2023版高三一轮总复习英语（人教版）：课时分层作业13

课时分层作业（十三）

I.阅读理解

A

（2021•济南市模拟）Whosaysinventionsareonlymadebygrown-upsand

professionals?Overtheyears,childrenhavealsosucceededinmakingtheiruseful

contributionstotheworld.Hereareafewinventionsthatcametolifefromtheminds

ofyoungchildren.

HeroHelmet

Seven-year-oldSamuelMeyer'sinventionisaimedatstoppingpeoplefrom

ridingtheirbikesorskateboardswithoutusingahelmet.TheHeroHelmetfeatures

aninbuiltremotethatcontrolsalockonthewheelswhichisunlockedwhenthe

helmetisbeingwornbytherider.Samuelsays:nohelmet,nobike.

RoboticEarthworm

Thefirstthoughtthatcomestomindis,whyaroboticearthworm?Well,

ten-year-oldDavidCohenhadsomeusefulapplicationsinmind.Hebelieveditcould

beusedtofindvictimsafteraflood,earthquakeorfire.Therobotcouldgetinto

smallanddangerousplaceswheresearchdogsandhumanscouldnotgo.

B.E.A.C,O,N.

Fifteen-year-oldHannahHerbst，sinvention,whichstandsforBringing

ElectricityAccesstoCountriesthroughOceanEnergy,wasinspiredbyherpenpal

wholivesinEthiopiaanddidnothaveaccesstolights.Soshecameupwith

B.E.A.C,O.N.,whichabsorbsenergydirectlyfromoceanwaves.Herinvention

wonthe“DiscoveryEducation3MYoungScientistChallengevin2015andother

numerousawards.

PortableWheelchairController

Atonlyeightyearsold,AmeliaFoxcreatedtheinventiontohelpliftpeoplein

andoutoftheirwheelchair.Thisinventionwasnotjustbornoutofthedesireto

createsomething.Ameliadevelopedthiscontrollerforherbrother,whohadjustgot

hipsurgeryandneededthewheelchairtomovearound.

【语篇解读】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了四个由孩子研究出来的

有用发明。

1.Whoistheyoungestinventor?

A.SamuelMeyer.

B.DavidCohen.

C.AmeliaFox.

D.HannahHerbst.

A［细节理解题。根据HeroHelmet部分的内容可知，7岁的SamuelMeyer

发明了英雄头盔；根据RoboticEarthworm部分的内容可知，10岁的DavidCohen

发明了蚯蚓机器人；根据B.E.A.C.O.N.部分的内容可知，HannahHerbst创造

发明时15岁;根据PortableWheelchairController部分的内容可知，8岁的

AmeliaFox发明了便携式轮椅控制器。故SamuelMeyer是他们四个中年龄最小

的发明者，故A项正确。］

2.Whichofthefollowingcanbeusedasarescuetool?

A.HeroHelmet.

B.B.E.A.C.O.N.

C-RoboticEarthworm.

D.PortableWheelchairController.

C［细节理解题。根据题干关键词arescuetool定位至RoboticEarthworm

吉F分第三句"Hebelieveditcouldbeusedtofindvictimsafteraflood,earthquakeor

fire"可知，蚯蚓机器人可以被用来在洪水、地震或火灾后寻找受害者，故C项

正确。］

3.WhydidAmeliaFoxcreatetheinvention?

A.Togiveherbrotherassistance.

B・Tobenefittheearthquakevictims.

C.Tbgenerateelectricityeffectively.

D.Toprotectbikeridersfrominjuries.

A［细节理解题。根据题干关键词AmeliaFox定位至PortableWheelchair

Controller部分尾句"Ameliadevelopedthiscontrollerforherbrother,whohadjust

gothipsurgeryandneededthewheelchairtomovearound.可当口，Amelia为她的

弟弟发明了这个控制器，她的弟弟刚刚做了脆关节手术，需要轮椅来移动。故A

项正确。］

B

（2021•沈阳市质量监次J）FaujaSingh,110,whobrokemarathonrecordsandwas

calledthe“Superman”beforehanginguphisrunningshoessevenyearsago,will

bethesubjectofaBollywoodfilm,Fauja,tracinghisremarkablecareer.

