美国历史文化概况(英文版)UNIT 1 Colonization and Independence精

Unit1

ColonizationandIndependence

CONTENTS

TeachingAims

TextA12TextB3SupplementingReading41TEACHINGAIMSAfterstudyingthisunit,youare

requiredto:1.HaveageneralideaofColonizationandIndependence.2.Understand

thehistory

of

ColonizationandIndependence.3.Masterthedifficultwordsandexpressions.

TextABritish*Colonization(1607-1776)TEXTAPreview

十七世纪初，移民的大潮流，开始从欧洲流到北美。在三个多世纪里，从最初为数仅几百名的英格兰移民迁徙，逐渐变为干百万人势如潮水的大迁移。他们在各种强大的动机的推动下，终于在这片一度荒芜的大陆上，建立了新的文明。

TEXTANotes1. Puritans:ThePuritanswereagroupofpeoplewhogrewdiscontentintheChurchofEnglandandworkedtowardsreligious,moralandsocietalreforms.TheycontendedthattheChurchofEnglandhadbecomeaproductofpoliticalstrugglesandman-madedoctrines.ThePuritansbelievedthattheBiblewasGod'struelaw,andthatitprovidedaplanforliving.TheestablishedchurchofthedaydescribedaccesstoGodasmonasticandpossibleonlywithintheconfinesof"churchauthority".

PuritansstrippedawaythetraditionaltrappingsandformalitiesofChristianitywhichhadbeenslowlybuildingthroughouttheprevious1500years.Theirswasanattemptto"purify"thechurchandtheirownlives.TEXTANotes2.PilgrimFathers:PilgrimFathersisanamecommonlyappliedtoearlysettlersofthePlymouthColonyinpresent-dayPlymouth,Massachusetts,UnitedStates.TheirleadershipcamefromareligiouscongregationofPuritanswhohadfledavolatilepoliticalenvironmentintheEnglandfortherelativecalmandtoleranceofHollandintheNetherlands.Concernedwithlosingtheirculturalidentity,thegrouplaterarrangedwithEnglishinvestorstoestablishanewcolonyinNorthAmerica.TEXTANotes3. Manhattan:ManhattanisoneofthefiveboroughsofNewYorkCity.Theword"Manhattan"hasbeentranslatedas"islandofmanyhills"fromtheLenapelanguage.ManhattanconsistsofManhattanIslandandseveralsmalladjacentislands.Itisthesmallest,yetmosturbanizedofthefiveboroughs.Manhattanisamajorcommercial,financial,andculturalcenterofboththeUnitedStatesandtheworld.Manymajorradio,television,andtelecommunicationscompaniesintheUnitedStatesarebasedhere,aswellasmanynews,magazine,book,andothermediapublishers.Manhattanhasmanyfamouslandmarks,touristattractions,museums,anduniversities.

ItisalsohometotheheadquartersoftheUnitedNations.ManhattanhasthelargestcentralbusinessdistrictintheUnitedStates,isthesiteofboththeNewYorkStockExchangeandNASDAQ,andisthehometothelargestnumberofcorporateheadquartersinthecountry.ItisthecenterofNewYorkCityandtheNewYorkmetropolitanregion,hostingtheseatofcitygovernmentandalargeportionofthearea'semployment,business,andentertainmentactivities.Asaresult,residentsofNewYorkCity'sotherboroughssuchasBrooklynandQueensoftenrefertoatriptoManhattanas"goingtothecity".4. Catholics:ThethreeprimarydivisionsofChristianityareRomanCatholicism,theOrthodoxchurch,andProtestantism.TheCatholicChurch,alsoknownastheRomanCatholicChurch,istheworld'slargestChristianchurch,withmorethanabillionmembers.TheChurch'sleaderisthePopewhoholdssupremeauthorityinconcertwiththeCollegeofBishopsofwhichheisthehead.TheChurchdefinesitsmissionasspreadingthegospelofJesusChrist,administeringthesacramentsandexercisingcharity.Itoperatessocialprogramsandinstitutionsthroughouttheworldincludingschools,universities,hospitals,missions,sheltersandcharities.

TEXTANewWordsandExpressions:

colonization[kɔlənai'zeʃən]n.殖民地化Finally,whataretheconsequencestotheGreekexperienceofthisphenomenonofthisoutburstofcolonization?最后,殖民兴盛的现象,给希腊历史带来了哪些启发2.finance[fai'næns]vt．供资金给;筹措资金So,that'swhyIthinkfinancewillbeaninterestingfieldforthoseofyouwhochoosetogointoit.这也是为什么我觉得对于你们这些,立志从事那个行业的人来说,金融是个很有意思的领域。

TEXTANewWordsandExpressions:

3.succeed[sək‘si:d]vi.继任;继承Ithinkit'stellingthatthiskindofcreationisafailure;itcannotsucceedintheconfinesofthisnovel.我想这告诉我们这种创作是失败的;,它在这本小说的界限内无法成功。

religious[ri‘lidʒəs]a.宗教性的,宗教上的,虔诚的He'scoveringhisheadinatraditionalreligiousfashion,soinordertoenterthisholyplacehecovershishead.他以一种传统的宗教方式包裹他的头，为了进入那个神圣的地方而包裹头。

TEXTANewWordsandExpressions:

5.

dispute[dis‘pju:t]n.争论,争执Idon'tthinkIhaveaclearlydefinedpositionwhichmakesmedifferentfromsomepartiestothedispute,whetherit'spoliticalorculturalorreligious.

但我不认为自己有一个特定的立场,将我和其他人区分开来，无论是从政治上，文化上还是宗教上。

6.distress[dis'tres]n.悲痛,悲伤,痛苦;不幸,危难Thegoverningofadistresscallisactuallyanextremelydelicatehigh-wireactforanyyoungorganismfromanevolutionarypointofview.事实上，发出求救信号,是极其危险的行为,从进化的角度看,对任何一个年轻的生物体。

7.

merchant['mə:tʃənt]n.商人,店主Youcan'tcall--weknowOdysseushimselfisabasileus--himamerchant.Pirate,sure,butmerchant,no.

我们都知道奥德修斯是君主,我们不能,叫他商人,海盗没问题,但商人绝对不行

TEXTANewWordsandExpressions:

8.charter['tʃɑ:tə]n.特许状,执照,宪章TheFirstBankoftheUnitedStateswascreatedin1791andtheyhadatwenty-yearcharterwhichexpiredin1811.

美国第一银行于1791年,建立并且它们有20年的许可证,到1811年到期。

9.establish[is'tæbliʃ]vt.建立,设立TheydidmanagetoestablishakingdominthelandthatwasknowninantiquityasCanaanaroundtheyear1000.

约公元前1000年时他们确实在那片叫迦南的土地上,立了一个自己的王国10.settlement['setlmənt]n.殖民,定居,殖民地Now,recruitingistremendouslyimportantbecauseyouneedtohaveacertainnumberofsettlerstomakethesettlementviable.

招募是极其重要的,因为你需要有一定数量的移民,来维持居住地的运转

TEXTANewWordsandExpressions:

11.immigrate[‘imigreit]vt.使移居入境WhendidtheGreeksimmigratetoaustralia?希腊人是什么时候移居到澳大利亚的?。12.intensify[in'tensifai]vt.加强Nowisthetimetointensifythestruggleonallfronts.现在是在各条战线上加强斗争的时候了。13.persecute['pə:sikju:t]vt.迫害,虐待,困扰Iftheypersecutedme,theywillalsopersecuteyou.如果人们迫害了我，也要迫害你们；

TEXTAAssignment

FinishtherestofexercisesofTextAPreviewTextB

TextBTheroadtoIndependence(1763-1783)TEXTBPreview英法为争夺海上霸权和掠夺殖民地而进行的七年战争，以英国胜利告终。英国在北美接管了加拿大，控制了密西西比河以东的新法兰西，对北美殖民地全面加强控制，宣告阿巴拉契亚山脉以西为王室产业，禁止殖民地人民染指；并征收税款，严厉缉私，限制经济活动，严重损害了殖民地各阶层人民的经济利益。从1619年弗吉尼亚建立议会起，各殖民地相继成立议会，与英国相抗衡，1765年9个殖民地举行抗议印花税大会，掀起反抗怒潮，走向独立的道路。TEXTB ReadingComprehension

Toachievethisfavorablebalanceoftrade,theEnglishpassedregulatorylawsexclusivelybenefitingtheBritisheconomy.()()…andthecolonieswerebyandlargeallowedtodevelopfreelywithlittleinterferencefromEngland.()()Itrequiredthatallnewspapers,pamphlets,legaldocuments,commercialbills,advertisements,andotherpapersissuedinthecoloniesbearastamp.()()Itwasvehementlydenouncedinthecoloniesbythoseitmostaffected…()()Ⅰ.Replacetheitalicizedwordswithsimple,everydaywordsorexpressions.TEXTB ReadingComprehension

