2023年考研外语提分试卷8

考研外语提分试卷8

一、UseofEnglish

1、Digitalphotographyisstillnewenoughthatmastofus

haveyettoform,anopinionaboutit,muchless(1)apoint

ofview.Butthishasn'tstoppedmanyfilmandcomputerfans

fromagreeing(2)theearly(3)wisdomaboutdigital

cameras—they'reneat(4)foryourPC,butthey*renot

suitableforeverydaypicture-taking.

Thefansarewrong:morethananythingelse,digitalcameras

areradically(5)whatphotographymeansandwhatitcan

be.Thevenerablemediumofphotographyasweknow(6)is

beginningtoseemoutof(7)withthewaywelive.Inour

computerandcamcorderculture,savingpictures(8)

digitalfilesandwatchingthemonTVisnoless(9)一and

inmanywaysmore(10)一thanfumblingwithrollsoffilm

thatmustbesentofftobe(11).

Paperisalsoterribly(12).Picturesthatareincorrectly

framed,focused,orlightedarenonetheless(13)tofilm

andultimatelyprocessedintoprints.

Thedigitalmediumchangesthe(14).Stillimagesthatare

(15)digitallycanimmediatelybeshownonacomputer

monitor,TVscreen,orasmallliquid-crystaldisplay(LCD)

builtrightintothecamera.Andsincethepointsoflightthat

(16)animagearesavedasaseriesofdigitalbitsin

(17)memory,(18)beingpermanentlyetchedontofilm,

theycanbeerased,retouched,andtransmittedon-line.

What'sitliketo(19)withoneofthesedigitalcameras?

It'salittle1ikeafirstdate一exciting,confusingand

fraughtwith(20).

A.refute

B.evaluate

C.represent

D.develop

2、⑵

A.of

B.to

C.with

D.on

3、(3)

A.conventional

B.profound

C.collective

D.perfect

4、(4)

A.auxiliaries

B.components

C.hardwares

D.apparatus

5、(5)

A.prescribing

B.adjusting

C.redesigning

D.redefining

6、(6)

A.it

B.that

C.which

D.as

7、(7)

A.action

B.step

C.touch

D.place

8、(8)

q3

A.like

B.as

C.for

D.into

9、(9)

A.valuable

B.useful

C.economical

D.practical

10、(10)

A.common

B.complex

C.appealing

D.annoying

IK(11)

A.loaded

B.processed

C.exposed

D.rewound

12、(12)

A.unnecessary

B.uncharitable

4

C.unworthy

D.unforgiving

13、(13)

A.faithful

B.loyal

C.dedicated

D.committed

14、(14)

A.directions

B.rules

C.disciplines

D.doctrines

15、(15)

A.viewed

B.captured

C.displayed

D.drawn

16、(16)

A.comprise

B.consist

C.constitute

D.include

5

17、(17)

A.electronic

B.limited

C.short

D.photographic

18、(18)

A.lessthan

B.muchless

C.apartfrom

D.ratherthan

19、(19)

A.discharge

B.shoot

C.manipulate

D.work

20、(20)

A.feasibilities

B.possibilities

C.lucks

D.chances

二、ReadingComprehension

1、PartA

6

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestions

beloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

Americansarenowflyingthecrowded,crankyskies.Flight

delaysinJanuaryweretheworstforthatmonthsince1999.

Weatherisalwaystheprimarycauseofdelays.Addtothatthe

USAirwaysChristmasbaggagemeltdownandComair，scomputer

failure,thecombinationofwhichlefthundredsofthousands

offliersstrandedatairports.

Butairlineemployeesseeadeeperreasonforboththeincrease

indelaysandpassengercomplaints:ademoralizedand

frustratedworkforcethat,sbeingaskedtodomoreevenasit's

gettingpaidless.

