2023年考研英语一真题及答案详细解析

2023年考研英语一真题及答案具体解析

2023年全国硕士探讨生入学统一考试英语(一)试题

及答案具体解析

SectionIUseofEnglish:

Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,

B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Thoughnotbiologicallyrelated,friendsareas“related"asfourthcousins,sharingabout1%of

genes.Thatis_(l)_astudy,publishedfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaandYaleUniversityinthe

ProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,has—(2)_.

Thestudyisagenome-wideanalysisconducted_(3)_1,932uniquesubjectswhich

—(4)_pairsofunrelatedfriendsandunrelatedstrangers.Thesamepeoplewereusedin

both_(5)_.

While1%mayseem_(6)_,itisnotsotoageneticist.AsJamesFowler,professorofmedical

geneticsatUCSanDiego,says,“Mostpeopledonoteven_(7)_theirfourthcousinsbutsomehow

managetoselectasfriendsthepeoplewho_(8)_ourkin.”

Thestudy_(9)_foundthatthegenesforsmellweresomethingsharedinfriendsbutnotgenes

forimmunity.Whythissimilarityexistsinsmellgenesisdifficulttoexplain,fornow,_(10)_,as

theteamsuggests,itdrawsustosimilarenvironmentsbutthereismore_(ll)_it.Therecouldbe

manymechanismsworkingtogetherthat_(12)_usinchoosinggeneticallysimilar

friends」13)_"functionalKinship^^ofbeingfriendswith_(14)_!

Oneoftheremarkablefindingsofthestudywasthesimilargenesseemtobe

evolution_(15)_thanothergenesStudyingthiscouldhelp_(16)_whyhumanevolutionpickedpace

inthelast30,000years,withsocialenvironmentbeingamajor_(17)_factor.

Thefindingsdonotsimplyexplainpeople's」18)_tobefriendthoseof

similar_(19)_backgrounds,saytheresearchers.Thoughallthesubjectsweredrawnfroma

populationofEuropeanextraction,carewastakento_(20)_thatallsubjects,friendsandstrangers,

weretakenfromthesamepopulation.

1.[A]when[B]why[C]how[D]what

2.[A]defended[B]concluded[C]withdrawn[D]advised

3.[A]for[B]with[C]on[D]by

4.[A]compared[B|sought[C]separated[D]connected

5.[A]tests[B]objects[C]samples[D]examples

6.[A]insignificant[B]unexpected[C]unbelievable[D]incredible

7.[A]visit[B]miss[C]seek[D]know

8.[A]resemble[B]influence[C]favor[D]surpass

9.[A]again[B]also[C]instead[D]thus

10.[A]Meanwhile[B]Furthermore[C]Likewise[D]Perhaps

11.[A]about[B]to[C]from[D]like

12.[A]drive[B]observe[C]confuse[D]limit

13.[A]accordingto[B]ratherthan[C]regardlessof[D]alongwith

14.[A]chances[B]responses[C]missions[D]benefits

15.[A]later[B]slower[C]faster[D]earlier

16.[A]forecast[B]remember[C]understand[D]express

17.[A]unpredictable[B[contributory[C]controllable[D]disruptive

18.[A]endeavor[B]decision[C]arrangement[D]tendency

19.[A]political[B]religious[C]ethnic|D]economic

20.[A]see[B]show[C]prove[D]tell

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,

CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(40points)

Text1

KingJuanCarlosofSpainonceinsisted“kingsdon'tabdicate,theydareintheirsleep.”

ButembarrassingscandalsandthepopularityoftherepublicanleftintherecentEuro-elections

haveforcedhimtoeathiswordsandstanddown.So,doestheSpanishcrisissuggestthat

monarchyisseeingitslastdays?DoesthatmeanthewritingisonthewallforallEuropeanroyals,

withtheirmagnificentuniformsandmajesticlifestyle?

TheSpanishcaseprovidesargumentsbothforandagainstmonarchy.Whenpublic

opinionisparticularlypolarised,asitwasfollowingtheendoftheFrancoregime,monarchscan

riseabove"mere"politicsand“embody“aspiritofnationalunity.

Itisthisapparenttranscendenceofpoliticsthatexplainsmonarchs'continuing

popularitypolarized.Andalso,theMiddleEastexcepted,Europeisthemostmonarch-infested

regionintheworld,with10kingdoms(notcountingVaticanCityandAndorra).Butunliketheir

absolutistcounterpartsintheGulfandAsia,mostroyalfamilieshavesurvivedbecausetheyallow

voterstoavoidthedifficultsearchforanon-controversialbutrespectedpublicfigure.

