文字材料应略低于阅读理解的材料；②所选材料含有比较丰富的语言形式和紧凑的篇章结构；③长度适当。设空间隔通常在5-8个单词的范围内，选文过长或过短都不利于设计完形填空题；④文章首句和末句一般不宜设空；⑤各类考点应均衡分布（词汇、上下文理解、篇章结构）；⑥考点侧重语篇的意义，而不是一味考查语法或句子结构；⑦考点设计应考虑上下文的呼应关系⑧设计考点时要避免某一小题的答案出现在文章的其他地方；⑨其他：每小题只能有一个正确选项；正确选项和干扰项的外在形式特征要一致；干扰项要起到一定的干扰作用。4、如何设计阅读理解？（1）考查什么主要考查学生理解常用体裁和不同题材的书面材料的能力。（2）主要体裁主要有说明文、议论文、叙述描写、应用文等。（3）命题原则①所选语言材料应具有教育性和思想性；②试题应体现生活化、实用化的特征，逐步趋向真实性语言测试；③组题方式应有所创新；④题目的设计应该灵活多样。（4）考查内容①具体信息；②信息判断；③主旨大意；④词汇猜测；⑤作者意图；⑥逻辑推理；⑦信息归总。（5）考查形式①正误判断；②多项选择；③完成句子或文段；④重新排序；⑤简答；⑥信息转化；⑦匹配；⑧摘要填空；⑨完形填空。（6）命题技术①阅读理解考查的重点是学生获取和处理信息的能力；②要注意试题的科学性和答案的唯一性；③要注意题目和阅读材料的关联性；④应该尽可能避免带有否定的题干；⑤阅读理解试题的选项应保持一致性。5、如何设计书面表达？（1）命题原则①提供的信息要清楚、准确，保证学生都能理解题意和写作要求；②考查重点是学生表达思想、再现生活经历、描述事物、发表观点的能力，而不是纯粹的语法知识和词汇知识的掌握情况；③试题提供的情景要真实可信，符合学生的年龄特点，贴近学生的现实生活和社会实际；④不应该考查学生写作之外的能力；⑤给出的提示不能太多。（2）考查技能①叙事、说明与议论相结合，对人物或事件进行描述，并表达观点②能根据图示或表格写出段落，并说明或发表看法③能使用信件、日记、演讲稿等实用文体传达信息④能描述系列图片，编写或续写简单的故事。（3）考查形式有命题作文、写信、写请假条、留言、看图作文、多给出提示信息和参考词汇等。

案例评析一、案例:2009学年第二学期期末考试试卷二、试卷简要评析

案例（光盘）及评析文本2009学年第二学期期末考试试卷初二英语第I卷机读卷58分

听力(共11分)

一、听对话，选择与对话内容相符的图片。每段对话读两遍（共4分，每小题1分）。1.2.

3.4.二、听对话或独白，根据对话或独白的内容，从下列各题所给的A、B、C三个选项中，选择最佳选项。每段对话或独白读两遍（共7分，每小题1分）。请听一段对话，回答第5至第6小题。5.Whatdoesthemanwant?A.Aticket.B.Ajacket.C.Astorybook.6.Howmuchdoesthemanpayforit?A.50yuan.B.55yuan.C.85yuan.请听一段对话，回答第7至第8小题。7.WhatkindofshowdoesCindylike?A.Sportsshow.B.Gameshow.C.Newsshow.8.WhencanCindywatchherfavouriteshowFamilies?A.OnFridays.B.OnSaturdays.C.OnSundays.请听一段对话，回答第9至第11小题。9.Whatisthespeakingdoing?A.Tellingsomethingabouttheschooltrip.B.Invitingthestudentstohaveapicnic.C.IntroducingDongJiangParktothestudents.10.Whenarethestudentsleaving?A.At5:00.B.At7:40.C.At8:00.11.HowmanystudentswillgotoDongA.20students.B.60students.C.80students.

