Unit+4+Never+too+old+to+learn单元培优练习题 高中英语牛津译林版选择性必修第四册

Unit4Nevertoooldtolearn单元培优练习题Ⅰ.阅读理解ANearlytwoyearsago,LaurenKornacki,arecentcollegegraduate,walkedoutsideherfamily'shomeinVirginiatoaskherdadifshecouldborrowhiscar.Assheroundedthecornerfromthefrontyardintothegarage,Lauren,sawherfather,Alec,lyingunconscious,pinnedonhisbackbeneathhiscar.Thecarhadfallenoffthejackwhilehewaschangingthebrakepadsontherightreartire.Laurenyelledinsideathermothertocallemergencyservices,andthenrantothecar.“Ithought,I'mgoingtolosemydad,”shesays.Unsureofwhattodo,shestuckbothhandsunderthewheelhubwhereAlechadremovedthetireandpulledupwithallherstrength.Tohersurprise,sheliftedthecar.Thenshehelditupwithonearmand,withtheother,pulledherfatheroutfromunderthecarbyhispantsleg.Alecwasn'tbreathing,soLauren,alifeguardcertifiedinCPR,beganperformingchestcompressions.Withinseconds,Alectookabreathandopenedhiseyes.“Staywithme,”Laurenwhisperedastheywaitedfortheambulance.“Justkeepbreathing.”DoctorstreatedAlecforfivefracturedribs,afracturedsternum,andfracturedvertebrae,buthewasabletoreturntohisjobasanITprofessionaltwomonthslater.Lauren,nowacomputerengineer,saysshedidn'tstoptothink.“Everyonehasabasicinstincttohelptheonestheylove,”shesay.1.WhathadhappenedaboutherfatherwhenLaurenarrivedatthegarage?A.Hewasreplacingapartofhiscar.B.Hewaslyingattherightsideofhiscar.C.Hewaspressedunderhiscaroutofconsciousness.D.Hewasrepairingtherightreartireofhiscaronthejack.2.WhywasLaurensurprisedwhensheliftedthecar?A.Herfathercouldescapethedeath.B.Shehadn'texpectedhereffortsoeffective.C.Shewasveryanxioustosaveherfather.D.Thecarwasnotthatheavyasshethought.3.WhatmightmakeLauren'sfathercomebacktohimselfsoquickly?A.Professionalemergencyservice.B.Unconditionallovefromadaughter.C.Astrongandtoughbody.D.Atimelyprofessionalfirstaid.4.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.TheGirlLiftedaCaroffHerDadB.TheGirlBreathedLifeintoHerDadC.DadGotPinnedBeneathaCarD.ALovingDaughterandaLuckyDadBPeoplegenerallyacceptthattheolderweget,thelessnewknowledgeweacquire,justliketheoldsaying“Youcan'tteachanolddognewtricks”.However,agrowingbodyofresearchsuggeststhatlate-in-lifelearningdoesanagingheadgood.ResearchersfromNewYorkUniversitygatheredmorethan1,500retiredworkerswhowerebetweenages65and94andassessedthevolunteers'memoryandthinkingskillsthroughaseriesoftestsoverasix-weektrainingperiod.ThosewhotookonnewactivitieslikeLatindanceorcomputerlessonstendedtodothebestonthetests.Andtheytendedtolosecognitive(认知)functionatamuchslowerratethanthosewiththeleastlearning.“Ourbodyisjustlikeamachine,”saysEdmondMouton,wholedthestudy.“Afteralongworkingperiod,ourmindmaynotbeassharpasbefore.Butlearningnewthings,whichcanactaslubricants(润滑剂),willhelpourmindfunctionwellorevenbetter.”Theresultshowsthatstayingmentallyactivecannotonlycontributetomentalhealthbutalsohelpreducetheriskofdementia(痴呆).Andkeepingelderlypeopleemotionallyconnectedtotheworldisthehighestcurrencythatcontinuingtoacquirenewknowledgecanpaythem.Bycontinuingtolearn,seniorscanbetterkeeptheirconnectionstoothers.Ofcourse,ourbrainscandeclineaswegrowolderforlotsofreasons,andnon-stoplearningcanbetiringandtimeconsuming.Still,keepingyourbrainactivewillensurethatyoucanenjoythetimeyouhavelefttothefullest.5.Whydidtheresearchersaskthevolunteerstotakethetests?A.Toassesstheirhealthstatus.B.ToevaluatetheirworkhabitsC.Toanalyzetheirpersonality.D.Tomeasuretheirmentalability.6.HowdoesEdmondMoutonhelpunderstandhisfindingsinParagraph3?A.Byusinganexpert'swords.B.Bymakingacomparison.C.Byintroducingaconcept.D.Byreferringtoanotherstudy.7.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“currency”inParagraph4referto?A.Money.B.Facevalue.C.Debt.D.Reward.8.Whatcanweinferaboutlate-in-lifelearningfromthetext?A.Itisveryexhausting.B.Itisawasteoftime.C.Itcontributestoabetterlaterlife.D.Itstopsthedeclineofthebrain.COnMarch7,1907,theEnglishstatisticianFrancisGaltonpublishedapaperwhichillustratedwhathascometobeknownasthe“wisdomofcrowds”effect.Theexperimentofestimationheconductedshowedthatinsomecases,theaverageofalargenumberofindependentestimatescouldbequiteaccurate.Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren'talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andsometounderestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon'tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople'sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,people'serrorsbecomecorrelatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.ButanewstudyledbyJoaquinNavajasofferedaninterestingtwist(转折)onthisclassicphenomenon.Thekeyfindingofthestudywasthatwhencrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmallergroupsthatwereallowedtohaveadiscussion,theaveragesfromthesegroupsweremoreaccuratethanthosefromanequalnumberofindependentindividuals.Forinstance,theaverageobtainedfromtheestimatesoffourdiscussiongroupsoffivewassignificantlymoreaccuratethantheaverageobtainedfrom20independentindividuals.Inafollow-upstudywith100universitystudents,theresearcherstriedtogetabettersenseofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.Didtheytendtogowiththosemostconfidentabouttheirestimates?Didtheyfollowthoseleastwillingtochangetheirminds?Thishappenedsomeofthetime,butitwasn'tthedominantresponse.Mostfrequently,thegroupsreportedthatthey“sharedargumentsandreasonedtogether.”Somehow,theseargumentsandreasoningresultedinaglobalreductioninerror.AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsandmanyquestionsremain,thepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecision-makingareenormous.9.WhatisParagraph2mainlyabout?A.Themethodsofestimation.B.Theunderlyinglogicoftheeffect.C.Thecausesofpeople'serrors.D.ThedesignofGalton'sexperiment.10.Navajas'studyfoundthattheaverageaccuracycouldincreaseevenif.