Mr.Singh,borninIndiain1911,wasakeenamateurrunnerinhisyouth,but

gaveituphalfway.Gettingoveraseriesofpersonaltragediesincludingthedeathsof

hiswifeandtwoofhischildren,hereturnedtohisformerpassioninhiseighties.

HemovedtotheUKsoonafterandnowlivesinIlford,eastLondon.Hearrived

forhisfirsttrainingsessioninRedbridgeinathree-piecesuit,andhisfirstracewas

theLondonmarathonin2000.ThreeyearslaterinToronto,hebroketheworldrecord

forthe90-plus.Intheearly2011,whenheturned100,Mr.Singhseteightworld

recordsinaday.Heranthe100min23.14s,thenaddedthe200m,

400m,800m,1,500m,themile,the3,000mand5,000mworldrecords.Threeofthe

eventshadneverbeenattemptedbyanyoneovertheageof100before.Dayslater,he

becamethefirstcentenarian（百岁老人）tocompleteamarathon,againinToronto,

withatimeof8：11：06.

Mr.Singhretiredfromcompetitiverunningin2013butcontinuedjoggingfor

pleasure.Heowedhisextraordinarylongevitytoavegetariandietandavoiding

smoking,alcoholandfriedfood.

Ofmarathonrunninghehassaid,“Thefirst20milesarenotdifficult.Asfor

thelastsixmiles,Ikeeptalkingtomyself,'Keepitup,oldboy!'"

【语篇解读】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了一位110岁老人FaujaSingh

非凡的经历。他100岁时曾在一天之内创下8项世界纪录，被称为“超人”；宝

莱坞将以他为主题拍摄电影Fauja,记述他不同寻常的生涯。

4.Whichtitleissuitablefbrthetext?

A.FaujaSinghturns110thisyear

B・Aprofessionalrunner

C.FaujaSinghhangsuphisshoes

D.Acentenarianrunner

D［标题归纳题。本文主要讲了110岁的FaujaSingh的非凡经历，故选项

D适合作本文标题。］

5.WhatdoyouknowaboutFaujaSingh?

A.Helosthisrunningshoesin2013.

B.HestarredintheIndianfilm,Fauja.

C.Hesetnineworldrecordsin2011.

D.Hegotstuckinthepersonaltragedies.

C［细节理解题。根据第三段中的uIntheearly2011,whenheturned100,

Mr.Singhseteightworldrecordsinaday”以及“Dayslater,hebecamethefirst

centenariantocompleteamarathon可知，他在2011年共打破九项世界纪录。故

选C项。］

6.What'sthethirdparagraphmainlyabout?

A.Mr.Singh，sraceachievements.

B.Mr.Singh，spracticeintheUK.

C.Mr.Singh5strainingexperience.

D.Mr.Singh'sattemptsatsports.

A［段落大意题。根据第三段的内容可知，Mr.Singh在2000年参加伦敦

马拉松。三年后他在多伦多打破了90岁以上（跑马拉松的）世界纪录，又在2011

年打破九项世界纪录。故本段主要是讲述了Mr.Singh取得的比赛成就。］

7.WhatcontributestoMr.Singh"slonglife?

A.Hishealthylifestyle.

B・Smokinganddrinking.

C・Competitiverunning.

D.Hispassionformarathon.

A［细节理解题。根据第四段中的uHeowedhisextraordinarylongevitytoa

vegetariandietandavoidingsmoking,alcoholandfriedfood.,,可知，Mr.Singh认

为他的健康生活方式是他长寿的原因。］

C

（2021•福州市质量检测）TheMayacityofTikalisfamousforitsamazing

palacesandtemples.ButsomethingfarmoreordinarykeptTikalfunctioning：its

water-purifyingsystem,theearliestknownofitskind.

