东北大学博士研究生入学考试试题附答案

20XX年东北大学博士研究生入学考试试题PartⅡVocabulary&Structure(20%)Directions:Thereare40incompletesentencesinthispart.Foreachofthesentence,therearefourchoices.ChoosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentenceandcoverthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwith●．21．Thedesignofthegymnasiumshowsagreatdealof______Wehaveneverseenabuildingofsuchatypebefore．A．solidarityB．originalityC．inventionD．fascination22．Thepsychiatristsaythatapersonwithinferiorityfeelingscanbevery______．A．disgracefulB．disrespectfulC．disapprovalD．disagreeable23．TheSecretaryofState______tobeingastonishedatthisunexpectedstatement．A．compliedB．confirmedC．confessedD．conformed24．Whenthedoctorproposedtohimlongwalksinthefreshair,Mr.Parkadmitted______foralongwalkforyears．A．nothavingbeenB．notbeingC．beingnotD．havingnotbeen25．Agriculturewasastepinhumanprogress______subsequentlytherewasnothingcomparableuntilourownmachineage．A．towhichB．withwhich______C．fromwhichD．inwhich26．Thechangeinthetreatmentofhischaractersisasignificant______toShakespeare'sgrowthasadramatist．A．labelB．signalC．markD．index27．ChaucerhasbeencalledtheFatherPoetryby______generations．A．aggressiveB．progressiveC．successiveD．comprehensive28．After______onamerry-go-round,shestartedtofeeldizzyandhadtoliedown．A．tohaveriddenB．reddenC．ridingD．toride29．Experienceleadsmetothinkthatitisnotalwaysgoodtoget______withstrangers．A．tolerantB．confidentialC．enthusiasticD．agreeable30．Eachplantandanimalbenaturaltendency,______farmoreseedsandeggsandseedlingsandyoung,thanisnecessarytomaintain______population．A．istoproduce..．theirB．produces..．itsC．produces..．theirD．produce..．their31．Someonewhogivesanexpensivegiftoftenfeelsthatheshouldreceivemorepraisethanifhe______alessexpensivegift．A．gaveB．givesC．hadgivenD．hasgiven32．ThedoctorsaidthatitwouldtakeamonthforherfracturedwristtoA．recoverB．healC．remedyD．cure33．Althoughshedidnotlookbackshecouldtellthathewasstillfollowing.Let______astreetcar,shethought,andreallytherewasone．A．therewereB．therebeC．therebeingD．therehasbeen34．Duringthefamineof1943,millionsofChinesepeasants______tothecitiesbecausetheycouldnotsurviveintheruralareas．A．migratedB．emigratedC．immigratedD．mobilized35．Thewaltzandthetangoseemtobeoutoffashiontoday.Thingslikethetwistandjerkseemtobe_____youngpeoplearereallyinterestedin．A．allthataboutB．aboutthatallC．aboutallthatD．allaboutthat36．Inhisculture,______itwas,thisexchangeofmanesonpiecesofpaperwasprobablyaformalpoliteness,likesaying“thankyou”．A．allthatB．whateverC．whicheverD．what37．Thesurvival______ofsomewildanimalsisnotveryhighastheyareruthlesslyhuntedfortheirskins．A．standardB．scale______C．ratioD．rate38．Theleadersofthetwocountriesfeelitdesirableto______fundsfromarmamentstohealthandeducation．A．deriveB．changeC．convertD．divert39．TheHomeSecretaryhasbeenaskedto______becausetheunionleadersandtheiremployerscannotagreeonacourseofaction．A．interveneB．negotiateC．meditateD．reconcile40．Theneighborsdonotconsideredhimquite______asmosteveningsheawakensthemwithhisdrunkensinging．A．respectedB．respectableC．respectiveD．respectful41．Thesunisverylargeincomparisonwithitsnine______planetswhich,inturn,arecircledbyatotalofthirty-threesatellite．