Theairlinesandunionsarequicktopraisetheirworkersfor

risingtothechallengeduringtheseverydifficulttimes,as

wel1asforcarryingthebruntofthecostcutting.Butunease

isgrowingwithintheranks.Andpassengershavenoticed.For

instance,someoftheso-calledoldercarriersnowrequiregate

agentstocleantheplanesaswellascheckpeoplein.Sosome

passengershavefoundthemselveswithoutacustomer-service

agenttotalktountiljustbeforetheplaneleaves.Pilotsfind

themselvesstuckatthegatebecausetheircrewofflight

attendantshasalreadyworkedaslongastheFAAwouldallow

themto."They'vecutemployeestosuchadegreethattheydon，t

haveenoughemployeestodothejobandservethecustomers

properly,“saysonepilot.

Themajorairlinescontendthat'snotthecaseatall.Jeff

Green,aspokesmanforUnitedAirlines,saysthemajorcarriers

haveshrunksignificantlysince9/11.Whiletherearefarfewer

employees,theairlinealsohasfarfewerflights.Healsonotes

thatUnitedhashaditsbeston-timeperformanceinthepast

twoyearsandthatfraternalgaugesofcustomersatisfaction

areup."Whatouremployeesaregoingthroughisnothavingan

effectonourcustomerservice,，zsaysMr.Green.Employeeson

thefrontlinetelladifferentstory."They'rejustclosing

thedoorsandreleasingthebrakesotheycanreportanontime

departure,wheninrealitytheymaystillbeloadingcargofor

30minutes.”

Aviationexpertscontendthatifthat,sthecase,themajor

airlinesmayfindevenmorechallengesahead.Astheirfare

structuresandpricescomeclosertothoseofthesuccessful

low-costcarriers,customerservicewillbecomeevenmore

crucialindeterminingwhichairlinessucceed."Thewayyou're

treatedontheplanespeaksalotastowhetheryou111flythat

airlineagain,，zsaysHelaneBecket,anairlineanalyst."It's

notthebe-allandend-all.It'snotgoingtoputanairline

outofbusiness.Butit'snotgoingtohelpitaloteitherif

they'realreadyintrouble.”

Airlinedelaysmayresultin

A.Christmasbaggagemeltdown.

B.thesharpreductionofflights.

C.airlinecompanies，bankruptcy.

D.theinterruptionofpassengerflow.

2、

Theemployeesmightthink,ifairlinedelayistobeavoided,

thekeyfactoris

A.cost-cutting.

B.sophisticatedworkers.

C.high-spiritedcrew.

D.goodcustomerservice.

3、

Theexamplementionedinparagraph3showsthat

A.largelyreducingstaffisnotwise.

B.costcuttingisnotnecessary.

C.customersarenottakenseriously.

D.flightattendantsareoverloadedbyFAA.

4、

IntheeyesofGreen,UnitedAirlines

A.isnotexperiencingadifficulttime.

B.facesrisingcustomerdemands.

C.hasfeweropponentsafter9/11.

D.providesgoodservicedespitefewerworkers.

5、

Aviationexpertsbelievethatthecustomerserviceofthe

majorairlines

A.isoflittleimportance.

B.isclosetothatoflowcostcarriers.

C.decideswhethertheywillsurvive.

D.shouldnotbeignored.

6、Thiselectionyear,thedebateovercloningtechnologyhas

becomeacircus一andhardlyanybodyhasnoticedthegorilla

hidinginthetent.EvenwhilePresidentBushhas,endorsed

throwingscientistsinjailtostop"recklessexperiments”,

it'sjustpossibletheFirstAmendmentwillprotectresearchers

whowanttoperform,cloningresearch.

Dr.LeonKass,thechairmanofthePresident，sCouncilon

Bioethics,would1iketokeepthatasecret."Idon，twantto

encouragesuchthinking,hesaid.ButthenotionthattheFirst

Amendmentcreatesa"righttoresearch7'hasbeenaroundfora

longtime,andKassknowsit.In1977,foureminentlegal

scholars一ThomasEmerson,JeromeBarton,WalterBernsand

HaroldP.Green一wereaskedtotestifybeforetheHouse

SubcommitteeonScience,TechnologyandSpace.Atthetime,

therewasalarminthecountryoverrecombinantDNA.Somepeople

fearedclones,designerbabies,aplagueofsuperbacteria.The

committeewantedtoknowifthefederalgovernmentshould,or

could,restrictthescience."Certainlytheoverwhelmingtenor

ofthetestimonywasinfavorofprotectingit,“Barron,who

nowteachesatGeorgeWashingtonUniversity,recalls.

