The teachers roles in the classroom 英语教学经验谈系列（英语）

Theteachersrolesintheclassroom英语教学经

验谈

系列（英语）

Iknowwhatmystudentsneed

LadiesandGentlemen,Ifsmyhonortobehere.Mytopic

is:Iknowwhatmystudentsneed.

Actually,whenIhavebeenanEnglishteacher,1feltIhave

muchconfusion.Atfirst,Ididn'tknowwhatmystudents

need.Theydidn't

careabouttheirstudyTheyshoweddeafearstomyadvice

orcriticism.WhenIpointedouttheirmistakes,Ishould

weighmywordsoverandovernottohurttheirfeelings.At

thattime,IfeltasifIlostmywayinthesea.

Butoneday,inmyclass,somechildrenquarreledfora

student/s

football,Itookawaythatfootballandcriticizedthatboy,

hefeltverywronged.Afterclass,hetoldmethetruthof

it.Atthetime,IknewIwaswrong,1wassosorryabout

that.Fromthen,Ibagantolistentostudents.

Asateacher,Itriedmybesttoincreasechildens,

comprehensive

abilities.However,1seldomthinkaboutthequestionsin

thepositionofthestudents.Perhaps,agoodteacher

shouldbethestudents'friend;behumorousandnottoo

criticalaboutthestudents'mistakes;notonlyasksthe

studentstolistentohimbutalsolikeslisteningtothe

students;notjustfocusesonthestudents'marksbut

caresmoreaboutthestudents'developmentinmanyways.

Soafterlessonstudentscanlisten,read,write,andthink

withoutforceandpressure.

So,1graduallyknowwhattheyneedinthecourseof

learningEnglish.

Themostimportantneedisjoyandmotivation.eg.Ioften

playthegame:wordsrememberwithmySs.Igivethem5

seconds,thenIasksomeonetospell.Ifhecan't,I/II

catchthem.Fromthis,mySsneverfeelrememberwordsis

boring.Ifwecanmakeourstudentsfeel:It'sfuntohave

English

class;Iliketosingsongandplaygames;Ireallylikemy

teacher,sheisnice„We11,theycanenjoylearningwhatwe

hope,andfeelgoodaboutthemselves.

Trustandunderstandingareveryimportanttoo.Doyou

agreewithyou?Childenshouldn1tbegiventoomany

rules.Weshouldn,ttryto

forceour

ideasintotheirmindsbuttrytothinkfromthechilden's

view.We

shouldlearntoofferchildenopportunitiestotry,tocreate

andallow

themtofail.Whentheymetwithdifficulties,1often

encouragethem:"Comeon!Don'tgiveup!Youare

great\"

NowmoreandmorestudentsshowinterestsinEnglish,

rmgladtosee

that.Infact,tobeagoodteacher,Ineedtobecompetent

inEnglish;Ineedtobeversatile,Also,1needtobeableto

organize

gamesandactivities.Although,Tmonlyanewteacher

now,rm

young,butVm

tryinghardinthisway.Formystudents,I'IItrymybestto

helpthem.

Thisismytalkfrommyexperience.Thankyouforyour

attention!

ThefirstEnglishclassItaught

I'vebeenanEnglishteacherforsixyears.AndIcan'ttell

thathow

manyclassesIhavetaughtintheseyears.Butthefirst

EnglishclassItaughtistoospecialtoforget.Attheyear

of2001,whenIwalkedintotheclassroomwithenthusiasm,

IsawmystudentsofGradeFive.Theywereexcitedand

lookedatmewithbiginterestsandcuriosity.Thatwas

theirfirstEnglishclass,too.ForIhadpreparedcarefully

beforetheclass,Iwasnotnervous,butalittleexciting.

Thematerialwassoeasythatwefinisheditin20m.SoI

havehalfoftheclassleft!WhatcouldIdo?Suddenlyan

ideaoccurredinmymind.Iaskedthemtothinkoverand

tellmethefeaturesoftheirfavoriteEnglishteacher.My

smileencouragedthem.Thechildrenwereactive.ThenI

gotsomeadviceswhichIwouldvalueasmyprecious

treasureinallmyteachinglife.Tobeourfriends,theysaid,

Don'ttesttoooften,please.Keepyoursmile,

please,Ifssonice!Thekidsviedtobefirst.

