高中英语Unit 1 Cultural relics Learning about Language 课件

Unit1CulturalrelicsLearningaboutLanguageTheRestrictive&Non-restrictiveAttributiveClause（限制性和非限制性定语从句）1.who指人,作主语或宾语(作宾语时可省略）Theman

who

Italkedwithisourteacher.Aperson

who

stealsthingsiscalledathief.2.whom指人,作宾语(作宾语时可省略，若介词提前则不能省略)Theman

(whom/who)

InoddedtoisMr.Li.Themanto

whom

InoddedisMr.Li.一、关系代词引导的定语从句3.which指物，作主语或宾语(作宾语时可省略,若介词提前则不能省略)Thesearethetreeswhichwereplantedlastyear.Thisrecorder

（which）

heisusingismadeinJapan.Isthisthelibrary

(which)

youborrowbooksfrom?Isthisthelibrary

fromwhich

youborrowbooks?Mrs.Clarkisangrywiththegoatwhich

iseatingherflowers.Canyoulendmethebook?Youtalkedaboutitlastnight.Canyoulendmethebook(which)

youtalkedaboutlastnight?Canyoulendmethebookaboutwhichyoutalkedlastnight?

Mrs.Clarkisangrywiththegoat.

Thegoatiseatingherflowers.Doyoufindthepen?Iwrotewithitjustnow.Doyoufindthepen

withwhich

Iwrotejustnow?Doyoufindthepen

(which)

Iwrotewithjustnow?Heistheman

(that)

Itoldyouabout.注意：介词提前时只能用which而不能用that。4.

that指人/物，作主语或宾语(作宾语时可省略）Aplaneisamachine

that

canfly.Isthisthelibrary

fromwhich

youborrowbooks?

fromthatthat和which在指物的情况下一般都可以互换,但在下列情况下,一般用that而不用which。Iamsureshehassomething(that)youcanborrow.I’vereadallthebooksthatarenotmine.(1)先行词为all,everything,nothing,something,anything,little,much等不定代词时。(2)先行词被all,every,no,some,any,little,much等修饰时。Thisisthefirstbook(that)hehasread.Thisistheverybookthatbelongstohim.(3)先行词被序数词或最高级修饰时。(4)先行词被theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast修饰时。Thescientist

Øwemetyesterdayisveryfamous

intheworld.

whowhomthat（2）Thedressisnew.Sheiswearingit.Thedress

thatsheiswearingisnew.whichØ【即学即练】（1）Thescientistisveryfamousintheworld.

Wemetheryesterday.Tryyourbest!(3)Heisthekindperson.

Ihaveeverworkedwithhim.

(4)Thisisthebestfilm.Ihaveeverseenthisfilm.Heisthekindperson

thatIhaveeverworkedwith.whowhomØThisisthebestfilm

thatIhaveeverseen.Ø二、关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。1．关系副词when,where,why的含义相当于“介词+which”结构，因此常常和“介词+which”结构交替使用。例如：（1）我仍然记得我参军的那一天。①Istillremembertheday.②OnthatdayIjoinedthearmy.Istillremembertheday

when

Ijoinedthearmy.或Istillremembertheday

onwhich

Ijoinedthearmy.（2）这就是我们去年住的房屋。①Thisisthehouse.②Welivedinitlastyear.Thisisthehousewherewelivedlastyear.或Thisisthehouseinwhichwelivedlastyear.或Thisisthehousewhichwelivedinlastyear.（3）你知道他迟到的原因吗？①Doyouknowthereason?②Hewaslateforthatreason.Doyouknowthereasonwhyhewaslate?或Doyouknowthereasonforwhichhewaslate?这是我们去年参观的地方。······①这是我们去年工作的地方。······②（1）vt.vi.①Thisistheplace

which/that

wevisitedlastyear.②Thisistheplace

where

weworkedlastyear.2．当先行词是指时间、地点或原因时，并非就用when,where,why来引导定语从句。

例如：

我仍然记得我入团的那一天。

我仍然记得我们一起度过的那一天。（2）①Istillremembertheday

when

IjoinedtheLeague.②Istillremembertheday

that/which

wespenttogether.三、判断关系代词与关系副词方法一：用关系代词还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：Thisisthemountainvillage

where

Istayedlastyear.这是我去年呆过的山村。I’llneverforgetthedays

when

Iworkedtogetherwithyou.我永远不会忘记与你共事的日子。方法二：准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分（主、宾、定、状），也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。A.whereB.thatC.onwhichD.theone例1.Isthisthemuseum_____youvisitedafewdaysago?例2.Isthismuseum_____youvisitedafewdaysago?A.whereB.thatC.onwhichD.theoneBD四、限制性、非限制性定语从句的区别1．限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。这种从句和主句的关系十分密切，写时不用逗号分开。限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词常可省略。（1）Whatisthenameofthetallwomanwhoisstandingthere?