Berns,aconservativepoliticalscientist,wasforcedtoagree.

Hedidn't1ikethisconclusion,bemusehefearedthe

consequencesoftinkeringwithnature,butevenafter

consultingwithKassbeforehistestimony,hetoldCongress

that"theFirstAmendmentprotectedthiskindofresearch.，z

Today,hebelievesitprotectscloningexperimentsaswell.

Law-reviewarticleswrittenatthetimesupportedBerns,and

sowouldareportissuedbyCongress,sOfficeofTechnology

Assessment(0.T.A).Butthecourtsnevergotthechancetoface

thefight-to-researchissuesquarely.Anoversightbodycalled

theRecombinantDNAAdvisoryCommittee,formedbytheNational

InstitutesofHealth,essentiallyallowedsciencetopolice

itself.Sothediscussionwassubmerged.Untilnow.

Whylegalscholarswoulddefendtherighttoresearchishardly

mysterious.Thefoundingfatherspassionatelydefended

scientificandacademicfreedom,andtheSupremeCourthas

traditionallyhadahighregardforit.Butwhywouldtheright

toread,writeandspeakasyoupleaseextendtotherightto

experimentinthelab?

NeoconservativeslikeKasshaveemphasizedtheneedtomaintain

afixedconceptionofhumannature.Butthe0.T.A.directly

addressedthisina1981report."Eveniftherationale..,were

expandedtoincludesituationswhereknowledgethreatens

fundamentalculturalvaluesaboutthenatureofman,control

ofresearchforsuchareasonprobablywouldnotbe

constitutionallypermissible.

Thegovernmentcanrestrictspeechifitcanprovea,'compelling

interest,likepublicsafetyornationalsecurity.Butcourts

havesetthatbarveryhigh.Unlike,say,anexperimentthat

releasessmallpoxintothewindtostudyhowitspreads,which

couldbebanned,embryoresearchpresentsnoreadilyapparent

dangertopublichealthorsecurity.Andifthat'sthecase,

scientistswhowishtocreatestemcellsbycloningmighthave

anewsourceofsuccor:theU.S.Constitution.

TheviewsofKassand0.T.A.oncloningresearchare

A.identical.

B.similar.

C.complementary.

D.opposite.

7、

Whichofthefollowingisstronglyagainstcloningresearch?

A.TheNationalInstitutesofHealth.

B.Thefederalgovernment.

C.Thesupremecourt.

D.Congress,sofficeofTechnology-Assessment.

8、

Theword"it〃(Line8,Para.2)mostprobablyrefersto

A.theFirstAmendment.

B.cloningexperiment.

C.theUSgovernment.

D.recombinantDNA.

9、

ItisbroadlyacceptedthatbytheFirstAmendment,cloning

experimentsshouldbe

A.fundedbythegovernment.

B.restrictedbylaws.

C.protectedtosomeextent.

D.discussedthoroughly.

10、

Theauthorconsidersthatinthecaseofcloningexperiments,

theFirstAmendment

A.playsacrucialsupportingrole.

B.derivesfromscientificdevelopment.

C.ishighlyspokenofbythegovernment.

D.ignoresthedangerofarestlesssociety.

11、Withoutanoversizedcalendartackedtotheirkitchenwall,

FernReissandherfamilycouldneverkeeptrackofal1the

meetings,appointments,home-schoolinglessons,and

activitiesthatfilltheirbusydays.Tmnotsuretheymake

acalendarlargeenoughforus'',saysMs.ReissofNewton,Mass.,

explainingthatherliferevolvesaround"twocompanies,three

children,aspouse,alotofcommunityinvolvement,asocial

life,thekids'sociallife,andvolunteeringinasoupkitchen

everyweek".''Everybodyweknowisleadingafreneticlife”,

sheadds."Oursisfrenetic,too,butwe'respendingthebulk

ofourtimewithourkids.Eventhoughwe'rehavingacrazylife,

we'rehavingitintherightway”.