Researchersrecentlydiscoveredavolcanicmineralthattrapsmicrobes（微生

物）andheavymetalsinTikal'slargestreservoir（水库）.Becausethematerialisnot

foundnearby,thefindingssuggestthepresenceofaman-madewater-purifying

device.

Thefindingsdenythelong-standingideathattechnologicalachievementsofthe

ancientworldsbelongedtotheEasternworld,likeEgypt,andChina.Theleading

scientistofthisresearch,KennethTankersleysays,uWhentalkingabout

purifyingwater,theMayawerethousandsofyearsahead.”

LocatedintheforestsofCentralAmerica,Tikal,isthoughttohavebeenhome

tomorethan45,000people.Theyhadtostruggleagainstadryseasonlastingfrom

NovembertoApril.Storingwaterinreservoirswasasolution,butthatwaterhadto

befittodrink,saidKenneth."Keepingwatercleanwasofgreatimportance.”

Afewyearsago,theresearchersweresurprisedtofindthatthelargestreservoir,

Corriental,hadsignificantlyfewerharmfulchemicalsthantheothers."Thewater

qualityatCorrientalwasmuchhigher.”

SomehowtheMayamusthavebeenpurifyingCorriental'swater,theteam

assumed."TheMayausedgardensastheirbathrooms,“Kennethsaid."The

watercomingintothereservoirwouldnothavebeenveryclean.”

AtthebottomofCorriental,scientistsfoundfourseparatelayers,eachafew

centimetersthick,ofmillimeter-scalezeolites（沸石）.Thistypeofvolcanicmineral

canpurifywaterandisstillinwidespreadusetoday,Kennethsays."Justabout

everythingwedrink,frombottledwatertowine,runsthroughazeolitepurifying

device.”

TheMayawouldn，thaveknownaboutthezeoliteinrock,buttheywouldhave

recognizedthepurifyingeffects,theresearcherssuggested.Azeolite-rich

rockformationabout30kilometersnortheastofTikalisthelikelysourceofthe

materialinCorriental,theteamsaidlastmonthinScientificReports,Wateratthis

site“wasclearandtastedgood”.

【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了玛雅的蒂卡尔市的人工净水

系统。

8.Whatdidtheresearchersfind?

A.Anewmaterialcalledzeolites.

B・Thepurifyingeffectsofzeolites.

C.Anoldwater-purifyingsystem.

D.High-qualitywaterinCorriental.

C［细节理解题。根据题干中的researchers定位至文章第二段中的“the

findingssuggestthepresenceofaman-madewater-purifyingdevice,由止匕可次口，

研究人员发现了古老的人工净水设备，故选C。］

9.HowdidtheMayapurifywater?

A.Bybuildingthelargestreservoir.

B.Byusinggardensastheirbathrooms.

C.Bygettingridofheavymetals.

D.Byspreadingfourlayersofzeolites.

D［细节理解题。根据题干中的theMayapurifywater定位至文章第七段中

的“fourseparatelayers,eachafewcentimetersthick,ofmillimeter-scale

zeolites.Thistypeofvolcanicmineralcanpurifywater”,由此可知，玛雅人净化

水的方法是分布四层沸石，故选D。］

10.Whatcanwelearnfromtheresearch?

A.TheMayadrankbottledwater.

B.TheancientMayawereverybright.

C.Thesystemwascreatedbyaccident.

D.ThezeoliteswerefoundinCorriental.

B［推理判断题。根据文章第三段中的"Whentalkingaboutpurifyingwater,

theMayawerethousandsofyearsahead.”可知，数千年前玛雅人就开始净化水

了，由此可推知玛雅人非常聪明，故选B。］

11.AccordingtoKenneth,.

A.theoriginalwaterinCorrientalwasnotcleanenough

B・watersupplyinTikallastedfromNovembertoApril

C.allancienttechnologicalachievementsbelongedtotheEast

D.theMayahadagoodunderstandingofthezeoliteinrocks

A［细节理解题。根据文章第六段中的“TheMayausedgardensastheir

bathroomsv以及“Thewatercomingintothereservoirwouldnothavebeenvery

clean.”可知,Corriental原来的水并不是很干净。］

D

（2021•八省联考）Putfive,eight,twelveormorepeopletogetherinaroom,and

it，sagameofluckastohowwellthey'11functionasateam.Thelargerthegroupis,

themoredifficultitbecomes.It'salotlikediningoutwithabunchoffriends.

