何家弘法律英语 第十课

LessonTenTortLaw12/15/20231法律英语Punishmentisjusticefortheunjust.AugustineBritishwriter

惩罚是对正义的伸张。

英国作家奥古斯丁12/15/20232法律英语BackgroundTortThebreachofadutythatresultsinaninjuryforwhichthereisaremedyatlaw./Tortsincludeallnegligencecasesaswellasintentionalwrongswhichresultinharm.12/15/20233法律英语Tortlaw州法律判例法联邦侵权索赔法12/15/20234法律英语FederalTortclaimsActAstatutewhichremovedthepowerofthefederalgovernmenttoclaimimmunityfromalawsuitfordamagesduetonegligentorintentionalinjurybyafederalemployeeinthescopeofhis/herworkforthegovernment.dictionary.law/12/15/20235法律英语TortIntentionaltortNegligenceornegligenttortStrictliabilitytortPersonaltortPropertytortRemedy-damages12/15/20236法律英语Part1:Introductiondamagesclaims

要求赔偿mostcivilsuits

大多数民事诉讼tortlaw

侵权法1.Automobileaccidents12/15/20237法律英语ManycircumstancesTheplaintiffinacivilsuitisordinarilyentitledtotryhisclaimbeforeajurywhichwilloftenrelymoreonhumanthanonlegalconsiderations……民事诉讼的原告通常会向陪审团提出索赔主张，这主要是出于人道的思索而不是法律的思索。儿童受伤12/15/20238法律英语ApermanentdisabilityoflossofalimbCompensationanddamages

补偿费和损害赔偿金Actualloss实践损害Intangibledamage无形损害Aplaintiffcanplayonthehumanreactionofthejury原告利用陪审团的人性反响12/15/20239法律英语Americanlawpermitstheparticipationoftheattorneyintheplaintiff’srecovery(contingentfee)美国允许律师分享原告所获得的赔偿金〔胜诉酬金〕Amountto25to33%oftheverdict酬金到达法院判付金额的25-33%。12/15/202310法律英语Atortaction侵权诉讼Alengthyproceeding诉讼程序时间长Largeexpenses—honorariaforexperts代价大〔专家证人的酬金〕Averylargeverdict〔inexcessof$100000〕判决金额非常大〔10万美圆以上〕12/15/202311法律英语2.TortlawandthelawofcontractsoverlapAninjurypartyhasthechoicebetweenatortclaimandasuitincontracts.Conversion

非法占有财富Personalinjury

人身损伤Impliedcontract默示合同Personalinjury人身损伤Breachofwarranty

违背保证诺言Recoveryofintangibledamage12/15/202312法律英语3.Everyoneisliableforhistortact,每个人都要对其侵权行为担任，inlimitedformalsochildren〔however,parentsonlywhentheyactedasthechild’sagentordidnotcomplywiththeirdutytosupervise〕,在有限的情况下儿童亦然〔但是，父母仅当其作为该儿童的代理人或未能按照其监护义务行事时才负此责〕，butnotthestateunlessexpressstatutoryprovisionhasabolishedstateimmunity.但国家不在此列，除非法律明文规定取消了国家的豁免权。12/15/202313法律英语TheFTCApermitsrecoveryofmoneydamagesbecauseofanegligentorwrongfulactoromissionbytheFederalGovernmentoranemployeeoftheFederalGovernmentwhiletheemployeewasactingwithinhis/herscopeofemploymentoroffice.FederalTortclaimsAct〔FTCA〕12/15/202314法律英语4.Everyoneisprotectedagainsttortiousact,includingtheembryo.每个人包括胎儿都受维护，免遭侵权行为的损伤。Theheirsornextofkinmayhaveadamageclaimfortheintentionalornegligentdeathoftheirrelativeortestator(wrongfuldeathaction)承继人或近亲属可以对他们亲属或立遗言人因故意或忽略侵权呵斥的死亡〔非正常死亡之诉〕提出损害赔偿要求。12/15/202315法律英语“dram-shopacts〞小酒店法令Apartyinjuredasaresultoftheintoxicationofthetortfeasorhasaclaimagainsthimwhocontributedtothetortfeasor’sintoxication.作为侵权行为人醉酒之结果而遭到损伤的当事人有权向呵斥该侵权行为人醉酒的人提出索赔恳求。12/15/202316法律英语“dram-shopacts〞DramShopacts,enactedinthe19thcentury,usuallyimposeliabilityfornegligenceonthesellersofalcoholicbeveragesforsalesto:personsunderthelegaldrinkingage,orthosewhoareobviouslyintoxicated.Peoplewhoservealcoholicbeveragesmaybeliableunderstatelawsfordamagesresultingfromtheconsumptionofthosebeverages.drunkendriving12/15/202317法律英语Part2:IntentionalTorts故意侵权行为Battery殴打Assault进犯他人身体Conversionofproperty非法侵占财富Falseimprisonment非法拘禁Trespasstopersonalandrealproperty侵占动产、不动产Defamation诽谤Invasionofprivacy进犯隐私权Productsliability产质量量责任12/15/202318法律英语Part3:LiabilityforNegligence过失侵权的责任NegligentactInjuryCausality12/15/202319法律英语Apersonisnegligentifhehasnotcompliedwithhis“dutyofcare〞and,hasnotactedas“areasonableandprudentman〞.假设一个人没有尽到“照看义务〞，没有象“一个理性且谨慎的人〞那样行事。过失12/15/202320法律英语要思索到Thespecialprofessionalqualificationforthetortfeasor侵权者的特别专业资质ArchitectDifferentcriteriaConstructionworker12/15/202321法律英语DutyofcareRestrictiveinterpretation:Thedutymustbeowedtowardtheparticularplaintiff.必需对特定的原告负有照看义务Thereisnodutyofcaretothepublicatlarge.不是对宽广公众负有照看义务〔某人〕对进犯财富者的照看义务比对被约请客人的照看义务小12/15/202322法律英语Gueststatutes宾客法规Somestatesexcludeadutyofcarebythedriverofamotorvehicle–towardpassengerswhomhetransportsgratuitously.汽车司机对于他免费搭载的乘客不负照看责任。12/15/202323法律英语Insomestates,legislationrequiringthataguestpassengermustprovesomethinghigherthanordinarynegligenceinordertorecoverfromthehostdriver.12/15/202324法律英语Noclaimforcompensation不能要求赔偿Theinjuredpartyhasbeenguiltyofcontributorynegligence共同过失hasassumedtherisk估计到有危险12/15/202325法律英语Contributorynegligence共同过失adoctrineofcommonlawthatifapersonwasinjuredinpartduetohis/herownnegligence(his/hernegligence"contributed"totheaccident),theinjuredpartywouldnotbeentitledtocollectanydamages(money)fromanotherpartywhosupposedlycausedtheaccident.dictionary.law/12/15/202326法律英语Comparativenegligence比较过失共同过失辩护的严厉性……曾经由于一些州采用了“比较过失〞原那么而得到减弱。Itrequiresthattherespectivedegreeofnegligenceofbothpartiesbedeterminedandcompensationassessedaccordingly.要求确定当事各方的各自忽略程度，并由此确定补偿金。12/15/202327法律英语ComparativenegligenceAruleoflawappliedinaccidentcasestodetermineresponsibilityanddamagesbasedonthenegligenceofeverypartydirectlyinvolvedintheaccident.dictionary.law/12/15/202328法律英语ComparativenegligenceTheruleunderwhichnegligenceismeasuredbypercentage,anddamagesarediminishedinproportiontotheamountofnegligenceattributabletothepersonseekingrecovery.dictionary.law/12/15/202329法律英语ThedoctrineoflastclearchanceEventhecontributorilynegligentplaintiffwillbecompensatedifhecanprovethatthedefendanthadthe“lastclearchance〞topreventthedamage.有共同过失的原告假设能证明被告“有最后明显时机〞防止损伤，那么该原告就可以获得赔偿。12/15/202330法律英语Lastclearchance最后明显时机Thelastreasonableopportunitytoavoidanaccidentorinjury.Onewhohasthelastclearchancetoavoidaninjuryandfailstodosoisusuallyheldsolelyresponsible,notwithstandingtheinjuredperson'sowncontributorynegligence.12/15/202331法律英语TheextraordinarilycomplexlawofnegligenceTodayleadstotwoeffortsofreformStrictLiability

