热点58黑子与日冕等太阳活动(解析)备战中考英语考前时事热点话题阅读题型专练(全国通用)

备战2022年中考英语考前时事热点话题阅读+题型专练热点58黑子与日冕等太阳活动一、阅读理解1Thetemperatureofthesunisover5,000degreesFahrenheitatthesurface,butitrisestoperhapsmorethan16milliondegreesatthecenter.Thesunissomuchhotterthantheearththatmattercanexistonlyasagas,exceptatthecore(核心).Inthecoreofthesun,thepressuresaresogreatagainstthegasesthat,despitethehightemperature,theremaybeasmallsolidcore.However,noonereallyknows,sincethecenterofthesuncanneverbedirectlyobserved.Solarastronomersdoknowthatthesunisdividedintofivelayersorzones.Startingattheoutsideandgoingdownintothesun,thezonesarethecorona,chromosphere,photosphere,convectionzoneandfinallythecore.Thefirstthreezonesareregardedasthesun’satmosphere.Butsincethesunhasnosolidsurface,itishardtotellwheretheatmosphereendsandthemainbodyofthesunbegins.Thesun’soutermostlayerbeginsabout10,000milesabovethevisiblesurfaceandgoesoutwardformillionsofmiles.Thisistheonlypartofthesunthatcanbeseenduringaneclipse(日食)suchastheoneinFebruary1979.Atanyothertime,thecoronacanbeseenonlywhenspecialinstrumentsareusedoncamerasandtelescopestoshutouttheglare(刺眼的强光)ofthesun’srays.Thecoronaisabrilliant,pearlywhite,filmylight,aboutasbrightasthefullmoon.Itsbeautifulraysareasensationalsightduringaneclipse.Thecorona’sraysflashoutinabrilliantfanthathaswispyspikelike(一束束穗状)raysnearthesun’snorthandsouthpoles.Thecoronaisthickestatthesun’sequator.Thecoronaraysaremadeupofgasesstreamingoutwardattremendousspeedsandreachingatemperatureofmorethan2milliondegreesFahrenheit.Theraysofgasthinoutastheyreachthespacearoundtheplanets.Bythetimethesun’scoronaraysreachtheearth,theyareweakandinvisible.1.Matteronthesuncanexistonlyintheformofgasbecauseofthesun’s______.A.size B.ageC.location D.temperature2.Withwhattopicisthesecondparagraphmainlyconcerned?A.Howthesunevolved.B.Thestructureofthesun.C.Whyscientistsstudythesun.D.Thedistanceofthesunfromtheplanets.3.Allofthefollowingarepartsofthesun’satmosphereEXCEPTthe_______.A.corona B.chromosphereC.photosphere D.core4.Theparagraphfollowingthepassagemostlikelydiscusseswhichofthefollowing?A.Theremaininglayersofthesun.B.Theevolutionofthesuntoitspresentform.C.TheeclipseofFebruary1979.D.Scientistswillcostmoremoneyonresearchingthecorona.【答案】DBDA【解析】本文主要介绍了太阳的相关知识，包括太阳的环境和结构等等。1.D细节理解题。根据Thesunissomuchhotterthantheearththatmattercanexistonlyasagas可知太阳比地球热得多所以物质只能以气体的形式存在，应选D。2.B推理判断题。根据Solarastronomersdoknowthatthesunisdividedintofivelayersorzones.可知第二段主要讲的是太阳的结构。应选B3.D细节理解题。根据thezonesarethecorona,chromosphere,photosphere,convectionzoneandfinallythecore.Thefirstthreezonesareregardedasthesun’satmosphere.可知核心core不属于太阳的大气的局部，应选D。4.A推理判断题。本文主要讲的是太阳被分成了五层，介绍了其中的几层，所以接下去的段落最有可能是讨论太阳的剩余的层。应选A。