Wheretogo?Italian?Vegetarian?Steakhouse?Eachpersonhastheirownappetite,

whichcanmakecreatinga“sharedinterest“extremelychallenging.

Asharedinterestisthelifebloodofteams,andonlythemostsuccessful

companiesknowhowtofosterit.Buthow?

uProjectAristotlev,anexperimentledbyAbeerDubey,amanagerina

famouscompany，sPeopleAnalyticsdivision,wasconductedin2012todiscover

howtobuildtheperfectteam”.Afteryearsofanalyzingdataandinterviewsfrom

morethan180teamsacrossthecompany,thecompanyfoundthattheindividual

personalitiesinateamarenotsorelevant.

“Wehadlotsofdata,buttherewasnothingshowingthatamixofspecific

personalitytypesorskillsorbackgroundsmadeanydifference.The'who'partof

theequationdidn51seemtomatter,“DubeysaidinaninterviewwithTheNewYork

Times.Instead,theresearchersfoundthattherewerefivekeycharacteristicsof

enhancedteams：

Psychologicalsafety：Everyonefeelssafeintakingrisks,andtheywon，tbe

embarrassedorpunishedfordoingso.

Dependability：Everyonecompletesqualityworkontime.

Structureandclarity:Everyoneknowswhattheirspecificexpectationsare.

Theseexpectationsmustbechallengingyetattainable.

Meaning：Everyonehasasenseofpurposeintheirwork,forexample,

supportingfamily.

Impact：Everyoneseesthattheresultoftheirworkactuallycontributestothe

organization，soverallgoals.

Whilethecompany，sfindingsmaybetruetosomeextent,alargenumberof

scientificstudieshavecausedresearchersoutsideofthecompany，slabtoshockingly

disagree.TomasChamoiTO-Premuzic,aprofessorofbusinesspsychologyat

ColumbiaUniversityandauthorofthebookWhyDoSoManyIncompetentMen

BecomeLeaders^：{AndHowtoFixIt）andpsychologistDaveWinsboroughare

amongthem.Theybothclaimthatpersonality,inparticular,heavilyaffectsthe

roleofanindividualwithinateamandisindeedasignificantfactorinwhatmakesa

teamsuccessful.

Researchersfoundthatthepoorest-performingteamswere100percent

upragmaticv（讲求实效的）andhad0percenturelationship-buildingvtraits.

“Toooften,organizationsfocusmerelyonthefunctionalroleandhopethatgood

teamperformancesomehowfollows,“Chamorro-PremuzicandWinsborough

co-wroteinaHarvardBusinessReviewarticle."Thisiswhyeventhemost

expensiveprofessionalsportsteamsoftenfailtoperformwellaccordingtothe

individualtalentsofeachplayer:Thereisnopsychologicalsynergy（协同作用）.A

moreeffectiveapproachfocusesasmuchonpeople*spersonalitiesasontheir

skills.”

【语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文。文章介绍了“亚里士多德”项目的研究

人员与其他研究人员在如何建立“完美团队”方面所持的两种观点：成员的个性

与“完美团队”关系不大；成员的个性是团队成功的一个重要因素。

12.Whydoestheauthormentiontheexampleof“diningout”？

A.Toemphasizethechallengesofcreatingacommoninterest.

B.Tocaterforthedifferenttastesofpeoplefromallwalksoflife.

C.Tostresstheimportanceofdifferentindividualsinteams.

D.Togetmoredifferentpeopleinvolvedinbuildingateam.