TheBritishparliamentretaliatedbyclosingthePortofBostonandbypassingotherlawsknownasIntolerableActsin1774.()AftertheincidentoftheBostonTeaParty,relationsbetweenEnglandandthecoloniescontinuedtodeteriorate.()…whichrequestedGeorgeIII,theirking,toprotecttherightsofthecoloniesandtoredresstheunfairtreatment.()ThismadeitlegalfortheBritishGovernmenttosendtroopstosuppresstherebellioninthecolonies.()TEXTBNotes1.Mercantilism:Mercantilismisaneconomictheory,thoughttobeaformofeconomicnationalism.Thetheoryassumesthatwealthandmonetaryassetsareidentical.Mercantilismsuggeststhattherulinggovernmentshouldplayaprotectionistroleintheeconomybyencouragingexportsanddiscouragingimports,notablythroughtheuseoftariffsandsubsidies.ThetheorydominatedWesternEuropeaneconomicpoliciesfromthe16thtothelate-18thcentury.TEXTBNotes2.NavigationActs:TheEnglishNavigationActswereaseriesoflawswhichrestrictedtheuseofforeignshippingfortradebetweenEnglandanditscolonies,whichstartedin1651.TheintroductionofthelegislationcausedBritain'sshippingindustrytodevelopinisolation.However,ithadtheadvantagetoEnglishshippersofseverelylimitingtheabilityofDutchshipstoparticipateinthecarryingtradetoEngland.TheNavigationActsrequiredallimportseithertobesoldinEnglandorboughtfromEnglandnomatterwhatpricecouldbeobtainedelsewhere.TheNavigationActs,whileenrichingBritain,causedresentmentinthecoloniesandcontributedtotheAmericanRevolution.

TEXTBNotes3.EastIndiaCompany:EastIndiaCompanywasahistoricalEnglishcompany,foundedin1600.ItwasformedinitiallyforpursuingtradewiththeEastIndies,butthatendeduptradingmainlywiththeIndiansubcontinentandChina.TheEastIndiaCompanytradedmainlyincotton,silk,indigodye,saltpeter,tea,andopium.However,italsocametorulelargeswathesofIndia,exercisingmilitarypowerandassumingadministrativefunctions,totheexclusion,gradually,ofitscommercialpursuits.TheCompanylongheldaprivilegedpositioninrelationtotheEnglish,andlatertheBritish,government.Asaresult,itwasfrequentlygrantedspecialrightsandprivileges,includingtrademonopoliesandexemptions.Thesecausedresentmentamongitscompetitors,whosawunfairadvantageintheCompany'sposition.Despitethisresentment,theCompanyremainedapowerfulforceforover200yearsoverIndia.TEXTBNotes4.IntolerableActs:TheIntolerableActsisthenameusedtodescribeaseriesoffivelawspassedbytheBritishParliamentin1774relatingtoBritain'scoloniesinNorthAmerica.FouroftheactswereissuedindirectresponsetotheBostonTeaPartyofDecember1773.TheseactswereintendedtopunishBostonforthisillegaldestructionofprivateproperty,restoreBritishauthorityinMassachusetts,andotherwisereformcolonialgovernmentinAmerica.

TEXTBNewWordsandExpressions:

1.diverge[dai'və:dʒ]vi.分歧,岔开Nowtheirfortuneswilldivergemuchmore.现在他们的命运将分道扬镳。2.stipulate['stipjuleit]vi.规定,保证Contractstipulatepartialshipmentunalloyedamendl/caccordingly.合由规定不可分批装船，请修改信用证。3.byandlarge大体上,基本上,总的说来Employersbyandlargeaeresistanttomediation.从总体上来说，雇主是抵制调解的。

TEXTBNewWordsandExpressions:

4.

ally[ə'lai]n.盟友,同盟国Eventhemaintradeunionfederation,anallyoftheANC,isedgy.甚至主要的工会联合会，ANC的一个联盟，也在惴惴不安。5.assert[ə'sə:t]vt.主张,硬说,断言,坚持ItsstatesmenusedtoassertthatGermanyhadnoindependentforeignpolicy,onlyaEuropeanpolicy.它的政治家过去常常声称，德国没有独立的外交政策，只有一套代表欧洲的政策。6.generate['dʒenəreit]vt.发生,产生;引起,导致Itisasthoughyoubuildasix-lanehighway,initiallywithouttraffic.Butyouwillbeabletogeneratetraffic.这就好像你建造了一条六车道的高速公路，最初没有交通流量，但你将能够产生交通流量。

TEXTBNewWordsandExpressions:

7.revenue['revinju:]n．收入，国家的税收Beingthecompany'smainsourceofrevenue,criticssay,itishardlyamodelofopennessandtransparency.批评者说，作为公司的主要收入来源，它很难被视为一个公开和透明度的模型。8.innovation[inəu'veiʃən]n.