2Ifyourcellphonesuddenlystopsworking,don'tblametheserviceprovider.Themalfunction(故障)mighthavebeencausedbysomethingbigger—asolarstorm.Expertsexpectthattheearthwillseemoresolaractivitiesinthenearfuture.Themalfunctionofelectronicdevicesisjustoneoftheeffects.Sunspots(太阳黑子)serveasanindicator(标志)ofthesun’sactivity.Forthepasttwoyears,sunspotshavemostlybeenmissing.Theirabsence,thelongestinnearly100years,hastakenevensunwatchersbysurprise.Whenthenumberofsunspotsdropsattheendofeach11-yearcycle,solarstormsdiedownandallbecomemuchcalmer.This"solarminimum"doesn’t'tlastlong.Withinayear,sunspotsandsolarstormsbegintobuildtowardanewcrescendo—thenextsolarmaximum.What'sspecialaboutthislatestcycleisthatthesunishavingtroublestartingthenextsolarcycle.Thesunbegantocalmdowninlate2007,sonooneexpectedmanysunspotsin2021.Theyshouldreturnin2021.Scientistshavepredictedthatthenextsolarcyclecouldbethemostactiveonrecord:moresunspotsandmoresolarstorms.However,sunspotsaremostlymissingnowSincetheearthisinclosecontactwiththesun,strongsolaractivitiescanbringtroubletoourlife.Peopleofthe21stcenturyrelyonhigh-techsystemsforthebasicsofdailylife.Airtravelandradiocommunicationscanbeaffectedbystrongsolaractivities.Abigsolarstormcouldcause20timesmoreeconomicdamagethanHurricaneKatrina.Whatthesunwilldonextisbeyondourabilitytopredict.Mostastronomersthinkthatthesolarcyclewillgoonbutatlowlevel.However,thereisalsoevidencethatthesunislosingitsabilitytoproducesunspots.By2021,theycouldbegonealtogether.5.ThesunwatchersfeelsurprisedatA.thelongestsunspots'absence B.thelargestsunspotnumberC.themalfunctionofelectronicdevices D.theseriousdamagebysunspots6.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“crescendo〞inParagraph3mostprobablymean?A.smallnumber B.highlevelC.usualcycle D.freshstart7.Whichstatementdoesthetextleadyoutobelieve?A.SolaractivitiesdonoharmtoourdailylifeB.HurricaneKatrinaisalsoatypeofsolarstormsC.It'sdifficulttopredictsunspots.D.Fromnowonthere'renosunspots.【答案】ABC【解析】本文是说明文，介绍了与太阳活动周期、太阳黑子与其对人类影响等相关知识。5.细节理解题。根据第二自然段“Forthepasttwoyears,sunspotshavemostlybeenmissing.Theirabsence,thelongestinnearly100years,hastakenevensunwatchersbysurprise.(在过去的两年里，太阳黑子大局部都消失了。这是近100年来太阳消失时间最长的一次，连太阳观测者都感到意外)〞可知，太阳观测者感到意外的是太阳黑子长时间的消失。应选A项。6.词句猜想题。根据三第自然段“Withinayear,sunspotsandsolarstormsbegintobuildtowardanewcrescendo—thenextsolarmaximum.(在一年之内，太阳黑子和太阳风暴开始形成一个新的crescendo——下一个顶峰期)〞中破折号(表解释说明)可知，thenextsolarmaximum(下一个太阳活动顶峰期)是对crescendo的解释，所以crescendo就是指“顶峰期，顶点〞。应选B项。7.推理判断题。根据第六自然段中“Whatthesunwilldonextisbeyondourabilitytopredict.(太阳接下来要做什么超出了我们的预测能力)〞和下文天文学家对solarcycle的不同预测可推知，太阳黑子是很难预测的。应选C项。3ScientistswhostudytheSunwatchforsunspots—violentstormsthatcanaffectcommunications，navigationsystemsandevenelectricpowerstationsontheEarth.SunspotsareaproductofhugeelectromagneticstormsontheSun.ScientistsontheEarthareabletoobservesunspotseightminutesaftertheyhappen.ThatishowlongittakesfortheSun’slighttoreachus.Thefirstelectricallychargedparticles(颗粒〕fromasunspotentertheEarth’satmosphereabout20to30minutesafterthestormhappens.Theseparticlescanharmhumanbeings.Sobeforetheyarrive,astronautsontheInternationalSpaceStationmoveintospecialareasdesignedtoprotectthemfromtheireffects.Aboutadayortwolater,thebiggestpartofthestormarrives.Itiscalledacoronalmassejection.