A．surroundingB．cyclingC．orbitingD．whirling42．WhenIemergedfromthetelephonebox,Icomefacetofacewithalittleman,whowaslookingas______asastraydog．A．humbleB．patheticC．dreadfulD．merciful43．Ifoundseatedatthetableoppositetomineanotherguest.Hewasadecentlyunsociableman,anxiousto______alone．A．leaveB．beleavingC．beleftD．haveleft44．Thehousetheyhaveboughtisinverybadrepair.TheoldboilerinthekitchenneedsA．toseeB．tobeseenC．seeingD．seeingto45．AstothelostworldofEgypt,weknownearlyeverything______toknow．A．thereisB．itisC．whichisD．whatis46．MarkEvens,whohadfailedthephysicstest,wassittingonabenchinthecorner______overhisdisappointment．A．complainingB．meditatingC．broodingD．apologizing47．Someresearchershaveundertakensomepsychologicalstudieswhichprovethatmanychildrendevelopfearsof______dangers．A．imaginationB．imaginaryC．imaginableD．imaginative48．Themotherseparatedthequarrelingchildren,andgaveeachofthemasharp______．A．punchB．pinchC．puppyD．pumpkin49．Socceristhemosttrulyinternationalteamsport,butthereisstillsomequestion______whetheritshouldbecalledagameoropenwarfare．A．astoB．duetoC．inadditiontoD．owingto50．______butIstilllikehim．A．SelfishthoughheisB．SelfishasheisC．WhetherheisselfishornotD．Selfishhemaybe51．ItwassoincredibletoherthatIshouldhavemadethehighestscoreintheclass______shewastryingtotestmeagain,personally.A．thatB．thereforeC．whenD．because52．Ithinkitwasallfixedupbylawyersor______arrangesadoptions．A．someoneB．anyoneC．whoeverD．those53．Withaweatherwornface,Tedis______averyoldmanbutinfactheisonlyfifty．A．obviouslyB．evidentlyC．apparentlyD．sufficiently54．Theydon'twanttobeinvolvedinthedispute,sotheyexhibit______onsuchmatters．A．integrityB．reserveC．moralityD．justice55．I'djustdoassoonasyou______theresearchyourself．A．doB．willdoC．woulddoD．did56．Idon'tknow______itwasthatansweredthephonethismorningA．whoB．whyC．howD．that57．Ifanylawandorder______notmaintained,neitherthecitizennorhispropertyissafe．A．beB．areC．wereD．is58．InNewYorkCity______hashighlyrestrictiveguidelinesfor______policemayusetheirguns,thenumberofpeopleshotbylocalcopssoaredinthepastthreeyearsfrom68to108．A．there,whereB．there,whenC．it,whereD．which,when59．Thousandsofchildrennowadayspreferdoingtheirhomeworktoabackgroundofpopmusic______itinaquiteroom．A．ratherthandoingB．todoingC．ratherthantodoD．todo60．Fivescoreyearsago,agreatAmerican,______symbolicshadowwestand,signedtheEmancipationProclamation．A．withhisB．inwhoseC．byhimD．ofwhomPartⅢReadingComprehension(35%)Directions:Therearesevenpassagesinthispart.Eachisfollowedbyfivequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ChoosetheoneoutofthechoicesmarkedbyA,B,C,andD．andmarkyouranswerontheAnswerSheetwith●．Passage1Researchersdisagreewhetherthe“useitorloseit”philosophyholdsforcognitiveaging,butthereisoneevidencethatkeepingmentallyactivecanslowage—relateddeclines．AtPennsylvaniaStateUniversity,SherryWillisandherhusband,K.WarnerSchaie,havestudied5,000people,somesince1956．Peopleluckyenoughtoavoidchronicdiseasesmayalsofarebetterinintellectualfunction,theyfind,perhapsbecausechronicdiseasescanrestrictlifestyleandreducementalstimulation.Similarly,thoseluckyenoughtoberelativelyaffluentalsofarebetter,perhapsbecausemoneycanbuyintellectuallystimulatingthingsliketravel．