UntiltodayIstillkeepthewordsinmymind.Lovethe

children,smiletothem,encouragethemandpardonthem.

Ilearnttheseinthe

firstclassItaughtandsumthemupinmylaterteaching

life.Iamsharingmyfirstclasshere,andIreallywantto

listentoyours.IhopeIwouldhavethechance.Somuch

forthis,thankyouforyourlistening.

Thestudentsandgrouplearning

Groupworkisacooperativeactivity:fivestudents,perhaps,

discussingatopic,doingarole-playorsolvingaproblem,

ingroupsstudentstendtoparticipatemoreequally,and

theyarealsomoreableto

experimentandusethelanguagethantheyareinawhole-

classarrangement.

Groupworkhasmanyofthesameadvantages,itis

mathematicallyattractiveifnotingelse;themoment

studentsgetintopairsandstartworkingonaproblemor

talkingaboutsomething,manymoreofthemwillbedoing

theactivitythaniftheteacherwasworkingwiththewhole

class,whereonlyonestudenttalksatatime.

groupworkalsogivethestudentschancesforgreater

independence.Becausetheyareworkingtogetherwithout

theteachercontrollingeverymove,theytakesomeoftheir

ownlearningdecisions,theydecidewhatlanguagetouse

tocompleteacertaintask,andtheycanworkwithoutthe

pressureofthewholeclasslisteningtowhattheyaredoing.

Decisionarecooperativelyarrivedat,responsiblitiesare

shared.Theothergreatadvantageofgroupworkisthat

theygivetheteachertheopportunitytoworkwith

individualstudents,whilegroupsaandcare

doingonetask,theteachercanspendsometimewith

groupsbwhoneedspecialattention.buttherearesome

problems,becausewithseparatetableseating,students

maynotlikethepeopletheyaregroupedorpairedwith.in

anyonegrouporpair,onestudentmaydominatewhileor

theothersstaysilent,indifficultclasses,groupworkmay

encouragestudentstobemoredisruptivetantheywould

beinawhole-classsetting,andespeciallyinaclasswhere

studentssharethesamefirstlanguage,theymayrevertto

theirfirstlanguage,ratherthanEnglish,whenthenteacher

isnotworkingwiththem.apartfromgroupwork,students

canbeoranganizedindifferentways:theycanworkasa

wholeclass,inpairsorindividually.howmuchteachersuse

groupworkpairworkorsoloworkdependstoalargeextent

onteacherstyleandstudentproferences.dothestudents

actuallyenjoypairwork?whatdotheygetoutofit?dothe

advantagesofgroupwork-cooperation

involvement,autonomy-outweighttheadvantagesof

whole-classgroupong-charitydramatic

potential,teachercontrol?dothestudentswork

conscientiouslyduringsoloworksessions?

goodteachersareabletousedifferentclassgroupingfor

differentactivities.whiletheydothis,theywillmonitor

whichismoreeffective.

Wholeclass:aswehaveseen,therearemanyoccasions

whena

teacherworkingwiththeclassasawholeisthebesttype

ofclassroomorganization,however,thisdoesnotalways

meantheclasssittinginorderlyrows;whatevertheseating

arrangement,theteacher

canhavethestudentsfocusonhimorherandthetaskin

hand.Studentscanbeorganizedindifferentways:theycan

workasawholeclass,ingroups,inpairs,orindividually.

Groupworkandpairwork:thesehavebecomeincreasingly

popularinlanguageteachingsincetheyareseentohave

many

advantages.soloworkthiscanhavemanyadvantages:it

allows

studentstoworkattheirownspeed,allowsthemthinking

timeallowstheminshorttobeindividuals.itoftenprovides

welcomerelieffromthegroupcentrednatureofmuch

languageteaching.forthetimethatsoloworktakes

place,studentscanrelaxtheirpublicfacesandgobackto

consideringtheirownindividualneedsandprogress.

Howtousebodylanguageintheclass

A:Goodmoringeveryone.ThisisCCTV-8.I'mthecompere.

Thetheme

oftodayishowtousebodylanguageintheclass.Now

welcomeourguest,ProfessorXue!（B上场）

A:Goodmorning,ProfessorXue.Welcometoourprogram,

facetoface.DoyoumindifIaskyousomequestions?

B:Notatall.Goahead,please.

A:Wewanttoknowwhatisbodylanguage?