“Thatisbillionsoftonsofsolarmaterialthat'sblownawayfromtheSun.It’stravelingmillionsofkilometersanhour,butthatisrelativelyslow.〞saysAlexYoung,theAssociateDirectorforScienceatNASA'sHeliophysicsScienceDivision.SeveralciviliangovernmentagenciesandtheU.S.AirForcewatchweatherconditionsinspace24hoursaday.NASAdoessobecauseitmustprotectitsastronautsandtheelectronicdevicesonitsspacecraft.Scientistsarealsotryingtounderstandwhythenumberofsunspotsrisesandfallsatalmostregularintervalsevery11years.Inotherwords,scientistscanalmostpredicttheamountofsolaractivity.Sometimestheintensity(强度〕ishigher，sometimeslower，Forexample,thecurrentsolarcycle,asitiscalled,ismuchlowerthanthepreviousone.SeveralsatelliteswatchtheSunandtheenvironmentbetweentheSunandthoEarth.PicturesandotherinformationfromthesatellitestellscientistswhatishappeningonandneartheSun.AlexYoungsayswehaveonlybeenlookingattheSunwithpowerfulinstrumentsforabout30to40years.Thatisaveryshorttimecomparedtothefourbillionyearsthatthestarhasbeenshining.8.WhydoastronautsonInternationalSpaceStationmoveintospecialarea?A.Toavoidbeingharmed. B.Tochargethebattery.C.TowatchtheSunclosely D.Toprotectdevicesonthespacecraft.9.Howlongdoesasolarcyclelast?A.About8minutes. B.About20to30minutesC.About11years. D.About30to40minutes10.WhatenablesscientiststowatchtheSun?A.Environmentalchanges. B.GoodweatherconditionsC.Advancedinstruments. D.Governmentagencies11.Whatdoesthepassagemainlytalkabout?A.Theroleofsatellites. B.findingsaboutsunpotsC.Observationofspace. D.Communicationontheearth.【答案】ACCB【解析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了太阳黑子活动及其对地球的影响。8.细节理解题。由第三段可知，太阳黑子活动时发出的带电顆粒,对人类有危害,由本段中的“Sobeforetheyarrive,astronautsontheInternationalSpaceStationmoveintospecialareasdesignedtoprotectthemfromtheireffects.所以在他们到达之前，国际空间站的宇航员会进入特殊区域，以保护他们免受影响。可知，为了让宇航员免受带电粒子之苦，国际空间站的宇航员会进入特殊区域。选项A符合题意。应选A项。9.细节理解题。由文中倒数第三段第一句Scientistsarealsotryingtounderstandwhythenumberofsunspotsrisesandfallsatalmostregularintervalsevery11years.科学家们也在试图了解为什么太阳黑子的数量几乎每11年会有定期的升降。可知，太阳黑子的活动周期是11年，选项C符合题意。应选C项。10.细节理解题。由最后一段中的第一句AlexYoungsayswehaveonlybeenlookingattheSunwithpowerfulinstrumentsforabout30to40years.AlexYoung说我们用强大的仪器，观测太阳已经有30到40年了。可知，科学家们利用功能强大的仪器设备观测太阳，选项C符合题意。应选C项。11.主旨大意题。根据完整第一段“ScientistswhostudytheSunwatchforsunspots—violentstormsthatcanaffectcommunications,navigationsystemsandevenelectricpowerstationsontheEarth.〞及全文内容可知，本文主要介绍的有关太阳黑子活动的一些发现，选项B符合题意。应选B项。4Marswasoncewet,withanocean'sworthofwateronitssurface.Today,mostofMarsisasdryasadesertexceptforicedepositsinitspolarregions.Wheredidtherestofthewatergo?Someofitdisappearedintospace.Watermolecules,beatenbyparticlesofsolarwind,brokeapartintohydrogenandoxygenatoms,andthose,especiallythelighterhydrogenatoms,spedoutoftheatmosphere,losttoouterspace.Butmostofthewater,anewstudyconcludes,wentdown,suckedintotheredplanet'srocks.Andthereitremains,trappedwithinmineralsandsalts.Indeed,asmuchas99%ofthewaterthatonceflowedonMarscouldstillbethere,theresearchersestimatedinapaperpublishedthisweekinthejournalScience.BethanyEhlmann,aprofessorofplanetaryscienceattheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyandoneoftheauthorsofthepaper,saidthatastherocksarealteredbyliquidwater,watermoleculesbecomeincorporated(并入)intomineralslikeclays.ThedataandsimulationsindicatedthatthewateronMarswasalmostallgoneby3billionyearsago,aroundthetuneonEarthwhenlifeconsistedofsingle-cellmicrobesintheoceans.Withoutatimemachine,thereisnowaytoobservedirectlyhowmuchwaterwasonayoungerMarsmorethan3billionyearsago.ButthehydrogenatomsfloatingtodayintheatmosphereofMarspreserveaghostlyhintoftheancientocean.OnEarth,about1in5,000hydrogenatomsisaversionknownasdeuterium(重氢;氢的同位素)thatistwiceasheavybecauseitsnucleuscontainsbothaneutronandaproton.ButonMars,theconcentrationofdeuteriumismarkedlyhigher,about1in700.ScientistsattheNASAGoddardSpaceFlightCenterwhoreportedthisfindingin2021saidthiscouldbeusedtocalculatetheamountofwaterMarsoncehad.12.Whycan'twaterbefoundonMarsnowexceptforicedepositsinpolarregions?A.Becauseitwastransformedintodeuterium.B.Becauseitwasbeatenintoparticlesbysolarwind.C.Becausemostofitwasintegratedandsomedisappeared.D.Becauseitbrokedownintohydrogenandoxygenatoms.13.Whatisimpliedaboutdeuteriuminthelastparagraph?A.Itistwicetheweightofhydrogen.B.Itsnucleuscontainsaneutronandaproton.C.ItsconcentrationonEarthismarkedlyhigherthanonMarsD.ItenlightensscientistsonthemeasurementofwateronMars.14.Inwhichsectionofanewspapermaythisarticleappear?A.Science. B.Travel. C.Entertainment. D.Education.15.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.Mars:OnceWet,NowDry B.Atoms:HydrogenorDeuterium?C.Microbes:Single-cellorMulti-cell? D.WaterVanished:ThisMightBeWhereItWent【答案】CDAD【解析】这是一篇说明文。主要说明了火星上消失的水一局部可能消失了，大局部可能沉入了火星的红色岩石中。12.细节理解题。根据第二段“Someofitdisappearedintospace.〔一些水消失在太空中。〕〞和第三段“Butmostofthewater,anewstudyconcludes,wentdown,suckedintotheredplanet'srocks.〔但一项新的研究说明，大局部的水都沉入了火星的岩石中。〕〞可知原因是一局部消失了，大局部集合在岩石中。应选C。13.细节理解题。根据最后一段“ScientistsattheNASAGoddardSpaceFlightCenterwhoreportedthisfindingin2021saidthiscouldbeusedtocalculatetheamountofwaterMarsoncehad.〔美国宇航局戈达德太空飞行中心的科学家在2021年报告了这一发现，称这可以用来计算火星曾经拥有的水的数量。〕〞可知，氘激发了科学家关于火星的水的测量。应选D。14.推理判断题。阅读可知这是一篇科普类说明文，因此推测可能出现在报纸的科学板块。应选A。15.主旨大意题。通读全文以及根据第三段“Butmostofthewater,anewstudyconcludes,wentdown,suckedintotheredplanet'srocks.〔但一项新的研究说明，大局部的水都沉入了火星的岩石中。〕〞可知，本文主要讲述了火星消失的水可能在哪里，ABC三个选项太片面。应选D。5The2021LondonOlympicshadenoughproblemstoworryabout.Butonemorehasjustbeenadded-acommunicationsblackoutcausedbysolarstorms.AfteraperiodofcalmwithintheSun,scientistshavedetectedthesignsofafleshcycleofsunspotsthatcouldpeakin2021,justintimeforthearrivaloftheOlympictorchinLondon.NowscientistsbelievethatthispeakcouldresultinvastsolarexplosionsthatcouldthrowbillionsoftonsofchargedmattertowardstheEarth,causingstrongsolarstormsthatcouldjamthetelecommunicationssatellitesandinteractlinkssendingfiveOlympicbroadcastfromLondon."TheSun'sactivityhasastronginfluenceontheEarth.TheOlympicscouldbeinthemiddleofthenextsolarmaximumwhichcouldaffectthefunctionsofcommunicationssatellites,"saidProfessorRichardHarrison,headofspacephysicsattheRutherfordAppletonLaboratoryinOxfordshire.Atthepeakofthecycle,violentoutburstscalledcoronalmassejections(日冕物质抛射)occurintheSun'satmosphere,throwingoutgreatquantitiesofelectrically-chargedmatter."Acoronalmassejectioncancarryabilliontonsofsolarmaterialintospaceatoveramillionkilometresperhour.Sucheventscanexposeastronautstoadeadlyamount,candisablesatellites,causepowerfailuresonEarthanddisturbcommunications,"ProfessorHarrisonadded.Theriskisgreatestduringasolarmaximumwhenthereisthegreatestnumberofsunspots.NextweekinAmerica,NASAisscheduledtolaunchasatelliteformonitoringsolaractivitycalledtheSolarDynamicsObservatory(SDO),whichwilltakeimagesoftheSunthatare10timesclearerthanthemostadvancedtelevisionsavailable.TheRutherfordAppletonLaboratoryhelpedtomakethehigh-techcamerasthatwillcaptureimagesofthesolarflares(太阳耀斑)andexplosionsastheyoccur.ProfessorRichardHoldaway,thelab'sdirector,saidthattheSDOshouldbeabletoprovideearlywarningofasolarflareorexplosionbigenoughtoaffectsatellitecommunicationsonEarth"Ifwehaveadvancewarning,we'llbeabletoreducethedamage.Whatyoudon'twantisthingsswitchingoffforaweekwithnoideaofwhat'scausedtheproblem,"hesaid.16.Thephrase"communicationsblackout"inparagraph1mostprobablyreferstoduringthe2021Olympics.A.theextinguishingoftheOlympictorchB.thecollapseofbroadcastingsystemsC.thetransportationbreakdowninLondonD.thedestructionofweathersatellites17.Whatcanbeinferredaboutthesolaractivitydescribedinthepassage?A.ThemostfatalmatterfromthecoronafallsontoEarth.B.Thesolarstormpeakoccursinthemiddleofeachcycle.C.IttakesseveralsecondsforthechargedmattertoreachEarth.D.Thenumberofsunspotsdeclinesaftercoronalmassejections.18.Accordingtothepassage,NASAwilllaunchasatelliteto_________.A.takeimagesofthesolarsystem B.provideearlywarningofthunderstormsC.keeptrackofsolaractivities D.improvethecommunicationsonEarth19.Whichofthefollowingmightbethebesttitleofthepassage?A.SolarStorms:AnInvisibleKillerB.SolarStorms:EarthEnvironmentinDangerC.SolarStorms:ThreateningtheHumanRaceD.SolarStorms:HumanActivitiestoBeTroubled【答案】BDCD【解析】略6TheUnitedStatesspaceagencywillsendaspacecrafttoexplorethesunmorecloselythaneverbeforeonSaturday.NASA'SParkerSolarProbe〔探测器〕willflythroughthehotsolaratmosphereandcomewithinjust6millionkilometersofthesun'ssurface.TheParkerProbewillgetalmostseventimesclosertothesunthanearlierspacecraft.Todothis,itwillflypastVenus〔金星〕seventimesoversevenyears.Eachpasswillchangetheprobe'sorbitbyprovidingagravitypush.Itwillmoveeverclosertothesunandstraightintothecorona〔日冕〕,thesun'soutermostatmosphere.Byexploringthesun'scorona,scientistshopetolearnwhyitishundredsoftimeshotterthanthesun'ssurface.Theywillalsostudywhatdrivesthesolarwind.Theprojectwasproposedin1958,thesameyearNASAwasestablished.Now,"it'sbecomingareality,"saidprojectmanagerAndyDriesman.TheParkerspacecrafthasa2.4meterheatshield〔护罩〕thatis11centimetersthick.Itismadeoftwocarbonsheets.Thefronthasawhitecoatingtoreflectsunlight.Itisexpectedtoshineredwhenitexperiencestheextremesolarheat.Almosteverythingonthespacecraftwillbebehindthisshieldtokeepitsscientificinstrumentsrelativelycool.Besides,thespacecraftwillalsobetravelingatahighspeed.Theprobewillreach690,000kilometersperhourinthecorona.ThespacecraftwillmakeitsfirstflightpastVenusinearlyOctober.ItsfirstpassbythesunisexpectedinNovember.TheParkerSolarProbeisthefirstNASAspacecrafttobenamedaftersomeonewhoisstillalive.EugeneParkerisa91-year-oldprofessorattheUniversityofChicago.Hepredictedtheexistenceofsolarwind60yearsago.HeplanstobeatCapeCanaveralAirForceStationinthesouthernstateofFloridatoseethelaunch.20.What'stheadvantageoftheParkerProbecomparedtotheearlierones?A.Itcanchangetheorbitbyflyingpastthesun.B.Itcangetclosertothesunandintothecorona.C.Itcanstudytheeffectofsolarwind.D.Itcanflythroughthehotsolaratmospherewithoutprotection.21.Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?A.Humanhadlittleachievementsinexploringthesun.B.EugeneParkeristhefirstonetostudythesun.C.TheParkerProbehastogetclosetothesunwiththehelpofVenus.D.Humancangetclosetothesun'ssurfacewithin6millionkilometerstoday.22.WhatcanwelearnaboutEugeneParker?A.HestartedNASA.B.Heforesawthesolarwindwhenhewas31.C.HedesignedtheParkerspacecraft.D.HewillstudythesunusingtheParkerspacecraft.23.Judgingfromthecontent,thepassagemostprobablybelongsto.A.astorybook B.anadvertisementC.asciencefiction D.anewsreport【答案】BCBD【解析】这是一那么新闻报道。文章报道了美国航天局将发射一艘宇宙飞船，比以往任何时候都更近距离地探索太阳。该飞船被命名为帕克太阳探测器，将穿越炎热的太阳大气和仅仅600万公里的太阳外表。20.细节理解题。根据第二段的TheParkerProbewillgetalmostseventimesclosertothesunthanearlierspacecraft.帕克探测器将比早期航天器接近太阳近7倍。可知，和之前的探测器相比，帕克探测器更接近于太阳。应选B。21.推理判断题。根据第二段的Todothis,itwillflypastVenus〔金星〕seventimesoversevenyears.Eachpasswillchangetheprobe'sorbitbyprovidingagravitypush.Itwillmoveeverclosertothesunandstraightintothecorona〔日冕〕.为了做到这一点，它将在7年中飞过金星7次。每次通过都会提供重力推动，改变探测器的轨道。它会越来越靠近太阳，直接进入日冕。可知，飞船要接近太阳必须依靠进行提供的动力，即帕克探测器必须在金星的帮助下接近太阳。应选C。22.细节理解题。根据EugeneParkerisa91-year-oldprofessorattheUniversityofChicago.Hepredictedtheexistenceofsolarwind60yearsago.尤金·帕克是芝加哥大学91岁的教授。他在60年前就预言了太阳风的存在。可知，他在31岁就预测出太阳风。应选B。23.推理判断题。根据文章第一段TheUnitedStatesspaceagencywillsendaspacecrafttoexplorethesunmorecloselythaneverbeforeonSaturday.本周六，美国航天局将发射一艘宇宙飞船，比以往任何时候都更近距离地探索太阳。及倒数第二段的ThespacecraftwillmakeitsfirstflightpastVenusinearlyOctober.ItsfirstpassbythesunisexpectedinNovember.航天器将于10月初首次飞越金星。预计它将在11月第一次经过太阳。可知，这是一那么对帕克探测器将要发射的新闻报道。应选D。二、用单词的适当形式完成短文阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。TakingacloserlookatthesunThereisanancientChinesestoryaboutagiantmannamedKuaFuwhochasesthesun.HedrainstheYellowandWeiRiversduringhisraceandfinallydiesofdehydration(脱水).Hisfailurehasremindedpeopleofthe24.(stop)powerofthesunforcenturies.Andyet,scientiststhroughouthistory25.(try)tobetterunderstandthemostimportantstarinoursky.OnAug.12,