A［细节理解题。根据第一段中的"It'salotlikediningout...Eachperson

hastheirownappetite,whichcanmakecreatinga'sharedinterest9extremely

challenging.可知，作者提及和一群朋友出去吃饭，由于众口难调，所以很难

进行，据此说明，每个人都有自己的喜好，这使得创造“共同利益”极具挑战性。

故A项正确。］

13.Whatmightbetheleastdecidingfactorofaperfectteamaccordingtothe

famouscompany，slab?

A.Dependability.

B-Asenseofpurpose.

C.Psychologicalsafety.

D.Individualpersonalities.

D［细节理解题。根据第三段尾句可知，在对公司180多个团队的数据和访

谈进行多年分析后，该公司发现，团队中的个人性格与构建完美团队并没有那么

相关。故D项正确。］

14.Accordingtothelastparagraph,whydothemostexpensiveprofessional

sportsteamsfailtoperform?

A.Becausetheycaremoreabouttheresult.

B・Becausetheyarenottalentedenough.

C.Becausetheylackrelationshipbuilding.

D.Becausetheyarevagueabouttheirroles.

C［细节理解题。根据尾段第一句可知，研究人员发现，表现最差的团队

100%“务实”，有0%的“建立关系”特征。根据尾段倒数第二句可知，这就是

为什么即使是最昂贵的专业运动队在根据每个运动员的个人天赋来运转时通常

也表现不佳：没有心理协同作用。据此可知，C项正确。］

15.Howisthepassagemainlydeveloped?

A.Bymakingbasicassumptions.

B.Bygivingalotofdetailedexamples.

C.Byanalyzingcausesandeffects.

D.Bypresentingcontradictoryfindings.

B［推理判断题。通读文章第一段可知，作者以朋友一起出去吃饭为例，说

明每个人都有自己的喜好，这使得创造“共同利益”极具挑战性；接着文章表述

“亚里士多德项目”发现团队中的个人性格与构建完美团队并没有那么相关；而

后又列举两个研究人员及“最昂贵的专业运动队”的例子来说明在团队建设中

人们个性的作用，据此可知，本文是以“举例法”来展开说明的，故B项正确。]

H.阅读七选五

（2021•河北省九校联考）We'velongbeentaughtthathelpingothershelps

ourselves.AsCharlesDickenswrote,“Nooneisuselessinthisworldwholightens

theburdensofanother.”

Sciencehasshownthatunselfishbehaviorsactuallydoimproveourhealth.]

Itcanreducetheriskofcognitiveimpairment（认知障碍）.Itcanevenhelpuslive

longer.

2A2017studyfoundpainsuffererswhovolunteeredreporteddecreased

painalongwithanimprovedsenseofpurpose.Anewseriesofstudiesmayhave

foundonereason.Regionsofthebrainthatreacttopainfulstimulationseemto

instantlydisappearbytheexperienceofgiving.

Inanotherstudy,theresearchersemployedcancerpatientslivingwithpainand

askedthemtocookandcleanfbrthemselvesorfbrthebenefitofothersattheir

treatmentcenter.3Whentheydidtheworkfortheirownpersonalbenefit,the

pain-relievingeffectwasreducedbyover62%.

Inaddition,thestudyfounditwasthemeaningpeoplegavetotheirgooddeeds

thatpredictedhowmuchpainthebrainwouldperceive.Researchersbelievemedicine

shouldconsiderusingunselfishbehaviorto^supplementcurrenttherapiestotreat

pain”.4Areducedsenseofpaincombinedwithfeel-goodchemicals—itseems

ourbrainsrewardusfbrhelpingothersevenwhenwe'renotexpectinganythingin

return.5ItisagoodwaytoimproveyourhealthandothersJ.

A.Itistrueforvolunteers.

B・Helpingothershelpsourselves.

C.However,moreresearchisneededabouttheidea.

D.Italsoappearsthatgivingcanhelpuscopewithpain.

E.Whentheywerehelpingothers,theirpainlevelsdropped.

F.Volunteering,fbrexample,hasbeenshowntoreducestressandimprove

depression.

G.Soundslikeagreatreasontoputvolunteeringandothergivingbehaviorson

yourto-dolist.