Educationhelps,too,researcherssaybecauseininstillstheconvictionthatyoucanalwayslearnsomethingnew.TheSchaie-Willisteamalsohassomeotherobservations.Beinginastablemarriagewithastimulatingspouse,theysay,helpsmaintainintellectualvigor．Flexibilitycountstoo.Peoplewhostaymentallyvibrantareoftenthosewhodonotinsistthat“theymustdothingstodayastheydidbefore”Schaiesays.Inneuropsychologicalterms,theabilitytoseeproblemsinnewwaysoftenyieldshigherscoresontestsofmentalfunction.Andpeoplesatisfiedwithlifealsostaymorementallyfit,hesays．Ifyoufindyourmentalskillssagging,considerworkingonspecificdeficits.WhenWillisgave5-hourtutorialsoninductivereasoningorspatialskillstoabout200peoplewhoseskillshaddeclinedintheprevious14years,40percentregainedlostabilities.Thatadvantageheldupsevenyearslatewhentheywereretested.Otherwaystostaysharp,Schaiesays,aredoingjigsawpuzzlestohonevisual-spatialskills,workingcrosswordpuzzlesforverbalskills,playingbridgeformemoryandsimplymatchingwitsathomewithplayersonTVgameshows．Finally,rememberthis.Eventhoughyoumaylosesomementalskillswithnormalaging,youalsogaininonekeyarea:wisdom.Thegrowthofwisdomcontinuesthroughoutthe40s,50sandeven60s．Questions61to65arebasedonthepassage．61．Inthepassage,theauthormainlydiscuss______．A．therolementalstimulationinpreventingmentalagingB．graduallossofmentalskillswithnormalagingC．therelationshipbetweenmentalfunctionandspatialskillsD．effectivewaystokeepintellectualvigor62．Theword“it”inthesaying“useitorloseit”(paragraph1)referto______．A．brainpowerB．cognitivedevelopmentC．mentalstimulatingD．intellectualfunction63．Accordingtotheresearchers,whichofthefollowingfactorsaffectscognitiveaging?A．Education.B．Chronicillness．C．Standardofliving.D．Alloftheabove．64．Fromthispassagewemaysafelyinferthat______mighthelppreventmentaldeclines．A．physicalexercisesB．socialinterconnectionsC．rigiddailyroutinesD．ahealthydiet65．Accordingtotheauthor,allofthefollowingcantrulybesaidaboutwisdomEXCEPTthat______．A．wisdommaybethoughtofasaspecialformofabilitiesandknowledgecompletelydevelopedwithlifeexperienceB．wisdommaystillgrowevenwhentheprocessofmentalagingstartedC．wisdomissuperiorinimportancetomentalskillssuchasinductivereasoningandspatialskillsD．wisdommakesupanimportantpartofbrainpowerPassage2Generationgapsarenothingnew.ImperfectcommunicationbetweenagegroupsplaguedtheancientGreeksandcurrentworksalike．Manyanolderworkerchafesatanunder-30colleaguewhosurfstheInternet,listenstohisSonyWalkmanandchatsonthephoneorwithhisdeskmate-allwhileworkingonaprojectdueinanhour．Sometimes,ofcourse,heisn'tcorking,andthat'sawholedifferentissue.Butsometimesheisgettinglotsofgreatstuffdone.Inthemeantime,thedifferentworkstylescreateacaseof“Wouldyoupleaseshutup”vs.“Lightenup.Getalife.”MarcPrensky,vicepresidentofBankersTrustandfounderofitsinteractivelearningsubsidiary,CorporateGameware,wasonpointinAcrosstheBoard,apublicationoftheconferenceboard.ThebusinessresearchorganizationtitledPrensky'sarticle“TwitchSpeed”,areferencetothefastpaceofvideogameplay．