请打开第二卷，看第一大题听力试题。该试题需要在第二卷第一大题的相应位置上作答。

基础知识运用（共25分）三、选择填空（共15分，每小题1分）从下列各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选择可以填入空白处的最佳选项。12.—Isthisyourpen,Tom?—No,it’snot______.Ithinkit’sJim’s.A.IB.meC.mineD.my

13.—______isyourhero?—NormanBethune.HegavehislifetohelpingChinesepeople.A.WhatB.WhoC.WhenD.Where14.LabourDayisonthefirstday______SeptemberintheUSA.A.inB.atC.onD.of15.Hedidn’tcometotheeveningparty______hewasill.A.butB.soC.orD.because16.MaryandIoftenvisittheoldman,sohedoesn’tfeel_______atall.A.honestB.lonelyC.braveD.funny17.—Yoursonhaschangedalot.—Yes,heisas______asme.A.tallB.tallerC.tallestD.thetallest18.I______myhomeworkwhenmymumgothomeyesterdayafternoon.A.willdoB.didC.amdoingD.wasdoing19.Please__________thelightswhenyouleavetheroom.A.turnonB.takeoffC.turnoffD.comeon20.Hobbiescanmakeyou______asapersonandhelpyoulearnnewskills.A.growB.growingC.togrowD.grew21.Hegotupearly______hecouldgettoschoolontime.A.ifB.untilC.sothatD.after22.ThekingbecameangrybecauseMaLiang______todrawanythingforhim.A.warnedB.explainedC.promisedD.refused23.Ihadabadcold.Thedoctoraskedme______inbed.A.stayB.tostayC.stayedD.staying24.WearegoingtovisitCCTVA.willbeB.wasC.isD.be25.—Couldyoutellme______tomorrow?—Sorry,Idon’tknoweither.A.whenwillthemeetingstartB.whenthemeetingwillstartC.whendidthemeetingstartD.whenthemeetingstarted26.—Wouldyoupleasepassmetoday’snewspaper?—______.A.Yes,pleaseB.That’srightC.You’rewelcomeD.Hereyouare四、完形填空（共10分，每小题1分）阅读下面的短文，掌握其大意，然后从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选择最佳选项。Foralongtime,IdreamedofdoingsomethinginWesternChinaandlastyearIfinallybecameavolunteer27.Ithaschangedmylifecompletely!ItraveledalongwaytoasmallvillageschoolinLongZhou,GuangXiZhuangAutonomousRegion.Onmywaythere,Ithoughtaboutthevillage,theschool,thefirstday,andthechildrenthere.28,myheartsank（下沉）whenIarrivedthere.Itwasn’twhatI29.Itdidn’tlooklikeaschoolatall!Theschoolhadonly30rooms,oneforGrade1,Grade2and3,andoneforGrades4,Grade5,and6.Therewasathirdclassroomforme.Thechildrenwelcomedmewarmlyonmyfirstday.Theyaskedmealotofquestions,andItoldthemstoriesabout31andmylifeinShanghai.Thenextday,Igavethematestto32theirlevel（水平）.Tomysurprise,morethanhalfofthestudentsdidn’tpassthe33,buttheyallwantedtolearnthings.Iknewthey34me.Ispentmanynightspreparinglessons,readingtestpapers,andmarkinghomework.I35teachingtheselovelyandhardworkingchildren,andIcouldseethattheyweremakingprogresswithmy36.Ihavealsolearnedalotfromthem.Iunderstandtheirlivesbetter,andwearenowgoodfriends.27.A.doctorB.teacherC.driverD.reporter28.A.HoweverB.AndC.SoD.Also29.A.sawB.understandC.rememberedD.expected30.A.oneB.twoC.threeD.four31.A.themselvesB.ourselvesC.myselfD.himself32.A.lookatB.findoutC.giveupD.getto33.A.examB.questionC.lessonD.homework34.A.neededB.worriedC.understoodD.moved35.A.forgotB.stoppedC.finishedD.enjoyed36.A.choiceB.dreamC.helpD.stories

阅读（共22分）

五、阅读理解（共22分，每小题2分）阅读下面的三篇短文，根据短文内容，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选择最佳选项。ASandy’stelephonemessageSandy:lamgoingtohaveapartynextSaturday．Areyoucoming?GraceSandy:Ifoundanewkindofdogfood．MydogTimjustlovesit．WouldyougetsomeforyourdogLucky?WuSandy:Mr．BrownsaidyourcarwasOK．Andnowyoucangoandgetitfrom9:00a.m.to5:00p.m.SteveSandy:Thenicefilm“TheShip”isonshowatSunnyTheater．Wanttoseeit?Pleasecallmeback.ChrisSandy:Ringmeup，andbuysomebreadandjuiceonyourwayhome．Sue37.Graceisgoingtohaveaparty_______.A.thisSaturdayB.thisFridayC.nextSaturdayD.nextFriday38.“TheShip”isthenameof_______.A.abookB.afilmC.asongD.adog39.Mr.BrownhelpedSandymendher_______.A.carB.telephoneC.dogD.ship