Evenso,kingsandqueensundoubtedlyhaveadownside.Symbolicofnationalunityas

theyclaimtobe,theirveryhistory-andsometimesthewaytheybehavetoday-embodies

outdatedandindefensibleprivilegesandinequalities.AtatimewhenThomasPikettyandother

economistsarewarningofrisinginequalityandtheincreasingpowerofinheritedwealth,itis

bizarrethatwealthyaristocraticfamiliesshouldstillbethesymbolicheartofmoderndemocratic

states.

Themostsuccessfulmonarchiesstrivetoabandonorhidetheiroldaristocraticways.

Princesandprincesseshaveday-jobsandridebicycles,nothorses(orhelicopters).Evenso,these

arewealthyfamilieswhopartywiththeinternational1%,andmediaintrusivenessmakesit

increasinglydifficulttomaintaintherightimage.

WhileEurope9smonarchieswillnodoubtbesmartenoughtosurviveforsometimeto

come,itistheBritishroyalswhohavemosttofearfromtheSpanishexample.

ItisonlytheQueenwhohaspreservedthemonarchy'sreputationwithherrather

ordinary(ifwell-heeled)grannystyle.ThedangerwillcomewithCharles,whohasbothan

expensivetasteoflifestyleandaprettyhierarchicalviewoftheworld.Hehasfailedtounderstand

thatmonarchieshavelargelysurvivedbecausetheyprovideaservice-asnon-controversialand

non-politicalheadsofstate.CharlesoughttoknowthatasEnglishhistoryshows,itiskings,not

republicans,whoarethemonarchy'sworstenemies.

21.AccordingtothefirsttwoParagraphs,KingJuanCarlosofSpain

[A]usedturnenjoyhighpublicsupport

[B]wasunpopularamongEuropeanroyals

[C]casedhisrelationshipwithhisrivals

[D]endedhisreigninembarrassment

22.MonarchsarekeptasheadsofstateinEuropemostly

[A]owingtotheirundoubtedandrespectablestatus

[B]toachieveabalancebetweentraditionandreality

[C]togivevotermorepublicfigurestolookupto

[DJduetotheireverlastingpoliticalembodiment

23.Whichofthefollowingisshowntobeodd,accordingtoParagraph4?

[A]Aristocrats5excessiverelianceoninheritedwealth

[B]Theroleofthenobilityinmoderndemocracies

[C]Thesimplelifestyleofthearistocraticfamilies

[D]Thenobility'sadherencetotheirprivileges

24.TheBritishroyals“havemosttofbar"becauseCharles

[A]takesaroughlineonpoliticalissues

[B]failstochangehislifestyleasadvised

[C]takesrepublicansashispotentialallies

[D]failstoadapthimselftohisfuturerole

25.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext?

[A]Carlos,GloryandDisgraceCombined

[B]Charles,AnxioustoSucceedtotheThrone

[C]Carlos,aLessonforAllEuropeanMonarchs

[D]Charles,SlowtoReacttotheComingThreats

Text2

JusthowmuchdoestheConstitutionprotectyourdigitaldata?TheSupremeCourtwill

nowconsiderwhetherpolicecansearchthecontentsofamobilephonewithoutawarrantifthe

phoneisonoraroundapersonduringanarrest.

Californiahasaskedthejusticestorefrainfromasweepingrulingparticularlyonethat

upsetstheoldassumptionthatauthoritiesmaysearchthroughthepossessionsofsuspectsatthe

timeoftheirarrest.Itishard,thestateargues,forjudgestoassesstheimplicationsofnewand

rapidlychangingtechnologies.

ThecourtwouldberecklesslymodestifitfollowedCalifornia'sadvice.Enoughofthe

implicationsarediscernable,evenobvious,sothatthejusticescanandshouldprovideupdated

guidelinestopolice,lawyersanddefendants.

TheyshouldstartbydiscardingCalifornia^lameargumentthatexploringthecontents

ofasmartphone—avaststorehouseofdigitalinformation—issimilarto,say,riflingthrougha

suspect'spurse.Thecourthasruledthatpolicedon'tviolatetheFourthAmendmentwhentheysift

throughthewalletorpocketbookofanarresteewithoutawarrant.Butexploringone'ssmart

phoneismorelikeenteringhisorherhome.Asmartphonemaycontainanarrestee'sreading

history,financialhistory,medicalhistoryandcomprehensiverecordsofrecentcorrespondence.