B:Bodylanguageisanimportantmediathroughwhich

people

communicatewitheachother.Itreferstothepatternsof

facialexpressions,bodymovementsandgesturesthat

peopleusetoexpresstheirmeaningsandfeelingsin

communication.

A:Hasbodylanguagebeenusedineducation,

B:Yes.Bodylanguagehasbeenusedfrequentlyandwidely

inallkindsofareasofeducation.

A:Thenwhatkindsofbodylanguagedoteachersoftenuse

intheclass?

B:Thebodylanguagecanbedividedintothreetypes:to

explain,tocommandandtoencourage.

(1)toexplain

A:Canyoudosomebodylanguageforus,Wecanguessthe

meaning.

B:Duringthechangeinmovementsandexpressionsand

the

developmentindemonstration,theteacherwilllead

studentstoexpressinEnglishmoreeffectively.For

example,intheprocessofplanting

trees,theteachercanapethemovementstohelpthe

studentstodescribe:

A:(B做动作,A与观众一起说，可提问观众Whatdoesitmean?

About

plantingtrees?..Ifscorrect.Thankyou.礼物互动)diga

hole?put

the

youngtreeintoit?filltheholewithsomeearth?pressthe

earth

slightly?givethetreesomewater,,Itfsveryinteresting.

(2)tocommand

A:Iknowsomebodylanguagetoo.Puttheforefinger

betweentwolipsistosay:"Bequiet,please!",oneindex

fingerinthecenterofthe

otherhandistosay:"Stop!”andthetipofoneindexon

thetempleistosay:

Useyourhead!”

B:Yes.Youdidverywell.Itmeansanorderoracommand.I

shouldnodmyheadtoencourageandpraiseyou.

A:Thankyoufornotshakingyourhead.

(3)toencourage

B:Shakehandstransverselymeansfriendship;closehands

upmeans

pray;claphandsmeanswelcomeandcongratulate,thumb

uprightmeansencourage

A:Yes.DoyouknowGuoFurong,theroleintheplay.She

oftendolikethis.

B:LadiesandGentaimen,doyouknowwhatdoesitmean?

A:Doesitmeanbeautyandcool?

B:Yes

A:Aboveallweknowthattheaffectionsofteachers'body

languageon

thestudentscanshortenthedistancebetweenteachers

andstudents,bywhichamoreharmoniousstudying

atmosphereiscreated.Itwillbelikelytoleadthechildren

tosuccessinlanguagelearninganditwillmakethelessons

apleasantexperienceforthem.

A:That'sallfortoday.It'sthetimetosayGoodbye

B:Let7sfinishourtalkingbyusingbodylanguage.

A:OK

Theteacher'srolesintheclassroom

TheroleplayedbyprimaryschoolEnglishteacherandthe

teacher-student

relationshipisveryimportantinteaching.Ithinkateacher

shouldplaythe

followingroleswell:

一、Beafatherlymother

Yeshengtaosaidthatbeateacher,shouldkindness,treat

studentslikeourownbaby.Englishteacherofprimary

schoolshouldplayasamotherwell.Atthebeginningof

studyingEnglish,somestudentsareshamedtospeak,some

aremademistakeswhenspeak,somearepronouncedbad.

Atthistime,teachershouldevenmoreencouragethemlike

theirmother."Don'tworry,tryagain.

You'IIbethebest.'1ifIsaid"No"or"Sitdown",it

must

breaktheirpassion

ofEnglishstudying.DuringmycareerImetachildwhowas

performedan

operationonhislip,soitisnotclearlywhenhespeaking

English.Hewasshamedtospeakwhenintheclass,because

hewasafraidotherstudentswilllaughathim.Forthis

reason,everytime,afterheansweredaquestion,Ialways

said

"Verygood"tohimloudly.Afterseveraltimeshis

confidencewasstrengthenand

hetriedtoanswerquestionsactively.A"No"ora"It's

wrong"ofyoumay

destroyagoodtranslator.Forallabove,teachershalllead

children*sfirstEnglish

studyingwithmother,slove,helpthemtoestablish

confidence,arousetheir

interestofEnglishstudying.