【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章通过列举科研发现，说明帮助别人

也会给自己带来很多好处，诸如可以改善健康、减少压力、改善抑郁、减轻疼痛

等。

1.F［考查上下文衔接。根据空前一句“科学表明无私的行为确实能改善

我们的健康”和空后一句“它可以减少认知障碍的风险”可知，空处应该会讲到

某一种具体的无私行为及它带来的好处，故F项符合语境。］

2.D［考查段落主旨句。本段主要讲了2017年的一项研究发现做志愿活动

的疼痛患者报告说疼痛减轻了，目标感也提高了，并介绍了这种现象背后的一种

原因,即abytheexperienceofgivingn,所以D项适合作本段的主旨句。］

3.E［考查上下文衔接。空前一句提到研究者让遭受疼痛的癌症患者为自

己或为治疗中心的其他人做饭和打扫卫生，而空后一句讲了“当他们为了个人利

益做这项工作时，其止痛效果降低了62%以上”，因此空处讲的应该是他们帮助

别人时的情况，所以E项符合语境。］

4.C［考查上下文衔接。空前一句讲“研究者认为医学应该考虑使用无私

行为来补充现有的疗法以治疗疼痛”，再结合选项可知，C项中的“theidea”指

代的就是这一看法，故C项符合语境。］

5.G［考查上下文衔接。根据空后一句“它是改善你和其他人的健康的一

个好途径”，并结合文章主旨“帮助别人就是帮助自己”可知，G项符合语境。］

III.完形填空

（2021•青鸟市统一模拟检测）AmotherofthreeinCowdenbeath,Scotland,was

awardedforwhatshedidinthemiddleofasnowstormlastweek.

CharleneLesliewas］foralocalshopforsomefoodwithhertwokids

whenshespottedatruckfullofmilk2tosummit（攀登）ahillinthehighstreet.

“Itsfrontwheelswerespinning（旋转）onthe3road,anditwasstuckfromall

thesnow.Myneighborappeared,soIaskedherto4thekidswhileIpushedit

fromtheback.5>itgotsafelytothetop,“Charlenerecalled.

Thenhergooddeed6.AfterthevideoofCharlenepushingthetruckupa

hill7theInternet,the8viewersnicknamedher“WonderWoman''.

Graham'sTheFamilyDairy,theownerofthedeliverytruck,also9herheroic

acts.

“Thelady's10wasincrediblykind.Whata11shewastoour

company!Asaheartfeltthankyou,Charleneandherfamilywillreceiveayear's

12offreemilk,“thechairmanofthecompanytoldalocalnewspaper.

“Isimplybelievethatitisyour13tohelpothersiftheyareintrouble.

Ireallydidn，thelpouttogetanything14,butIamabsolutelydelightedattheir

generous15.“themotherlaughed.

【语篇解读】本文讲述了CharleneLeslie帮助推一辆因路面结冰而车轮打

滑、无法前行的送奶卡车安全爬上雪坡的故事。她的善举得到了网友和Graham's

TheFamilyDairy公司的赞扬和肯定。

1.A.runningB.heading

C.leadingD.replying

B［根据下文中的“alocalshopforsomefood”可知，Charlene和孩子一起

去商店购买食物。head"（朝……）前进，（向……）去”，符合语境。］

2.A.strugglingB.shaking

C.workingD.rushing

A［根据下文中的asummitahillinthehighstreet"和“Itsfrontwheels

werespinningontheroadn可知，卡车在艰难地爬坡。struggle"奋斗，

努力，艰难行进”，符合语境。］

3.A.narrowB.winding

C.icyD.long

C［根据上文中的uItsfrontwheelswerespinning”和下文中的“itwas

stuckfromallthesnow可知，此处指卡车的前轮在结冰的路上打转。icy“覆盖

着冰的，结满冰的”，符合语境。］

4.A.watchB.free

C.guideD.limit

A［根据语境可知，Charlene让邻居帮忙照看孩子，她去帮忙推车。

watch"照看，看护”，符合语境。］

5.