Thedevelopmentof"cloudcomputing,meanwhile,hasmadethatexplorationsomuchtheeasier.

Americansshouldtakestepstoprotecttheirdigitalprivacy.Butkeepingsensitive

informationonthesedevicesisincreasinglyarequirementofnormallife.Citizensstillhavea

righttoexpectprivatedocumentstoremainprivateandprotectedbytheConstitution\prohibition

onunreasonablesearches.

Assooftenisthecase,statingthatprincipledoesn'teasethechallengeofline-drawing.

Inmanycases,itwouldnotbeoverlyonerousforauthoritiestoobtainawarranttosearchthrough

phonecontents.TheycouldstillinvalidateFourthAmendmentprotectionswhenfacingsevere,

urgentcircumstances,andtheycouldtakereasonablemeasurestoensurethatphonedataarenot

erasedoralteredwhileawarrantispending.Thecourt,though,maywanttoallowroomforpolice

tocitesituationswheretheyareentitledtomorefreedom.

ButthejusticesshouldnotswallowCalifornia\argumentwhole.New,disruptive

technologysometimesdemandsnovelapplicationsoftheConstitution'sprotections.OrinKerr,a

lawprofessor,comparestheexplosionandaccessibilityofdigitalinformationinthe21stcentury

withtheestablishmentofautomobileuseasavirtualnecessityoflifeinthe20th:Thejusticeshad

tospecifynovelrulesforthenewpersonaldomainofthepassengercarthen;theymustsortout

howtheFourthAmendmentappliestodigitalinformationnow.

26.TheSupremeCourtwillworkoutwhether,duringanarrest,itislegitimateto

[A]preventsuspectsfromdeletingtheirphonecontents.

[B]searchforsuspects'mobilephoneswithoutawarrant.

[C]checksuspects'phonecontentswithoutbeingauthorized.

[Djprohibitsuspectsfromusingtheirmobilephones.

27.Theauthor'sattitudetowardCalifornia'sargumentisoneof

[A]disapproval.

[B]indifference.

[C]tolerance.

[D]cautiousness.

28.Theauthorbelievesthatexploringone'sphonecontentsiscomparableto

[A]gettingintoone'sresidence.

[B]handlingone'shistoricalrecords.

[C]scanningone'scorrespondences.

[D]goingthroughone'swallet.

29.InParagraph5and6,theauthorshowshisconcernthat

[A]principlesarehardtobeclearlyexpressed.

[B]thecourtisgivingpolicelessroomforaction.

[C]citizens'privacyisnoteffectivelyprotected.

[D]phonesareusedtostoresensitiveinformation.

30.OrinKerr'scomparisonisquotedtoindicatethat

[A]theConstitutionshouldbeimplementedflexibly.

[B]newtechnologyrequiresreinterpretationoftheConstitution.

©Califbmia'sargumentviolatesprinciplesoftheConstitution.

[D]principlesoftheConstitutionshouldneverbealtered

Text3

ThejournalScienceisaddinganextraroundofstatisticalcheckstoitspeer-review

process,editor-in-chiefMarciaMcNuttannouncedtoday.Thepolicyfollowssimilareffortsfrom

otherjournals,afterwidespreadconcernthatbasicmistakesindataanalysisarecontributingtothe

irreproducibilityofmanypublishedresearchfindings.

“Readersmusthaveconfidenceintheconclusionspublishedinourjournal,Mwrites

McNuttinaneditorial.WorkingwiththeAmericanStatisticalAssociation,thejournalhas

appointedsevenexpertstoastatisticsboardofreviewingeditors(SBoRE).Manuscriptwillbe

flaggedupforadditionalscrutinybythejournal9sinternaleditors,orbyitsexistingBoardof

ReviewingEditorsorbyoutsidepeerreviewers.TheSBoREpanelwillthenfindexternal

statisticianstoreviewthesemanuscripts.

Askedwhetheranyparticularpapershadimpelledthechange,McNuttsaid:"The

creationofthe'statisticsboard5wasmotivatedbyconcernsbroadlywiththeapplicationof

statisticsanddataanalysisinscientificresearchandispartofScience'soveralldrivetoincrease

reproducibilityintheresearchwepublish.^^

GiovanniParmigiani,abiostatisticianattheHarvardSchoolofPublicHealth,amember

oftheSBoREgroup.Hesaysheexpectstheboardto"playprimarilyanadvisoryrole."Heagreed

tojoinbecausehe“fbundtheforesightbehindtheestablishmentoftheSBoREtobenovel,unique

andlikelytohavealastingimpact.Thisimpactwillnotonlybethroughthepublicationsin

Scienceitself,buthopefullythroughalargergroupofpublishingplacesthatmaywanttomodel

theirapproachafterScience.^^

Johnloannidis,aphysicianwhostudiesresearchmethodology,saysthatthepolicyis”a

mostwelcomestepforward"and"longoverdue.”“Mostjournalsareweakinstatisticalreview,

andthisdamagesthequalityofwhattheypublish.Ithinkthat,forthemajorityofscientificpapers

nowadays,statisticalreviewismoreessentialthanexpertreview,hesays.Buthenotedthat

biomedicaljournalssuchasAnnalsofInternalMedicine,theJournaloftheAmericanMedical

AssociationandTheLancetpaystrongattentiontostatisticalreview.

Professionalscientistsareexpectedtoknowhowtoanalyzedata,butstatisticalerrors

arealarminglycommoninpublishedresearch,accordingtoDavidVaux,acellbiologist.

Researchersshouldimprovetheirstandards,hewrotein2023,butjournalsshouldalsotakea

tougherline,"engagingreviewerswhoarestatisticallyliterateandeditorswhocanverifythe

process^^.VauxsaysthatScience'sideatopasssomepaperstostatisticians“hassomemerit,buta

weaknessisthatitreliesontheboardofreviewingeditorstoidentify4thepapersthatneed

scrutiny,inthefirstplace”.

31.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph1that

[A]Scienceintendstosimplifytheirpeer-reviewprocess.

[B]journalsarestrengtheningtheirstatisticalchecks.

[C]fewjournalsareblamedfbrmistakesindataanalysis.

[D]lackofdataanalysisiscommoninresearchprojects.

32.Thephrase“flaggedup"(Para.2)istheclosestinmeaningto

[A]found.

[B]marked.

[C]revised.

[D]stored.

33.GiovanniParmigianibelievesthattheestablishmentoftheSBoREmay

[A]poseathreattoallitspeers.

[B]meetwithstrongopposition.

[C]increaseScience'scirculation.

[D]setanexampleforotherjournals.

34.DavidVauxholdsthatwhatScienceisdoingnow

[A]addstoresearchers?workload.

[B|diminishestheroleofreviewers.

[C]hasroomforfurtherimprovement.

[D]istofailintheforeseeablefuture

35.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthetext?

[A]ScienceJoinsPushtoScreenStatisticsinPapers.

[B]ProfessionalStatisticiansDeserveMoreRespect

[C]DataAnalysisFindsItsWayontoEditors'Desks

[D]StatisticiansAreComingBackwithScience

Text4

Twoyearsago,RupertMurdoch'sdaughter,Elisabeth,spokeofthe"unsettlingdearthof

integrityacrosssomanyofourinstitutions^^Integrityhadcollapsed,sheargued,becauseofa

collectiveacceptancethattheonly"sortingmechanism“insocietyshouldbeprofitandthe

market.But"it'sus,humanbeings,wethepeoplewhocreatethesocietywewant,notprofit

Drivingherpointhome,shecontinued:"It'sincreasinglyapparentthattheabsenceof

purpose,ofamorallanguagewithingovernment,mediaorbusinesscouldbecomeoneofthemost

dangerousfoalsforcapitalismandfreedom."Thissameabsenceofmoralpurposewaswounding

companiessuchasNewsInternational,shieldthought,makingitmorelikelythatitwouldloseits

wayasithadwithwidespreadillegaltelephonehacking.

Asthehackingtrialconcludes-findingguiltyones-editoroftheNewsoftheWorld,

AndyCoulson,forconspiringtohackphones,andfindinghispredecessor,RebekahBrooks,

innocentofthesamecharge-thewinderissueofdearthofintegritystillstandstill,Journalistsare

knowntohavehackedthephonesofupto5,500people.Thisishackingonanindustrialscale,as

wasacknowledgedbyGlennMulcaire,themanhiredbytheNewsoftheWorldin2023tobethe

pointpersonforphonehacking.Othersawaittrial.Thislongstorystillunfolds.

Inmanyrespects,thedearthofmoralpurposeframesnotonlythefactofsuch

widespreadphonehackingbutthetermsonwhichthetrialtookplace.Oneoftheastonishing

revelationswashowlittleRebekahBrooksknewofwhatwentoninhernewsroom,wowlittleshe

thoughttoaskandthefactthatsheneverinquiredwowthestoriesarrived.Thecoreofher

successfuldefencewasthatsheknewnothing.