严厉责任Nofault

无过错责任Inconsistent12/15/202332法律英语Part4:TortlawreformA.StrictLiability严厉赔偿责任Strictliabilityisalegaldoctrinethatmakessomepersonsresponsiblefordamagestheiractionsorproductscause,regardlessofany"fault"ontheirpart.12/15/202333法律英语ForinstanceThemaintenanceofdangerousanimals豢养危险的动物Defamation诽谤Arebuttablepresumption可反驳的推定Thedoctrineofresipsaloquitur不言自明原那么12/15/202334法律英语StrictliabilityDeducedfaultornegligencefromthenatureofthethingoractitself.从事情或行为本身的特性可以推断出存在过错或过失Defectiveconstruction

有缺陷的设计Negligentuse

过失运用12/15/202335法律英语productliabilityDangerousproducts危险的产品Theproductionitself产品本身、Itspackage包装InadefectiveconditionUnreasonabledangeroustotheuserorconsumerortohisproperty.对运用者或消费者及其财富呵斥过度危险12/15/202336法律英语“defective〞Theproductdoesnotmeetthereasonableexpectationsoftheordinaryconsumerconcerningthesafetyoftheproduct.“缺陷〞是指产品未到达普通消费者关于该产品平安性能的合理期望规范。12/15/202337法律英语b.“No-fault〞Anotherreformendeavorwhichseekstofindmorejustsolutionsforordinaryclaimsbasedonnegligence.另一个改革努力试图寻求对过失侵权普通索赔要求的更公正的处理方案。automobileaccidents12/15/202338法律英语ProfessorsRobertKeetonandJeffreyO'ConnellSeektoabolishthefaultprincipleintortlaw试图消除侵权法中的过错原那么；Toawardcompensationwithoutproofoffaultaccordingtoinsuranceprinciples.按照保险原那么，在不要过错证明的情况下给予赔偿。12/15/202339法律英语No-faultTrafficaccidentProductliabilityMedicalmalpracticeGrantcompensationforcertaininjurieswithoutproofoffaultForactualloss,notforintangibledamage12/15/202340法律英语Liabilitywillbelimitedforthemanufacturer,制造商的责任有限Requirearelativelylesserinsurancepremiumtocovertherisk只需就风险承当比较少的保险费No-fault的优点12/15/202341法律英语Theinjuredpersonwillbeinabetterposition受损伤的人处于比较有利的位置，Hewillbeentitledtoreceiveimmediatecompensationforhisactuallosswithoutlengthylitigationordifficultproofoffault.他无须进展漫长的诉讼或困难的过失举证就有权立刻获得实践损失的补偿。No-fault的优点12/15/202342法