Todayunder-30workerslikelygrewupinamultimedia,technology—rich,twitchspeedenvironment.Prenskysaystheysimultaneouslydidhomework,watchedTVandlistenedtomusic;thisexposurechangedthewaystheyreceiveandprocessinformation．BabyboomersandolderworkersmayormaynothavedonehomeworkbyTV,butmuchelsehaschanged.Sociologistssaytheover-30saremorelikelytowantroomdoorsclose,TVoff.Onethinghappeningatatime.Quiet,please!Whenthetwoheritagesclashintheworkplace,itpitscomfortwithspeedand“multitasking”againstcomfortwithdeliberationandfocusedconcentration．Soundfamiliar?Ifthegaphasbecomeachasminyourworkplace,it'stimetotalk．Bothworkstylescanbeproductive,butbothsidesneedtomakeaccommodationssotheother'sproductivityisn'timpaired．Questions66to70arebasedonthepassage．66．Thispassageismainlytalkingabout______．A．generationgapsB．workstylesofdifferentagegroupsC．lackofmutualunderstandingbetweentheoldandtheyoungD．imperfectcommunicationbetweenoldandyoungworkers67．Fromthecontextwemayfigureoutthattheword“plagued”(paragraph1)means______．A．annoyedB．infectedC．damagedD．affected68．Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?A．Olderworkersoftenfeelannoyedabouttheiryoungcolleagues'attitudestowardswork．B．Youngerworkersalwaysdoagoodjoboftheirworkthoughtheyprefertolistentomusicorchatwithotherswhileworking．C．Thedifferentworkstylesmaysometimesleadtoanunnecessaryargument．D．Olderworkersareusedtoworkinginacomfortableandquietenvironmentsothattheycanfullyconcentrateonwhattheyaredoing．69．TheauthoragreeswithMarcPrenskyonthepointthatyoungerworkersprefera“multitasking”stylebecause______．A．theyaresmartandenergeticB．theyhavethespecialabilitytoperformseveraltasksatthesametimeC．broughtupinaspecialculturalbackground,theyhavedevelopedabehavioralpatterndifferentformthatoftheiroldercolleaguesD．theyhavebeentrainedtoreceiveandprocessinformationinaspecialway70．Theauthormaintainsthatbothsidesshould______ifthetwopatternworkstylesclashheadlong．A．bepatientB．realizethatbothworkstylesareproductiveC．makeeffortstoavoiddoingdamagetotheother'sproductivityD．makecompromisetobridgethegulfbetweenthemPassage3Achildwhohasoncebeenpleasedwithatalelikes,asarule,tohaveitretoldinidenticallythesamewords,butthisshouldnotleadparentstotreatprintedfairystoriesassacredtexts.Itisalwaysmuchbettertotellastorythanreaditoutofabook,andifaparentcanproducewhat,intheactualcircumstancesofthetimeandtheindividualchild,isanimprovementontheprintedtest,somuchthebetter．Achargemadeagainstfairytalesisthattheyharmthechildbyfrighteninghimorarousinghissadisticimpulses.Toprovethelatter,onewouldhavetoshowinacontrolledexperimentthatchildrenwhohavereadfairystoriesweremoreoftenguiltyofcrueltythanthosewhohadnot.Aggressive,destructive,sadisticimpulseseverychildhasand,onthewhole,theirsymbolicverbaldischargeseemstoberatherasafetyvalvethananincitementtoovertaction.Astofears,thereareIthink,well-authenticatedcasesofchildrenbeingdangerouslyterrifiedbysomefairystory.Often,however,thisarisesfromthechildhavingheardthestoryonce.familiaritywiththestorybyrepetitionturnsthepainoffearintootherpleasureofthefearfacedandmastered．