BThepinetreeisaspecialkindoftree.SomepeoplecallthepinetreeaChristmastree.ThisisbecausemanypeopleputpinetreesintheirhomesatChristmastime.Theydecorate(装饰)thetreewithcolouredlights,andputChristmaspresentsunderthetree.Pinetreesaredifferentfromothertreesbecausemostothertreeslosetheirleavesinthewinter.Pinetreesstaygreenallyearlong,eveninthewinter.Pinetreesarealsocalledevergreensbecausetheyarealwaysgreen.Pinetreesdonothavesoftleaveslikethemapletree.Theyhavehard,thinleavescalledneedles（针叶）.Pinetreesalsohavepinecones.Ifyouwalkinaforest,youwillseemanypineconesontheground.Insidethepineconesareseeds（种子）.Whentheseedsfalltotheground,anewtreestartstogrow.Pinetreesareusefulformanyreasons.Theyareusedtomaketables,desks,beds,andalsoboats.Manykindsofbirdsbuildtheirhousesinpinetrees.Theseedsofpinetreesarefoodforsmallanimalssuchassquirrelsandmiceandforbiggeranimalssuchasrabbitsandblackbears.Theneedlesaregoodfoodforlargeanimalssuchasdeerandmoosewhentheycannotfindanythingtoeatinthewinter.Ifyouwalkinaforestofpinetrees,theairhasawonderfulsmell.Inwinter,thewhitesnowonthedarkgreentreeslooksverybeautiful.40.Apinetreeisalsocalled_____.A.aneedletreeB.awintertreeC.aChristmastreeD.amapletree41.Pinetreesaredifferentfrommostothertreesbecause_____.A.theyhavesoftleavesB.theyaregreenallyearlongC.theyhavemanyseedsD.theylosetheirleavesinwinter42.Whatisinsideapinecone?A.Needles.B.Mapleleaves.C.Christmaspresents.D.Seeds.43.WhichofthefollowingisNOTthereasonthatpinetreesareuseful?A.Thepineconesfalltotheground.B.Theycanbeusedtomaketablesandboats.C.Manybirdsbuildtheirhousesinpinetrees.D.Theseedsandneedlesarefoodformanyanimals.CWhatwouldyoudoifyoufoundasnakeinyourhouse?Manypeoplemightbefrightened（受惊的）ortrytokillit.However,ifyouliveinNorthCarolinaintheUSA,onethingyoucandoistocalltheSnakeCatchers.TheSnakeCatchersarefourmenwholovesnakes.Theirnewspaperpostersays,“SnakeCatchers:freesnakemoving-pleasedonotkillthem-Callus.”TheSnakeCatchers,whostartedtheirjobin1998,don’taskpeopletopaythemoneyforhelping.“Wedothisasahobby,”explainedFredJohnson,oneoftheSnakeCatchers.Becauseoftheirloveofsnakes,theSnakeCatcherstrytokeepthemalive.“Onemanaskedustokillapython,sohecouldmakeapairofshoesfromtheskin.Werefused,becausewelikesnakes,andwedon’twanttoseethemkilled,”saidFred.SomeofthesnakesthattheycatcharegiventotheNorthCarolinaFredsuggeststhatpeopleshouldtreatsnakeswithcare.“Actuallysnakesareshy.Theywillbiteiftheyarefrightened.However,youhavetoknowhowtodowiththemproperly.Oneday,theGreenwoodfamilyfoundasnakeskininthekitchen.Theylookedverycarefullyandsawasnakesleepingbehindacupboard.Theythoughtaboutwhattodo.ThenSteveGreenwoodrememberedtheposterfortheSnakeCatchers.Hecalledthem.“TheSnakeCatchersarrivedanhourlaterandtheyfinishedthejobquicklytoo,”saidSteveGreenwood.“Oneofthemwentintothekitchen,foundthesnakeandcaughtitfirstbythetail,thenaroundthehead.Hetookitoutalive.TheSnakeCatchersdidaverygoodjob.”Lastyear,theycaughtmorethanseventysnakesfromhousesinNorthCarolina.