二、Beagoodactor

IfinEnglishclassofprimaryschool,theteacheristhe

leaderandstudentsjustalistenerasit*sinjuniorand

seniorschool,theway

ofteachingonlyinclude

studentsreadfollowtheteacher,thenreadincollectivity,

ingroupsandin

person.Itcandestroytheinterestofstudyingofstudents

atall."Interestisthe

bestteacher",nointerestnodesireforstudying,andthe

effect

ofitcannotbetoogood.SotheEnglishteacherinprimary

schoolshouldbeaactor,andusetheiracting(e.g.kindsof

bodylanguage)tocooperatewithorallanguage.Such

assomedirectivelanguage:Standup、Sitdown、Come、

Openyour

book、One

byoneandsoon,youcancooperatewithgesticulations.

Anotherexample,somewordsforpraiseandencourage,

youcanusedifferentkindsofexpressionnotonlythe

gesticulationse.g.OKgesticulationwithsmile,Verygood

nodwith

smile,Greatshowyourthumbandpraise,Tryyourbest

makeafistand

drop-downetc.

三、Beaintimatefriend

Englishbooksareveryinterestingandfullof

characteristicsofchildren,likeLet,s

play、Let/sdo、Let'schant、Let'ssingetc.Theteacher

should

befriendof

students,youshouldsingwiththem,playwiththemasa

personwiththesameageofthem.Whenperformancea

dialogues,teachercanplaywithstudentsasarole.Inpart

lefssingteacheralwayssingingandplayingtogether

withstudents,astimepasses,thechildrenwillmakethe

teacherasafriendofthem,it'sgood

forteaching.

Anyway,Englishisnotonlyasciencebutalsoakindofact,

itneedsteacherresearchconstantlyandplayaskindsof

roleswell,thenyoucanbeagood

teacherthestudentsloved.

Howtomakemyclassactiveandinteractive

Actually,whenIsteppedtothe3-footplatformtobean

Englishteacher,I

triedmybesttomakemystudentspracticethepatterns

timeaftertime,Ihopedthattheywouldgethighmarksin

test.However,mystudentsdidn'tcareaboutit,they

showedlessattentiontomclass.

Untiloneday,astudenthadatalkwithme.He

said:"I*mlearningmanythings

that

areboring,uselessandnotvaluable.SoI'mtiredof

studying.MissMa,canyouunderstanme?"Atthattime,I

feltmyclasswaslackofactiveandinteractivepatterns.

ThenIgraduallyfoundthatmakeclassactiveand

interactiveisfromactivelearningtointeractiveteaching.

First,weshouldbeenergeticandencouraging.Because

ourpassioncanmake

classwanttolearnEnglish,theywillactwithnatureand

showmorepotentialabilities.Also,weshouldpraisein

variousways.Inourclassweoftensay"good,verygood”

thesimplewordnotonlymakethemactiveinclass,butalso

fostertheirsenseof

achievementinfuturelearing..

Secondly,weshouldmakeclassmeaningfulandcreative.In

class,wecanusethe

shortandsimplesentence,usethebodylanguageto

communicatewithstudents.Weshouldgivestudentsclear

purposeandofferthemopportunitiestotry,tocreateand

allowthemtofail.Makesuretheclassrelaxingand

interactive,befamiliartothefeelingofEnglishlanguage.

Comingupnextisorganizinggamesandactivities.You

know,activityisthekey

partofclass.Includingpairedwork,competitions,roleplay,

guessinggame,TPR

activities,andsoon.WhateverIuse,Ishouldoften

changetheway.FromstudentsandI;studentand

student;tostudentsandstudents.Makeallclass.

Thelastbutnottheleastishelpingtheclassfeel

comfortablewithaskingme

questionsandansweringmyquestions.Todothis,donot

criticizeanyquestionsfromstudents.Thiswillinsurethat

studentswillcontinuetoaskquestions.Dogivemore

chancetostudentsaskandanswer,makestudentsand

ourselveslearninteractively.So

afterclassstudentscanlisten,read,write,thinkwithout

forceandpressure,keepinginterestsandmotivation.

Thisismytalkfrommyexperience,sharingwithyoutoday.

Thankyouforyourattention!

HowdoyouthinkaboutEnglish?

Englishisjustasortoflanguage,SpeakingEnglishis

somethingthateverybodycandonowadays,andagood

Englishlevelisalsothebasicrequirementforagood

positioninsomehugemultinationalenterprisies!but

speakingagoodEnglishdoesn'tmeanucoulddo

everythingulike,cozit'sjustakindaofcommunication

tool!justatoolnotaspecialkindofskill!