Intoday'sworld,titlehasbecomenormalthatwell-paidexecutivesshouldnotbe

accountableforwhathappensintheorganizationsthattheyrunperhapsweshouldnotbeso

surprised.Forageneration,thecollectivedoctrinehasbeenthatthesortingmechanismofsociety

shouldbeprofit.Thewordsthathavematteredareefficiency,flexibility,shareholdervalue,

business-friendly,wealthgeneration,sales,impactand,innewspapers,circulation.Words

degradedtothemarginhavebeenjusticefairness,tolerance,proportionalityandaccountability.

ThepurposeofeditingtheNewsoftheWorldwasnottopromotereaderunderstanding

tobefairinwhatwaswrittenortobetrayanycommonhumanity.Itwastoruinlivesinthequest

forcirculationandimpact.MsBrooksmayormaynothavehadsuspicionsabouthowher

journalistsgottheirstories,butsheaskednoquestions,gavenoinstructions—norreceived

traceable,recordedanswers.

36.Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,Elisabethwasupsetby

[A]theconsequencesofthecurrentsortingmechanism

[B]companies?financiallossduetoimmoralpractices.

[C]governmentalineffectivenessonmoralissues.

[D]thewidemisuseofintegrityamonginstitutions.

37.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3that

[A]GlemMulcairemaydenyphonehackingasacrime

[B]morejournalistsmaybefoundguiltyofphonehacking.

[C]AndyCoulsonshouldbeheldinnocentofthecharge.

[D]phonehackingwillbeacceptedoncertainoccasions.

38.TheauthorbelievestheRebekahBooks'sdeference

[A]revealedacunningpersonality

[B]centeredontrivialissues

[C]washardlyconvincing

[D]waspartofaconspiracy

39.Theauthorholdsthatthecurrentcollectivedoctrineshows

[A]generallydistortedvalues

[B]unfairwealthdistribution

[C]amarginalizedlifestyle

[D]arigidmoralcote

40.Whichofthefollowingissuggestedinthelastparagraph?

[A]Thequalityofwritingisofprimaryimportance.

[B]Commonhumanityiscentralnewsreporting.

[C]Moralawarenessmattersinexcitinganewspaper.

[D]Journalistsneedstricterindustrialregulations.

PartB

Directions:

Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choose

themostsuitableonefromthefistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Markyour

answersonANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Howdoesyourreadingproceed?Clearlyyoutrytocomprehend,inthesenseof

identifyingmeaningsforindividualwordsandworkingoutrelationshipsbetweenthem,drawing

onyourexplicitknowledgeofEnglishgrammar(41)youbegintoinferacontextforthe

text,forinstance,bymakingdecisionsaboutwhatkindofspeecheventisinvolved:whois

makingtheutterance,towhom,whenandwhere.

Thewaysofreadingindicatedherearewithoutdoubtkindsofofcomprehension.But

theyshowcomprehensiontoconsistnotjustpassiveassimilationbutofactiveengagement

inferenceandproblem-solving.Youinferinformationyoufeelthewriterhasinvitedyoutograsp

bypresentingyouwithspecificevidenceandcues(42)

Conceivedinthisway,comprehensionwillnotfollowexactlythesametrackforeach

reader.Whatisinquestionisnottheretrievalofanabsolute,fixedor"true"meaningthatcanbe

readoffandclockedforaccuracy,orsometimelessrelationofthetexttotheworld.(43)

Suchbackgroundmaterialinevitablyreflectswhoweare,(44)Thisdoesn't,

however,makeinterpretationmerelyrelativeorevenpointless.Preciselybecausereadersfrom

differenthistoricalperiods,placesandsocialexperiencesproducedifferentbutoverlapping

readingsofthesamewordsontheincludingfortextsthatengagewithfundamentalhuman

concerns-debatesabouttextscanplayanimportantroleinsocialdiscussionofbeliefsandvalues.

Howwereadagiventextalsodependstosomeextentonourparticularinterestin

readingit.(45)suchdimensionsofreadsuggest-asothersintroducedlaterinthebookwill

alsodo-thatwebringanimplicit(oftenunacknowledged)agendatoanyactofreading.Itdoesn't

thennecessarilyfollowthatonekindofreadingisfuller,moreadvancedormoreworthwhilethan

another.Ideally,differentkindsofreadinginformeachother,andactasusefulreferencepointsfor

andcounterbalancestooneanother.Together,theymakeupthereadingcomponentofyouroverall

literacyorrelationshiptoyoursurroundingtextualenvironment.