Therearealsopeoplewhoobjectfairystoriesonthegroundsthattheyarenotobjectivelytrue,thatfaints.Witches,two-headeddragons,magiccarpets,etc,donotexist;andthat,insteadofindulginghisfantasiesinfairytales.Thechildshouldbetaughthowtoadapttorealitybystudyinghistoryandmechanics.Ifindsuchpeople,Imustconfess,sounsympatheticandpeculiarthatIdonotknowhowtoarguewiththem.Iftheircaseweresound,thewordshouldbefullofmadmenattemptingtoflyfromNewYorktoPhiladelphiaonabroomstickorcoveringatelephonewithkissedinthebeliefthatitwastheirenchantedgirlfriend．Nofairystoryeverclaimedtobeadescriptionoftheexternalworkandasanechildhadeverbelievedthatitwas．Questions71to75arebasedonthepassage．71．Theauthorconsidersthatafairystoryismoreeffectivewhenitis______．A．repeatedwithoutvariationB．treatedwithreverenceC．adaptedbytheparentD．setinthepresent72．Somepeopledislikefairystoriestheyfeelthatthey______．A．temptpeopletobecrueltochildrenB．showtheprimitivecrueltyinchildrenC．lendthemselvestoundesirableexperimentswithchildrenD．increaseatendencybywhichchildren'simpulsesmaybe73．Fairystoriesareameansbywhichchildren'simpulsesmaybeA．beneficiallychanneledB．givenadestructivetendencyC．heldbackuntilmaturityD．effectivelysuppressed74．Theadvantageclaimedforrepeatingfairystoriestoyoungchildrenisthatit______．A．makesthemcometotermswiththeirfearsB．developstheirpowerofmemoryC．convincesthemthereisnothingtobeafraidofD．encouragesthemnottohaveridiculousbeliefs75．Theauthor'smentionofbroomsticksandtelephonesismeanttosuggestthat______．A．fairystoriesarestillbeingmadeupB．thereisconfusionaboutdifferentkindsoftruthC．peopletrytomodernizeoldfairystoriesD．thereismoreconcernforchildren'sfearsnowadaysPassage4Noothercountryspendswhatwedopercapitaformedicalcare.Thecareavailableisamongthebesttechnically,evenifusedtoolavishlyandthusdangerously,butnoneofthecountriesthatstandaboveusunhealthstatushavesuchahighproportionofmedicallydisenfranchisedpersons.Giventheevidencethatmedicalcareisnotthatvaluableandaccesstocarenotthatbad,itseemsmostunlikelythatourbadshowingiscausedbythesignificantproportionwhoarepoorlyserved.Otherhypotheseshavegreaterexplanatorypower:excessivepoverty,bothactualandrelative,andexcessiveaffluence．ExcessivepovertyisprobablymoreprevalentintheU.S.thaninanyofthecountriesthathaveabetterinfantmortalityrateandfemalelifeexpectancyatbirth.Thisisprobablytruealsoforallbutfourorfiveofthecountrieswithalongermalelifeexpectancy.Inthenotablypoorcountriesthatexceedusinmalesurvival,difficultlivingconditionsareamoreacceptedwayoflifeandinseveralofthem,agoodbasicdiet,basicmedicalcareandbasiceducation,andlifelongemploymentoportunitiesareaneverydayfactoflife.IntheU.S.amotionalunemploymentlevelof10percentmaybe40percentintheghettowhilelessthan4percentelsewhere.Thecountriesthathavesurpassedusinhealthdonothavesuchsevereorentrenchedproblems.Noraresuchahighproportionoftheirpeopleinvolveinthem．Excessiveaffluenceisnotsoobviousacauseofillhealth,but,atleastuntilrecently,fewothernationscouldaffordsuchunhealthfulwaysofliving.Excessiveintakeofanimalproteinandfats,dangerousintakeofalcoholanduseoftobaccoanddrugs(prescribedandproscribed),anddangerousrecreationalsportsanddrivinghabitsareallpossibleonlybecauseofaffluence.Ourheritage,desires,opportunities,andourmachism,combinedwiththerelativelylowcostofbadfoodsandspeedyvehicles,makeusparticularlyvulnerabletoouraffluence.Andthosewhoarenotaffluenttryharder.Ourunacceptablehealthstatus,then,willnotbeimprovedappreciablybyexpandedmedicalresourcesnorbytheirredistributionsomuchasbyageneralattempttoimprovethequalityoflifeforall．