Teacheringislearning

Mostofushereareteachers,andIbelieveweallwantto

begood

teachers.Buthowdoesitcome?Ithinkseveralqualities

aredefinitelynecessary:academicknowledge,the

understandingofchildren,

andthetechniquesandmethodsforteaching.Asthe

sayinggoes:Thereisnothebest,butonlythebetter.For

ourteachers,itmeansweshouldkeepgoingonourjob,

improveourownabilitiesandskillsofteaching.Wedo

havealotofwaystoimproveourselves,butnomatter

whatkindofprogresswemake,wegetthemthroughthe

sameway,thatis——learning.Iappreciateeveryopportunity

thatIcanlearn.Fromthetextbooks,fromtheother

teachers,fromthestudents,evenfromeveryclassIhold.

Thiswaymightbehardbutwithpleasure.

Howtoteachstudentstolearnathorn

Englishisoneofthemostsubjectsinschool.Almostof

studentsknowtheyshouldlearnEnglishwell,butfew

ofthemknowhowtolearnitwell.KarlMarkhassetagood

exampleforus.Heoncesaid,'whenoneislearninga

foreignlanguage,hemustusethelanguagesInthisway,

hecoulduseseverallanguages.Asayinggoes,“practice

makesperfect."WhenstudentslearnEnglishbythemselves

athome,theyshouldreadmore,speakmore,listento

Englishfromtimetotimeandpracticewritingeveryday.

Don'tbeafraidofmakingmistakes.Onlyinthiswaythey

canlearnitwell.

Itisimportantforstudentstohaveagoodhabitof

studyingEnglishbythemselvesathome.Ioftentellmy

studentsifyouhavetimeyoushouldtryyourbesttobe

interestedinEnglish,andstudentEnglish.Beforeyou

beginstudyingEnglish.Youshouldaskyourselfthis

question."whydoIwanttostudyEngIish,Isitbecause

youwantto,orbecausesomeoneelsewantsyouto?"

Like

everydecisioninlife,studyingEnglishmustbesomething

youwanttodo.Setgoalsifyouknowwhyyouwantto

study.Settinggoalsiseasy.Forexample,maybeyouwant

totraveltoanEnglish-speakingcountry,maybeyouwant

tobeatranslator.YoumuststudyEnglishwell.The

importantthingistoberealistic.

UsingyourEnglishwheneveryoucan.Thisisvery,very

important.ThemoreyouuseEnglish,themoreyouwant

tolearnit.BecauseEnglishisverypopular,youcanuseit

everywhere.Forexample,youcanwatchAmerican

cartoons,

youcanreadinterestingbooksinEnglish.Youwillwant

tolearnmore.SoyouwilllearnEnglishmore,useitmore,

learnitmore,useitmore,,„ifyoualsouseeffective

learningwaysyourEnglishwillgrowfasterthanyoucan

imagine.

Free-writingalsocanbeveryuseful.Forexample,keep

diaries,writee-mails,writesomethingyouwanttowrite

andsoon.Itcanshowyouthatwritingisfun.Thisway

canimproveyourEnglish.

ListeningplaysanimportantroleinEnglish.Youshould

listentoEnglishasmuchaspossibleinyourfreetime.For

example,listentoEnglishsongs,Englishstoriesandso

on.Itcanimproveyourlisteningskills.

Inaword.studentsshouldstudyEnglishingoodwaysand

haveagoodhabitofstudying,andtrytobeinterested

inEnglish.Teachersshouldhelpthemtosetupconfidence

andimprovetheirEnglish.

Iknowsheneedsmyhelp.

Educationisnotfillingabucket,butlightingthefire.the

teacher'srole

isnotonlyateller,butalsoaclosefriendandahelper.

TodayI'dliketotellyouaboutastudentnamedliliinmy

class.

Sheisashystudent.intheclass,sheneverputherhandto

Volunteerto

answerthequestions.SometimesIaskhersomequestions

orletherto

dotherolereading,shejuststoodthereandkeptsilence

andtheface

flushedred.Sometimesevensleptintheclass.Somany

otherstudents

didn'tlikehertoroleplaying,gamedoingtogether.