44.HowmanypeoplearethereintheSnakeCatchers?A.Two.B.Three.C.Four.D.Five.45.TheSnakeCatcherscatchsnakesbecause______.A.theylikehelpingpeople.B.theywanttomakemoney.C.theywanttokillthesnakesthemselves.D.theydon’twantpeopletohurtsnakes.46.WhatdoestheunderlinedwordreleasedmeaninParagraph5?A.Brokenout.B.Setfree.C.Seenoff.D.Comeout.47.Thewriterwritesthispassagemainlyto______.A.tellpeoplenottokillthesnakesB.introducesomewaystocatchsnakesC.describeatruepictureoftheSnakeCatchersD.encouragepeopletojointheSnakeCatchers

第II卷非机读卷42分

一、听对话，记录关键信息。请根据所听到的对话内容，将所缺的关键信息填写在下面的表格中。对话读两遍（共4分，每小题1分）。

InformationCardName:DavidJohnsonAge:1.________________Favouritesubject:2.__________________Favouritesport:runningUsualtransport:3.gotoschoolby___________Futureplan:4.___________________________________________________.

二、词汇运用（共6分，每空1分）根据对话内容，用方框中所给的词填空。follow,suchas,relax,welcome,special,writedownNewYear’sDayisoftenafamilyday.Somepeople5.___________athome.Somefamiliesgettogetherfora6.____________meal.Whentheweatherisfine,manyfamiliesgooutforawalk.OnNewYear’sday,manypeoplemakeresolutionsforthenewyear.They7._____________alistofthings,8._____________“I’llhelpoutmoreathome.”Or“Iwillworkharderatschool.”Whentheyhavemadetheirlist,theyreadittotheirfamilyorfriendsandpromiseto9._____________theirresolutions.Soitdoesn’tmatterhowtheycelebrate,forpeopleincountriesallovertheworld,it’satimetosaygoodbyetotheoldyear,andto10._____________thenew.三、完成句子。根据中文意思完成句子（共10分，每小题2分）。11.让我们停下来休息一会吧。Let’s______________________________arest.12.我父亲持续工作了好几个小时。Myfather_____________________________forhours.13.他说话如此之快，以至于我根本听不清。Hespeaks____________________________Ican’thearclearlyatall.14.我每天花一个小时做家庭作业。I________________anhour_____________________myhomeworkeveryday.15.你一回来就帮我学英语，好吗？Willyouplease___________________________________________youcomeback?四、阅读与表达（共10分，每小题2分）阅读短文，根据其内容回答问题。Ifyoudon’tknowhowmuchwateryouneed,I’mnotsurprised.Differentadviceinrecentnewspapersappearstobeagainsttheold“8-a-day”adviceweallgrewupwith.Isitnecessarytodrinkdowneightglassesofwatereveryday,oristhisalreadyoutofdate?We’veheardforyearsthateightglassesofwatereverydayisnecessaryforapersontokeephealthy.Yourweightlossandhealthdependonit.Drinkeightglassesofwatereverydayandseeclearerskin,bettersleep,andimproveeyesight.We’rewarnedoflosingwaterwithoutatleasteightglasses.But,therearesomenewideasofexaminingyourdailydiet,includingwhatyoueat,aswellaswhatyoudrink.Theansweris…youneedwhatyouneed!Ifit’ssummer,youneedmore.Ifyou’reexercising,youneedmore.Ifyou’rea“normal”inactiveperson,andnotexercisingmorethan15-20minuteseveryday,youneednomorethanfourglassesofwatereveryday.Mostdrinkscanbecountedaspartofyourdailywaterintake.AlthoughtheWorldHealthOrganization（WHO）suggeststhateightcups,theold“8-a-day”ruleisbasedonstudiesonpeopleunderdifficultsituations,includingsoldiersathighaltitudeandhospitalizedpatientswhatyouandIneedisdifferent.16.Isthewritersurprisedifyoudon’tknow