Questions76to80arebasedonthepassage．76．AllofthefollowingarementionedinthepassageasfactorsaffectingthehealthofthepopulationEXCEPT_______．A．theavailabilityofmedicalcareservicesB．thegeneticendowmentofindividualsC．thenation'srelativepositioninhealthstatusD．anindividual'sownbehavior77．TheauthorisprimarilyconcernedwithA．condemningtheU.S.foritsfailuretoprovidebettermedicalcaretothepoorB．evaluatingtherelativesignificanceoffactorscontributingtothepoorhealthstatusintheU.S．C．comparingthegeneralhealthoftheU.S.populationwithworldaveragesD．advocatingspecificmeasuresdesignedtoimprovethehealthofU.S.population78．Thepassagebestsupportswhichofthefollowingconclusionsabouttherelationshipbetweenpercapitaexpenditureofthehealthofapopulation?A．Thepercapitaexpenditureformedicalcarehasrelativelylittleeffectonthetotalamountofmedicalcareavailabletoapopulation．B．Thegeneticmakeupofapopulationisamorepowerfuldeterminantofthehealthofapopulationthanthepercapitaexpenditureformedicalcare．C．Apopulationmayhaveveryhighpercapitaexpendituresformedicalcareandyethavealowerhealthstatusthanotherpopulationswithlowerpercapitaexpenditures．D．Thehigherthepercapitaexpenditureonmedicalcare,themoreadvancedisthemedicaltechnology;andthemoreadvancedthetechnology,thebetteristhehealthofthepopulation．79．Theauthorreferstotheexcessiveintakeofalcoholandtobaccoanddruguseinorderto______．A．showthatsomeheathproblemscannotbeattackedbybettermedicalcareB．demonstratethatuseoftobaccoandintoxicantsisdetrimentaltohealthC．citeexamplesofindividualbehaviorthathaveadverseconsequencesforhealthstatusD．illustratewaysinwhichaffluencemaycontributetopoorhealthstatus80．Thepassageprovidesinformationtoanswerwhichofthefollowingquestions?A．Whichisthemostpowerfulinfluenceonthehealthstatusofapopulation?B．Whichnationintheworldleadsinhealthstatus?C．IsthelifeexpectancyofmalesintheU.S.longerthanoffemales?D．Whatarethemostimportantgeneticfactorsinfluencingthehealthofanindividual?Passage5Inthe1960s,medicalresearchersThomasHolmesandRichardRahedevelopedachecklistofstressfulevents.Theyappreciatedthetrickypointthatanymajorchangecanbestressful.Negativeeventslike“seriousillnessofafamilymember”werehighonthelistbutsoweresomepositivelife-changingeventslikemarriage.WhenyoutaketheHolmes-Rahetestyoumustrememberthatthescoredoesnotreflecthowyoudealwithstress-itonlyshowshowmuchyouhavechancesofstayinghealthy.Bytheearly1970s,hundredsofsimilarstudieshadfollowedHolmesandRahe.AndmillionsofAmericanswhoworkandliveunderstressworriedoverthereports.Somehowtheresearchgotboileddowntoamemorablemessage,women'smagazinesranheadlineslike“Stresscausesillness.”