站在那边的那个女人叫什么名字?（2）Torontoisacity(that)I’vealwayswantedtovisit.多伦多是我常想去参观的一个城市。2．非限制性定语从句和主句关系不十分密切，只是对先行词作些附加的说明,如果去掉,主句的意思仍然清楚。这种从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开，一般不用that引导。非限制性定语从句中，关系词不可省略。例如：（1）Rome,whichisthecapitalofItaly,hasaverylonghistory.意大利的首都罗马历史非常悠久。（2）YesterdayImetProfessorKing,whocamefromtheUniversityofLondon.昨天我遇见了金教授，他从伦敦大学来。（3）Helentmeadictionary,whichwasjustwhatIneeded.他借给我一本词典，这正是我所需要的。【即学即练】Putthetwosentencesintoone:1.Ourfriendsmissedthetrainagain.Theyarealwayslateforeverything.2.Myauntwaswaitingformeonthesteps.Shehadtwoheavybags.3.Thedogiseasilyfrightened.Itwasbeatenwhenitwassmall.Keys:1.Ourfriends,whoarealwayslateforeverything,missedthetrainagain.2.Myaunt,whohadtwoheavybags,waswaitingformeonthesteps.3.Thedog,whichwasbeatenwhenitwassmall,iseasilyfrightened.3．大多数限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的先行词往往为某一个词或短语，而特殊场合非限制性定语从句的先行词也可为整个主句，此时非限制性定语从句常由which引导。Amiddle-agedwomankilledherhusband,whichfrightenedmeverymuch.一个中年女子杀害了其丈夫，这事令我十分恐惧。分析：从语境可知，令我恐惧的内容应为中年女子杀害了其丈夫这件事。此时由which引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面一句话的内容。4．关系代词whom在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可用who代替whom，但在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时不可用who来代替。ThisisthegirlwhomImetinthestreet.这是我在街上遇到的女孩。先行词thegirl在限制性定语从句中作宾语，可用who代替whom。Theyoungmanhadanewgirlfriend,whomhewantedtoimpress.这个年轻的小伙子新交了一个女朋友，他想给她留下深刻印象。先行词anewgirlfriend在非限制性定语从句中作宾语，不可用who代替whom。

as和which在引导非限制性定语从句时的相同点和不同点1．相同点：as和which都可以指代整个句子的内容。Themeetingwasputoff,as/whichwasexactlywhatwewanted.

这次会议延期了，这正是我们所希望的。注意as和which的用法

2.不同点：as引导的从句既可以位于句前，也可以位于句后，主句没有前后逻辑关系，常表示“正如……”；而which引导的定语从句只能放在主句后，主从句常有一定的因果关系或前后顺序，常表示“这一点……”。Liquidwaterchangestovapor,whichiscalledevaporation.液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。Aseveryoneknows,allthatglittersisnotgold.=Allthatglitters,aseveryoneknows,isnotgold.=Allthatglittersisnotgold,aseveryoneknows.众所周知，并非所有发光的东西都是金子。【即学即练】1．MarywasmuchkindertoJackthanshewastotheothers,

,ofcourse,madealltheothersupset.【2011·北京高考】A.whoB.whichC.whatD.that【解析】选B。句意：玛丽对待杰克比对其他人好得多，当然，这使得其他所有人心烦。分析句子结构可知逗号后是一个非限制性定语从句，排除D项；C项不能引导定语从句，故排除；关系代词代指逗号前的整个句子，故排除A项。2.JuliewasgoodatGerman,FrenchandRussian,allof____shespokefluently.【2011·湖南高考】A.whoB.whomC.whichD.that【解析】选C。句意：朱莉擅长德语、法语以及俄语，这些语言她都说得很流利。先行词是German,FrenchandRussian，所以定语从句的关系代词用which。注意：关系代词that一般不可直接置于介词后作宾语。3._____isoftenthecase,wehaveworkedouttheproductionplan.【2012·昆明高一检测】A.WhichB.WhenC.WhatD.As【解析】选D。句意：情况往往是这样的，我们已经完成了生产计划。as和which都可引导非限制性定语从句。as引导的非限制性定语从句既可放在句首又可放在句中，而which则不能。4．Thefilmbroughtthehoursbacktome____Iwastakengoodcareofinthatfarawayvillage.A.untilB.thatC.whenD.where【解析】选C。句意：这部电影把我带回到了那些时光。那时我在遥远的村庄里被很好地照顾。本题的关键是要先找准先行词“thehours”,然后理解关系副词“when”本身在其引导的定语从句中充当时间状语。5.Hepaidtheboy$10forwashingtenwindows,mostof_______hadn’tbeencleanedforatleastayear.A.theseB.those