Althoughextremebusynessishardlyanewphenomenon,the

subjectisgettingrenewedattentionfromresearchers."Agood

lifehastodowithlifehavingadirection,lifehavinga

narrativewiththestorieswetellourselves”,ChuckDarrah,

ananthropologist,says."Busynessfragmentsallthat.We're

absolutelyfocusedongettingthroughthenexthour,thenext

day,thenextweek.Itdoesraisequestions:Ifnotbusyness,

what?Ifweweren'tsobusy,whatwouldwebedoing?Ifpeople

weren'tsobusy,wouldtheybeapoet,apainter?”

FortheReisses,partoflivingagoodlife,howeverbusy,means

includingthecouple'schildreninvolunteerworkandcommunity

activities."Wewantthekidstoseethatthat'sapriority”,

shesays,

Betweenworkingfulltimeasapublicist,caringforherhome,

spendingtimewithherhusbandandextendedfamily,andhelping

hergrandmotherthreetimesaweek,awomansays,“Iam

exhaustedallthetime”.Likeothers,sheconcedesthatshesets

，zsomewhatunrealisticexpectations"forwhatshecan

accomplishinaday,

BeingrealisticisagoalDarrahencourages,saying,“Wecan

doeverything,butwecan'tdoeverythingwellandatthesame

time”.Hecautionsthatbusynesscanresultin"poordecisions,

sloppyquality,andneglectofthethingsandpeoplethatmatter

mostinthelongrun”.Headvises:"Stoptakingonsomuch,and

keepinperspectivewhat'smostimportanttoyou”.Darrah,sown

scheduleremainsfull,butheinsistshedoesnotfeelbusy.

Hissecret?Confiningactivitiestothingshemustdoandthose

hewantstodo.Heandhiswifedonotoverscheduletheir

children.Tothosewithoneeyeonthecalendarandtheother

onthedeck,Darrahoffersthisadvice:"Beforeyoutake

anythingon,askyourself:Doyouhavetodothis?Doyouwant

todothis?Livewithakindofmindfulnesssoyoudon，twake

upanddiscoverthatyourlifeisawhirloftransportationand

communication,andyou'vehollowedyourselfout”.

TheauthorwoulddescribetheReisses，lifeas

A.crazyandmeaningless.

B.tediousbutorderly.

C.hastyandmessy.

D.busybutsensible.

12、

Whatdoestheauthormeanbysaying“Ifpeopleweren'tsobusy,

wou1dtheybeapoet,apainter”?

A.Itwilltakepainstobecomeanartistaspoetorpainter.

B.Lifewillbecometediousifpeoplearenotsobusy.

C.Poetsandpaintersareusuallyconsideredtobeidle.

D.Peoplemayfulfilltheirpersonaldreamsifnotsobusy.

13、

Theexampleofthepublicistisusedtoshowmostpeople's

A.enthusiasmfordiligence.

B.chaosintheirschedule.

C.desiretoachievetoomuch.

D.hardshipsindailylife.

14、

Asfortheirchildren,parentsaresupposedbyDarrahto

A.involvetheminvolunteerworkasmuchastheycan.

B.teachthemhowtoarrangetheirschedule.

C.givethemsufficientsparetime.

D.makefullarrangementfortheirafter-schooltime.

15、

InDarrah'sopinion,peopleshould

A.abandonthingsoflittleimportance.

B.takeonthingstheybelievetheycando.

C.getridoftheirselfishgreed.

D.avoidsomeexhaustingtasks.

16、Whatislesswellunderstoodbythegeneralpublicis

that-therehavebeenanumberoftrendswhichhavefurther

contributedtothediminishmentofexcavationasanactivity.

AsBahnputsit"therehavebeentwomajortrendsovertime:

first,excavationhasbecomefarslowerandmore

painstaking....Theworkisincrediblymeticulous...Secondly,

wecanlearnfarmorefromwhatwehave”.Theconclusionsto

bedrawnfromthiswouldappeartobecontradictory.