Onceninicameintomyofficeandsaidtomesadly:miss

he,Isorry.I

havetried,butIcan'tdoanythingwellandIknownoone

likesme.I'm

abadchild.Icanunderstandthegirl'sfeeling.Sheneeds

more

encouragementandmorehelptogettheconfidence.soI

smiledandsaid

friendlyiyouareagoodstudent,youcandoeverything

well.andwealllike

you.youjustbelieveyourselfandpleasedon'tsleepinthe

class,ok?

Sincethat,thegirldidn'tsleepintheclassanymore.Can

youguessif

shecandoagoodjobintheclass?Yes!Off

course.Now,sheisoneofthe

topstudentsinmyclass.

She/heisnotabadchild

FouryearsagoItaughtaboy.HisChinesenameis

Gaozhuanzhong.AndhehasanEnglishname---Winson,he

gavethisnametohimself.Hecametomyclassinthethird

gradefromMacau.Andhesoongotaname"badluck

god”,inChinese瘟神.Hewassimplyalittletiger.He

didn,t

getwellwitheveryone,bothhisclassmatesandteachers.

Hisroutinejobwasfighting,quarrelling,orannoyingthe

teachers.HereIgiveoneofhissuchcases.Oneday,whileI

wasteachinginhisclass,insteadofpayingattentiontothe

lesson,hereadastory-booksecretly.Iorderedhimtoput

awaythestorybook.Hesaidok,whilehethrewawayall

hisEnglishbooksoutoftheclassroomandsaid,"Idon't

likeyourEnglish,andIdon'tneedyourEnglishbooksat

all."Inearlycried.Infactwehad

contactedhisparentsandhisgrandmamanytimes.Atthat

momenthelivedwithhisgrandma.Theygrandchildand

grandparentlivedtogetherinShunde,andhisparents

workedinMacau.Theyseldomcameback..Atthattime,

hebroughtusendlesstroubleandannoyance,notonlyhis

classmateswerescaredofhim,butalsoourteacherswere

scaredofhim.Becauseourschoolisaboardingschool,

mostoftimehestayedintheschool,andwehadtoface

himeveryday.Heobligedmetomanagetofindawayto

solvethisproblem.Oneday,Iwroteonelettertohis

grandmawithanenvelopunsealed,beforehecamehome

onFridayafternoon,Itoldhimtotakethelettertohis

grandmawithhim.Itwasamiraclethatsincethenextweek,

hechangedalot.Atleast,whenIaskedhimtofinish

homework,hedidasyouordered,andseldomreadstory­

booksinclass.Whathappened?Itwastheletter.Infact

theletterwastowritetohim,nottohisgrandma.Inthe

letter,Iwrotebothhisbadhabitsandgoodhabits,for

example,hereadalotofbooksandknewalot.Heoften

foughtwithothersandannoyedteachers.Butatthesame

time,toldhisgrandma,weteachersshouldtryourbestto

teachhimwell.Becausehewasasmartboy.Fromthis

letter,heknewhowwecaredabouthim,hereallyknewall

theteachersdonewasgoodforhim.He

graduatedlastsummer.HeevenvisitedmeOnlastChinese

NewYear

withseveralofhisformerclassmates.Fromthiscase,Iwill

say,nokids

arebadchildrenaslongasyoureallycarethem.

Whatcanwedowhenastudentfailsintalking

bodylanguagesaredifferentindifferentnations,andit

alsodoesconfousepeople,norecommend.thebestwayis

learnasmuchasenglishstudentscouldbeforechatting.

whatcanwedowhenastudentfailsintalkingWhenweare

givingsomeEnglishlessons,wewanttotalkwiththe

studentsinclassasmoreaswecanasameasureof

practicingoralEnglish.But,unfortunately,thestudentsare

shyandtimidandforgetful,asaresult,thestudentsfailin

talkingfromtimetotime.Thafsreallyabigproblem.

Ialwaysthinkingofthereason,whythestudentscan't

opentheirmouthandsayjustabitsimpleEnglishthat

learnedago.Astimegoesby,Igetalittlereasonandknow

whattodotodealwithitalittle.First,thelanguage

environmentisveryimportant.Ifthepeoplesurrounding

aretalkinginEnglish,howcanyousayChinese?So,asa

startingpoint,IputtheEnglishcontentsonthewall,on

theblackboard,andevenoutsidetheclassroom.Whenthey

walkpast,theycanseeit,sometimes,theywillreadit,

sometimes,theywilltalkaboutit,that,sthefirstwayto

rendertheEnglishenvironment.

Second,wecanrearrangetheclassr