A.thecrowdswererelativelysmallB.therewereoccasionalunderestimatesC.individualsdidnotcommunicateD.estimateswerenotfullyindependent11.Whatdidthefollow-upstudyfocuson?A.Thesizeofthegroups.B.Thedominantmembers.C.Thediscussionprocess.D.Theindividualestimates.12.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardNavajas'studies?A.Unclear.B.Dismissive.C.Doubtful.D.Approving.Ⅱ.七选五Itwon'tsoundlikeabigsurprisewhenItellyouthatkindnessplaysanimportantroleinaperson'swellbeing.Itcanleadtochangeslikehigherself-esteemandlowerbloodpressure.Evenjustwitnessingactsofkindnesscanmakeushappier.1“Fromgivingawayacupofhotchocolateinaparktogivingawayagiftinthelab,thoseperforminganactofkindnessconsistentlyunderestimatedhowpositivetheirreceiverswouldfeel,thinkingtheiractwasoflessvaluethanreceiversperceivedittobe,”statesastudy.

2Yet,whyistherethisdifferencebetweenwhatwethinksomeonewillfeelfromanactofkindnessversuswhattheydofeel?Whydoweunderestimatetheimpactwehaveonothers?

Manyofusdon'thavearealsenseofourvalue.It'sbeenestimatedthatasmanyas85percentofpeoplestrugglewithlowself-esteem.3This“voice”tendstoshiftourfocusinwardassessingoureverymove,andhavingbadeffectonourrelationships.

Unlikeaconscience(良心),thisinnercriticdoesn'tmotivatepositivebehavior.4Itencouragesustoholdbackfeedingusthoughtslike,“Don'tstickyourneckout”,“Noonewantstohearfromyou”,and“You'regoingtomakeafoolofyourself.”

Onewonderfulwaytofightagainstourcriticalinnervoiceisthroughactsofbeingkindtoothers.5Wemustalsotrytoseeourselvesthroughtheeyesofthepeopleweaffect.Thedegreetowhichwe'reabletodothatwillhelpdetermineourownhappinessalongwiththehappinesswelightupinothers.

A.However,theworkdoesn'tstopthere.B.Peoplemaylowerthevalueoftheirownkindcomments.C.Weallcarryarounda“criticalinnervoice”thattendstoputusdown.D.Insteadofseeingwhatwehavetooffer,wemaythinkofourselvesasaburden.E.Thismisunderstandingsuggeststhatpeopledevaluetheirownactionsinrelationtoothers.F.Instead,itturnsusagainstourselves,makingusunderestimateourbeneficialeffectonothers.G.Yet,peoplemaynottrulyknowtheimpactthateventhesmallestofkindactscanhaveonanotherperson.参考答案Ⅰ.【语篇导读】文章主要讲述了LaurenKornacki为了救被车压住的父亲,徒手举起了一辆车,最终父亲成功得救的故事。1.C细节理解题。根据第一段第二句可知,当Lauren到达车库时,她父亲被压在车底下失去了意识。2.B细节理解题。根据第二段第三至五句可知,Lauren举起车的时候惊讶是因为她没想到她的努力如此有效。3.D细节理解题。根据第三段可知,Lauren的父亲这么快就恢复了意识是因为及时的专业急救。4.A主旨大意题。LaurenKornacki为了救被车压住的父亲,徒手举起了一辆车,最终父亲成功得救。由此可知,A项“女孩把一辆车从她爸爸身上掀了下来”是最佳标题。【语篇导读】文章讲述了一项研究,研究表明晚年学习对大脑有好处,有助于心理健康。5.D细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Researchers...assessedthevolunteers’memoryandthinkingskillsthroughaseriesoftestsoverasix-weektrainingperiod.”可知,研究人员要求志愿者参加测试是为了测量他们的智力。6.B推理判断题。根据第三段中EdmondMouton说的话可知,EdmondMouton把大脑比作机器,把学习新事物比作润滑剂,通过比较来帮助理解“他们的认知功能丧失的速度往往比学习最少的人慢得多”。7.D词义猜测题。根据第四段可知,本段主要介绍晚年学习、保持精神活跃对老年人的好处,D项意为“奖励”,符合语境。8.C推理判断题。本文主要讲了晚年学习、保持精神活跃有助于老人拥有更好的晚年生活。【语篇导读】本文主要介绍了对群体智慧效应的一项新研究。这项新研究发现,当大的估算群体被分成小组做估算时,其估算的平均值比同样数量的独立个体的估算结果