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Unit5SilentSpring
ByGroup4
Members:
1:AuthorRachelCarsonIntrodction
(1907-1964)writer,biologistecologistBorninSpringdalePennsylvania(宾夕法尼亚州)in1907anddiedin1964afteralongbattleagainstbreastcancer.Influencedbyhermother,shedevelopedanintenselovefornature.StudiedbiologyandreceivedherMAinzoologyfromJohnHopkinsUniversity.Workedformanyyearsaseditorandscientist,andwrotemanyarticlesaswellasbooksaboutconservation,naturalresources,andaboveallthewonderandbeautyoftheleavingworld.Runningthroughallherwritingsistheviewthathumanbeingsareonlyonepartofnaturedistinguishedprimarilybytherepowertoalterit,insomecases,irreversibly.Ananti-humanitariancrank,apriestessofnature,andahystericalwoman.Butshecourageouslywentonfightinguntilherideacaughtonandmoreandmorepeoplejionedin.Themotherofmodernenvironmentalmovement.Achievements1941195519521964Herthreebooks-especialythebestsellingThe
SeaAroundUs-establishedherreputationasafirst-ratewriter.Thebook,SilentSpring,hasagreatimpactontheworld'senvironmentprotectionprogram,andmeanwhile,shewasbitterlyattacked.Inlate1963,sherecievedaflurryofawardsandhonors:theAudubonMedal(fromtheNationalAudubonSociety),andtheCullumMedal(fromtheAmericanGeographicalSociety),andinductionintotheAmericanAcademyofArtsandLetters.2."SilentSpring"andItsInfluence1.IntroductiontoSilentSpringSilentSpringisanenvironmentalsciencebookwrittenbyRachelCarsonandpublishedin1962.Thethemeofit----thepowerfulandnegativeeffectshumanshaveonthenaturalworld.Ourtextisabout----theevilsofpestcideoveruseintheUSinthe1950s.
Theprimeexample----DDTcarefullydescribedhowDDTenteredthefoodchain,accumulatedinthefattytissuesofanimalsandhumanbeings,andcausedcancerandgeneticdamage.
EffectivenessofDDT:1)Asingleapplicationonacrop,mostpowerfulpestcide;2)killedinsectsforweeksandmonths,notonlythetargetedinsectsbutcountlessmore;3)remainedpoisonsintheenvironmentevenafteritwaswashedbyrainwater.-----Conclusion:DDTandotherpestcideshadirrevocablyharmedbirds,animalsandpollutedtheentireworldfoodsupply.2.ProcessofWritingtheBook1)1958,interestwasrekindledwhenreceivedaletteraboutthelargebirdkillsasaresultofDDTsprayings.2)since1945,theuseofDDTproliferatedgreatly,Carsonagaintried,againfailed,buttointerestamagazineinassigningherarticle,withlesseffects.3)by1958,abest-sellingauthor,stillcouldn'tobtainamagazineassignmenttowriteaboutDDT.4)havingamassedalargequaintityofresearchonthesubject,CarsondecidedtogoaheadandtackletheDDTissueinabook.3.LiteratureSuccess“SilentSpring”becamearunawaybestseller,withinternationalreverberations(反响)...wellcrafted,fearlessandsuccinct...Evenifshehadnotinspiredagenerationofactivists,CarsonwouldprevailasoneofthegreatestnaturewriterinAmericanletters"-----PeterMatthiessen4、TheImpactsofSlientSpring1,MainContributions1),Carson'sworkandtheactivismitinspiredarepartlyresponsibleforthedeepecologymovementandthestrengthofthegrassrootsenvironmentalmovementsincethe1960s.2),Itwasalsoinfluentialontheriseofecofeminismandonmanyfeministscientists.3),Carson'smostdirectlegacyintheenvironmentalmovementwasthecampaigntobantheuseofDDTintheUnitedStates,andrelatedeffortstobanorlimititsusethroughouttheworld.The1967formationoftheEnvironmentalDefenseFundwasthefirstmajormilestoneinthecampaignagainstDDT.4),Inthe1980s,thepoliciesoftheReaganAdministrationemphasizedeconomicgrowthandremovedmanyoftheenvironmentalpoliciesadoptedinresponsetoCarson'swork.FormerVicePresidentoftheUnitedStatesandenvironmentalistAlGorewroteanintroductiontothe1992editionofSilentSpring.