“Ifyouwanttostayphysicallyandmentallyhealthy,”thearticlessaid,“avoidstressfulevents.”Butsuchsimplisticadviceisimpossibletofollow.Evenifstressfuleventsaredangerous,many-likethedeathofalovedone-areimpossibletoavoid.Moreover,anywarningtoavoidallstressfuleventsisaprescriptionforstayingawayfromopportunitiesaswellastrouble.Sinceanychangecanbestressful,apersonwhowantedtobecompletelyfreeofstresswouldnevermarry,haveachild,takeanewjobormove.Thenotionthatallstressmakesyousickalsoignoresalotofwhatweknowaboutpeople.Itassumeswe'reallvulnerableandpassiveinthefaceofadversity.Butwhatabouthumaninitiativeandcreativity?Manycomethroughperiodsofstresswithmorephysicalandmentalvigorthantheyhadbefore.Wealsoknowthatalongtimewithoutchangeorchallengecanleadtoboredomandmentalstrain．Questions81to85arebasedonthepassage．81．TheresultofHolmes-Rahe'smedicalresearchtellus______．A．thewayyouhandlemajoreventsmaycausestressB．whatshouldbedonetoavoidstressC．whatkindofeventwouldcausestressD．howtocopewithsuddenchangesinlife82．Thestudiesonstressintheearly1970'sledto______．A．widespreadconcernoveritsharmfuleffectsB．greatpanicoverthementaldisorderitcouldcauseC．intensiveresearchintostress-relatedillnessesD．popularavoidanceofstressfuljobs83．ThescoreoftheHolmes-Rahetestshows______．A．howmuchpressureyouareunderB．howpositiveeventscanchangeyoulifeC．howstressfulamajoreventcanbeD．howyoucandealwithlife-changingevents84．Whyis“suchsimplisticadvice”(Line10．Para.1)impossibletofollow?A．Noonecanstayonthesamejobforlong．B．Noprescriptioniseffectiveinrelievingstress．C．Peoplehavetogetmarriedsomeday．D．Youcouldbemissingopportunitiesaswell．85．Accordingtothepassagepeoplewhohaveexperiencedupsanddownsmaybecome______．A．nervouswhenfacedwithdifficultiesB．physicallyandmentallystrainedC．morecapableofcopingwithadversityD．indifferenttowardwhathappenstothemPassage6“Mostepisodesofabsent-mindedness-forgettingwhereyouliftsomethingorwonderingwhyyoujustenteredaroom-arecausedbyasimplelackofattention,”saysSchacter.“Youaresupposedtoremembersomethingbutyouhaven'tencodeddeeply.”Encoding,Schacterexplains,isaspecialwayofpayingattentiontoaneventthathasamajorimpactonrecallingitlater.Failuretoencodeproperlycancreateannoyingsituations.Ifyouputyourmobilephoneinapocket,forexample,anddon'tpayattentiontowhatyoudidbecauseyouareinvolvedinaconversation,you'llprobablyforgetthatthephoneisinthejacketnowhanginginyourwardrobe.“Yourmemoryitselfisn'tfailingyou,”saysSchacter,“ratheryoudidn'tgiveyourmemorysystemtheinformationitneeded.”Lackofinterestcanalsoleadtoabsent-mindedness.“Amanwhocanrecitesportsstatisticsfrom30yearsago,”saysZelinski,“maynotremembertodropaletterinthemailbox.”Womenhaveslightlybettermemoriesthanmenpossiblybecausetheypaymoreattentiontotheirenvironmentandmemoryreliesonjustthat.“Visualcuescanhelppreventabsent-mindedness.”saysSchacter.“Butbesurethecueisclearandavailable,”hecautions.Ifyouwanttoremembertotakeamedicationwithlunch,putthepillbottleonthekitchentable-don'tleaveitinthemedicinechestandwriteyourselfanotethatyoukeepinapocket.Anothercommonepisodeofabsent-mindednesslikewalkingintoaroomandwonderingwhyyou'rethereismostlikelybecauseyouwerethinkingaboutsomethingelse.“Everyonedoesthisfromtimetotime,”saysZelinski.Thebestthingtodoistoreturntowhereyouwerebeforeenteringtheroomandyouwilllikelyremember．Questions86to90arebasedonthepassage．86．Whydoestheauthorthinkthatencodingproperlyisveryimportant?A．Ithelpsusunderstandourmemorysystembetter．B．Itenablesustorecallsomethingfromourmemory．C．Itexpandsourmemoryc