[A]Arewestudyingthattextandtryingtorespondinawaythatfulfilstherequirement

ofagivencourse?Readingitsimplyforpleasure?Skimmingitforinformation?Waysofreading

onatrainorinbedarelikelytodifferconsiderablyfromreadinginaseminarroom.

[B]Factorssuchastheplaceandperiodinwhichwearereading,ourgenderethnicity,

ageandsocialclasswillencourageustowardscertaininterpretationbutatthesametimeobscure

orevencloseoffothers.

[C]Ifyouareunfamiliarwithwordsoridioms,youguessattheirmeaning,usingclues

presentedinthecontest.Ontheassumptionthattheywillbecomerelevantlater,youmakea

mentalnoteofdiscourseentitiesaswellaspossiblelinksbetweenthem.

[D]Ineffect,youtrytoreconstructthelikelymeaningsoreffectsthatanygivensentence,

imageorreferencemighthavehad:Thesemightbetheonestheauthorintended.

[E]Youmakefurtherinferences,forinstance,abouthowthetestmaybesignificantto

you,oraboutitsvalidity——inferencesthatformthebasisofapersonalresponsefbrwhichthe

authorwillinevitablybefarlessresponsible.

[F]Inplays,novelsandnarrativepoems,charactersspeakasconstructscreatedbythe

author,notnecessarilyasmouthpiecesfortheauthor9sownthoughts.

[G]Rather,weascribemeaningstotestonthebasisofinteractionbetweenwhatwe

mightcalltextualandcontextualmaterial:betweenkindsoforganizationorpatterningwe

perceiveinatext'sformalstructures(soespeciallyitslanguagestructures)andvariouskindsof

background,socialknowledge,beliefandattitudethatwebringtothetext.

SectionIIITranslation

Directions:

Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsinto

Chinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Withinthespanofahundredyears,intheseventeenthandearlyeighteenthcenturies,a

tideofemigration-oneofthegreatfolkwanderingsofhistoiy—sweptfromEuropetoAmerica.

46)Thismovemvel,drivenbypowerfulanddiversemotivations,builtanationoulofawilderness

and,byitsnature,shapedthecharacteranddestinyofanunchartedcontinent.

47)TheUniledSlatesisiheproductofIwoDrincipalforces-lhcimmigrationof

Europeanpeopleswiththeirvariedideas,customs,andnationalcharacteristicsandtheimpactofa

newcountrywhichmodifiedthesetraits.Ofnecessity,colonialAmericawasaprojectionof

Europe.AcrosstheAtlanticcamesuccessivegroupsofEnglishmen,Frenchmen,Germans,Scots,

Irishmen,Dutchmen,Swedes,andmanyotherswhoattemptedtotransplanttheirhabitsand

traditionstothenewworld.

48)But,IheforceofgeographicconditionspeculiarloAmerica,theinlerplayofthe

variednationalgroupsupononeanother,andthesheerdifficultyofmaintainingold-worldwaysin

araw,newcontinenlcausedsignificantchanges.Thesechangesweregradualandatfirstscarcely

visible.Buttheresultwasanewsocialpatternwhich,althoughitresembledEuropeansocietyin

manyways,hadacharacterthatwasdistinctlyAmerican.

49)ThefirstshiploadsofimmigrantsboundfortheterritorywhichisnowtheUnited

StalescrossedIheAUanlicmorethanahundredyearsafterthe15lh-and16lh-cenluryexplorations

ofNorthAmerica.Inthemeantime,thrivingSpanishcolonieshadbeenestablishedinMexico,the

WestIndies,andSouthAmerica.ThesetravelerstoNorthAmericacameinsmall,unmercifully

overcrowdedcraft.Duringtheirsix-totwelve-weekvoyage,theysubsistedonbarelyenoughfood

allottedtothem.Manyoftheshipwerelostinstorms,manypassengersdiedofdisease,and

infantsrarelysurvivedthejourney.Sometimesstormsblewthevesselsfarofftheircourse,and

oftencalmbroughtunbearablylongdelay.

“TotheanxioustravelersthesightoftheAmericanshorebroughtalmostinexpressible

relief.^^saidonerecorderofevents,"Theairattwelveleagues'distancesmeltassweetasa

new-blowngarden.^^Thecolonists,firstglimpseofthenewlandwasasightofdensewoods.50)

ThevirginforestwilhitsrichnessandvarietyofIreeswasave