Astechnologyimprovesweareabletoundertakeawidevariety

ofanalysisfrommicroscopic,radiocarbondatingorevenDNA

samples.Theabilitytodeterminemore,fromfewersamples

againsuggeststhatlessexcavationisrequired.Moreover,more

oftenthannotthebalanceofeffortnowrestswiththe

specialistanalysissuchaspollenexpertsanddatinganalysis

ratherthantheexcavators.So,againsomeoftherequirements

forextensiveexcavationhavediminishedthroughthe

advancementofotheranalyticaltechniquesandnotjustsurface

surveytechniques.Furthermore,Archaeologyitselfhaschanged

inanumberofways.Nolongeristheemphasissimplyuponthe

acquisitionofmaterialcultureorartifacts.Inmanycases,

wehaveareasonableunderstandingofthesurvivingmaterial

culture,Indeed,inEgyptandItaly,itemsarerebuffedinthe

groundsimplybecausethemuseumsaretoofull,theftmaybe

ripe,preservationdifficultanddocumentationslow.

TheemergencedprocessualarchaeologyunderBinfordandothers

againmovedarchaeologytowardsbroaderconceptsof

explanation,process,deduction,hypothesistesting,question

settingandresponse.Answeringquestionsaboutthe

organizationofsocieties,theenvironmentandtheirlifehave

amuchgreaterimportancetoday.Andansweringthesehowand

whyquestionsimpliesamuchbroaderscopeofwork.Excavation

alonecannotanswerallthesequestions.

Archaeologyneedsastructuredresearch(process.This

procedureisdescribedbyRenfrewandBahnasresearchdesign.

Researchdesignhasfourcomponents,namely:formulation,the

collectionandrecording,processingandanalysisand

publication.Forexample,moredetailedworkintheformulation

partcanfocuslinesofenquiryintoaspecificareaandthereby

againreducetheamountofexcavationrequired.

AsthequestionscurrentlyposedbyArchaeologiststendtobe

more(strategic'thefocusofthefieldworkisalsoofa

strategicnature.Overalllandscapes,context,trading

patternsandsystemsaremoreimportantthanindividualsites.

Assuchthisrequiresdifferenttechniques.ASGreenestates

“fieldworktodayisrarelydirectedatasinglesite.It

usuallyformspartofacomprehensivestudyofanarea”.He

continues"studiesaredesignedtoelucidatethebroad

agricultural,economic,andsocialdevelopments”.

WhichofthefollowingcanNOTreducetherelianceupon

excavation?

A.Theapplyofradiocarbondating.

B.Moreacquisitionofartifacts.

C.Emergenceofprocessualarchaeology.

D.Developmentofsurfacesurveytechnique.

17、

WhydoestheconclusiondrawnfromBahn，swordsseem

contradictory?

A.Moreanalysiscanbedonewithlesssamples.

B.Excavationdiminisheswithimprovedtechnology.

C.Bettermaterialscanbeobtainedfrompainstaking

excavation.

D.Excavationistime-consumingbutfruitless.

18、

TheexampleinEgyptandItalyshowsthat

A.survivingmaterialcultureiseasytounderstand.

B.museumsarenotcapableofpreservingsomanyitems.

C.archaeologyisnotahighpriorityinbothcountries.

D.furtherexcavationmightbeunnecessary.

19、

Whichofthefollowingmayarchaeologistscurrentlyplace

leastimportanceon?

A.Theeconomy.

B.Theenvironment.

C.People'sdailylife.

D.Asinglesite.

20、

Wecaninferfromthepassagethat

A.excavatorshavebeenreplacedbyspecialistanalysers.

B.researchdesigncomesintobeingwithchangesin

archaeology.

C.fieldworkinthepastpossessesastrategicnature.

D.processualarchaeologymakesexcavationloseitsfunction.

21、PartB(10points)

Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextabout

Amazonia.Choosethemostsuitableheadingfromthelistfor

eachnumberedparagraph.Thefirstandlastparagraphsofthe

textarenotnumbered.Thereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudo

notneedtouse.