2,LegacySilentSpringhasbeenfeaturedinmanylistsofthebestnonfictionbooksofthetwentiethcentury.ItwasfifthintheModernLibraryListofBest20th-CenturyNonfictionandnumber78intheNationalReview's100bestnon-fictionbooksofthe20thcentury.In2006,SilentSpringwasnamedoneofthe25greatestsciencebooksofalltimebytheeditorsofDiscoverMagazine.In1996,afollow-upbook,BeyondSilentSpring,co-writtenbyH.F.vanEmdenandDavidPeakall,waspublished.In2011,AmericancomposerStevenStuckywroteaneponymouslytitledsymphonicpoem,“SilentSpring”,tocommemoratethefiftiethanniversaryofthebook'spublication.ThepiecewaspremieredinPittsburgh,February17,2012,withconductorManfredHoneckleadingthePittsburghSymphonyOrchestra.HazeweatherTheeffectofsolidrainSandstormDeforestationandsoilerosion4.TranditionalandModernInsecticidesPPTmaker:方丽Tranditionalinsectcides
Moderninsectcides目录CONTENTSTranditionalInsecticidesInChina,QiminYaosuandShennongherbshaverecordedthatcankillallkindsofinsectsTranditionalInsectcidesDuringthe1980sandearly1980s,tranditionalinsecticidesincludeorganicchlorine(有机氯),organicphosphorus(有机磷),carbamicesters(氨基甲酸酯)andpyrethrin(除虫菊酯)TranditionalInsectcides
.Chinesecabbageoftenhasmanyaphids.Theseaphidsoftenwerekilledbyimidacloprid(吡虫啉)andacetamiprid(啶虫脒).Thesepesticideshavelowtoxic.Forleeks,itiseasilycontaminatedbypesticidesbecauseleekpestsoftengrowinthewombsofarmersoftenusealargeamountofinsectidestokillthesepests.Andthiskindofpestswerekilledbypesticidesnamedphorate(甲拌磷).Itisakindoforangicphosphorussystemicspesticides.(有机磷内吸剂农药).ModernInsecticidesNowadays,therearesomenewnicotineinsecticide,insectgrowthregulator,insectpheromone新烟碱杀虫剂,昆虫生长调节剂,昆虫信息素说明Allkindsofpesticidesareusedsuchasappleandpeartreesoftenusechlorpyrifos(毒死蜱)tokillpestsonfruittrees.
.ModernInsecticides
.Inmyopinion,nomatterwhatkindofpesticidewasusedonvegetablesandfruits,theycanalldamageourbodybecausetheycanenterthebodythroughthedigestivetractsystemanddamageouracetylcholinesterase(乙酰胆碱酶酯)sothatwehaveachokingoracardiaxarrest.“”5.ThePriceHumanBeingsHavePaidEnvironmentalproblemsAir-relatedenvironmentalproblemsGlobewarmingOzonedepletionHorizonSandstormGlobewarming
Climate
model
projectshave
summarized
that
during
the
21st
century
the
global
surface
temperature
is
likely
to
rise
a
further
0.3
to
1.7
°C
for
their
lowestemissions
scenario
using
stringent
mitigation
and
2.6
to
4.8
°C
for
their
highest.Ozonedepletionsteady
decline
of
about
4%
in
the
total
volume
of
ozone
in
Earth‘s
stratosphere
(the
ozone
layer),
and
a
much
larger
springtime
decrease
in
stratospheric
ozone
around
Earth's
polar
regions.
StandstormOn
the
afternoon
of
July
28,
2015
Inner
Mongolia
suffered
sandstorms.Water-relatedenvironmentalproblemsAcidrainWastewaterpollutionUrbanrun-off
(storm)DroughtAcidrainAcid
rain
covers
80%
areas
in
Sichuan
-
annual
losses
of
up
to
11,300,000,000WastewaterpollutionThree
examples
of
wastewater
pollution
crisis
in
China
are
the
City
of
Tianjin,
Chaohu
and
Xi’an
.City
of
Tianjin
is
the
third
largest
industrial
city
in
China.Urbanrun-off(storm)In
the
summer
of
2012,
torrential
rainsstruckthenorthernpartofourcountry.Beijing,
Tianjin
and
other
cities
werewaterlogged,
causing
a
great
economic
loss
and
casualties.DroughtThe
drought
continued
inIndia,causingincreasingoffood
prices
in
rural
areas.
thedrought
inSouth
Africa
and
neighboring
countriesreduced27000000
peopleto
beingfacedwith
foodproblems.droughtLand-relatedenvironmentalproblemsProblemsarisingfrominefficientlanduse(urbansprawl,habitfregmentation,habitdestruction.)Problemsarisingfromlandpollutionanddegradation(desertification,landpollution,soilpollution)HealthproblemsSkindiseaseLungcancerSaturnismCongenitalmalformationLeucemiz80%ofhuman
diseasescausedbyenvironmentpollution.According
to
statistics,
every
year
more
than
25000000
children
died
from
drinking
contaminated
water.57.3%ofwaterispollutedinChina.LungcancerAccording
to
China
Economic
Net
health
channel,
in
recent
years,
lung
cancer
has
been
the
number
one
killer,
the
latest
data
show
that
about
600,000
people
die
from
lung
cancer
in
China
every
year.According
to
the
National
Cancer
Center,
the
2012
China
cancer
registration
annual
report
shows
that
the
national
cancer
registration
area
of
the
first
place
of
malignant
tumor
is
lung
cancer.
In
our
country
the
third
residents
death
cause
sampling
survey
results
showthatinthe30
years,
lung
cancer
mortality
hashurricanedto
465%,
accounting
for
22.7%
of
all
cancer
deaths.China
cancer
villageAnewphenomenonhasappearedinChina:AizhengCun,orcancervillages.VariousformsofChinesemediaandInternetsourceshavereportedatotalof4
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