A.Assumedinhospitablenesstosocialdevelopment

B.Pricepaidformisconceptions

C.Evolutionaryadaptationtoforestecology

D.Falsebelievesrevised

E.Extremeimpoverishmentandbackwardness

F.Ignoranceofearlyhumanimpact

In1942AllanRHolmberg,adoctoralstudentinanthropology

fromYaleUniversity,USA,ventureddeepintothejungleof

BolivianAmazoniaandsearchedoutanisolatedbandofSiriono

Indians.Theresearcherdescribedtheprimitivesocietyasa

desperatestruggleforsurvival,aviewofAmazoniabeing

fundamentallyreconsideredtoday.

(41).

TheSiriono,Holmbergwrote,leda"strikinglybackwardz/

existence.Theirvillageswerelittlemorethanclustersof

thatchedhuts.Lifeitselfwasaperpetualandpunishingsearch

forfood:somefamiliesgrewmaniocandotherstarchycropsin

smallgardenplotsclearedfromtheforest,whileothermembers

ofthetribescouredthecountryforsmallgameandpromising

fishholes.Whenlocalresourcesbecamedepleted,thetribe

movedon.Asfortechnology,Holmbergnoted,theSiriono"may

beclassifiedamongthemosthandicappedpeoplesoftheworld”.

Otherthanbows,arrowsandcrudediggingsticks,theonlytools

theSirionoseemedtopossesswere"twomachetesworntothe

sizeofpocket-knives”.

AlthoughthelivesoftheSirionohavechangedinthe

interveningdecades,theimageofthemasStoneAgerelicshas

endured.Tocasualobservers,aswellastoinfluentialnatural

scientistsandregionalplanners,theluxuriantforestsof

Amazoniaseemageless,unconquerable,ahabitattotally

hostiletohumancivilization.Theapparentsimplicityof

Indianwaysoflifehasbeenjudgedanevolutionaryadaptation

toforestecology,livingproofthatAmazoniacouldnot—and

cannot一sustainamorecomplexsociety.Archaeologicaltraces

offarmoreelaboratecultureshavebeendismissedastheruins

ofinvadersfromoutsidetheregion,abandonedtodecayinthe

uncompromisingtropicalenvironment.

(43).

ThepopularconceptionofAmazoniaanditsnativeresidents

wouldbeenormouslyconsequentialifitweretrue.Butthehuman

historyofAmazoniainthepast11,000yearsbetraysthatview

asmyth.Evidencegatheredinrecentyearsfromanthropology

andarchaeologyindicatesthattheregionhassupporteda

seriesofindigenousculturesforeleventhousandyears;an

extensivenetworkofcomplexsocieties—somewithpopulations

perhapsaslargeas100,000—thrivedthereformorethan1,000

yearsbeforethearrivalofEuropeans.Farfrombeing

evolutionarilyretarded,prehistoricAmazonianpeople

developedtechnologiesandculturesthatwereadvancedfor

theirtime.IfthelivesofIndianstodayseem“primitive”,the

appearanceisnottheresultofsomeenvironmentaladaptation

orecologicalbarrier;ratheritisacomparativelyrecent

adaptationtocenturiesofeconomicandpoliticalpressure.

(44).

TheevidenceforarevisedviewofAmazoniawilltakemany

peoplebysurprise.Ecologistshaveassumedthattropical

ecosystemswereshapedentirelybynaturalforcesandtheyhave

focusedtheirresearchonhabitatstheybelievehaveescaped

humaninfluence.ButastheUniversityofFloridaecologist,

PeterFeinsinger,hasnoted,anapproachthatleavespeopleout

oftheequationisnolongertenable.Thearchaeological

evidenceshowsthatthenaturalhistoryofAmazoniaistoa

surprisingextenttiedtotheactivitiesofitsprehistoric

inhabitants.

(45)

Ther

22、(42)

23、(43)

24、(44)

25、(45)

26、PartC

Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthen

translatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.(10points)

Everyonemusthavehadatleastonepersonalexperiencewith

acomputererrorbythistime.Bankbalancesaresuddenly

reportedtohavejumpedfrom379intothemillions,appealsfor

charitablecontributionsaremailedoverandovertopeople

withcrazy-soundingnamesatyouraddress,