历年六级快速阅读真题201312~201512

2013.12TheCollegeEssay:WhyThose500WordsDriveUsCrazyA） Megisalawyer-mominsuburbanWashington,D.C.,wherelawyer-momsarethickontheground.HersonDougisoneofseveralhundredthousandhigh-schoolseniorswhohadapainfulfall.ThedeadlineforapplyingtohisfavoritecollegewasNov.1,andbyearlyOctoberhehadyettofillouttheapplication.Moretothepoint,hehadyettosettleonasubjectforthepersonalessayaccompanyingtheapplication.Accordingtocollegefolklore,awell-turnedessayhasthepowertoseduce（诱惑）anadmissionscommittee.“Hewantedtodoonethingatatime,”Megsays,explainingherson'sdelay.“Butreally,mysonisahugeprocrastinator（拖延者）.Theessayisthehardestthingtodo,sohe'sputitoffthelongest."FriendsandotherveteransoftheprocesshavewarnedMegthatthebackandforthbetweeneditingparentandwritingstudentcanbetraumatic（痛苦的）.B） Backinthegoodolddays一say,twoyearsago,whenthelastofmychildrensufferedtheordeal（折磨）一ahigh-schoolstudentapplyingtocollegecouldprocrastinateallthewaytoNewYear'sDayoftheirsenioryear,assumingtheycouldwithstandtheparentalpestering（烦扰）.Butthingschangefastinthenail-bitingworldofcollegeadmissions.TherecenttrendtowardearlydecisionandearlyactionamongselectivecollegesanduniversitieshaspushedthetraditionaldeadlineofJanuaryuptoNov.1orearlyDecemberformanystudents.C） Ifthetimeforheel-dragginghasbeenshortened,thetruesourceoftheanxietyandpanicremainswhatithasalwaysbeen.Andit'snottheapplicationitself.Acollegeapplicationisarelativelystraightforwardquestionnaireaskingforthebasics:name,address,familyhistoryemploymenthistory.Itwouldallbeinnocentenough一20minutesofbusywork一exceptitcomesattachedtoapersonalessay.D） “Therearegoodreasonsitcausessuchanxiety,”saysLisaSohmer,directorofcollegecounselingattheGardenSchoolinJacksonHeights,N.Y.“It'snotjusttheactualwriting.Bynoweverythingelseisalreadyset.Yourcourseloadisset,yourgradesareset,yourtestscoresareset.Buttheessayissomethingyoucanstillcontrol,andit'sopen-ended.Sothetemptationistowriteandrewriteandrewrite."Orstallandstallandstall.E） Theapplicationessay,alongwithitsmythicalimportance,isarecentinvention.Inthe1930s,whenonlyonein10Americanshadadegreefromafour-yearcollege,anadmissionscommitteewascontenttoaskforasampleofapplicants'schoolpaperstoassesstheirwritingability.Bythe1950s,mostschoolsrequiredabriefpersonalstatementofwhythestudenthadchosentoapplytooneschooloveranother.F） Todaynearly70percentofgraduatingseniorsgoofftocollege,includingtwo-yearandfour-yearinstitutions.Evenapartfromtheincreasedcompetition,thekidsenteraprocessthathasbeenutterlytransformedfromtheonebabyboomersknew.Nearlyallapplicationmaterialsaresubmittedonline,andtheCommonApplicationprovidesaone-size-fitsformacceptedbymorethan400schools,includingthenation'smostselective.G） Thoseschoolsusuallyrequireessaysoftheirown,butthelongestessay,500wordsmaximum,isgenerallyattachedtotheCommonApplication.Studentschooseoneofsixquestions.Applicantsareaskedtodescribeanethicaldilemmathey'vefacedanditsimpactonthem,ordiscussapublicissueofspecialconcerntothem,ortellofafictionalcharacterorcreativeworkthathasprofoundlyinfluencedthem.Anotherquestioninvitesthemtowriteabouttheimportance(tothem,again)ofdiversity—awordthathasassumedmagicpowerinAmericanhighereducation.Themostpopularoption:writeonatopicofyourchoice.“Boysinparticularlookattheotherquestionsandsay,'Oh,that'stoomuchwork,'"saysJohnBoshoven,acounselorintheAnnArbor,Mich.,publicschools.“Theythinkiftheydoatopicoftheirchoice,“I'lljustgogetthathistorypaperIdidlastyearontheRomanEmpireandturnitintoafirst-personapplicationessay!'Andtheyendupproducingsomethingutterlyridiculous."TalkingtoadmissionsprofessionalslikeBoshoven,yourealizethatthelistof“don'ts"inessaywritingismuchlongerthanthe“dos.""Nobookreports,nohistorypapers,nocharacterstudies,"saysSohmer.“Itdrivesyoucrazy,howeasilykidsslipintocliches(老生常谈),"saysBoshoven.“Theydon'trealizehowtypicaltheirexperiencesarc,'Iscoredthewinninggoalinsocceragainstourarch-rival.''MygrandfatherservedinWorldWarII,andIhopetobejustlikehimsomeday.'Thatmaymeanalottothatparticularkid.Butintheworldoftheapplicationessay,it'snothing.You'lllosethereaderinthefirstparagraph."“Thegreateststrengthyoubringtothisessay,"saystheCollegeBoard'show-tobook,“is17yearsorsooffamiliaritywiththetopic:YOU.Theformandstyleareveryfamiliar,andbestofall,youaretheworld-classexpertonthesubjectofYOU...Ithasbeenthesubjectofyourclosescrutinyeverymorningsinceyouweretallenoughtoseeintothebathroommirror."ThekeywordintheCommonApplicationpromptsis“you."ThecollegeadmissionessaycontainsthegrandestAmericanthemes—statusanxiety,parentalpiety(孝顺)，intellectualstandards一andsoitisonlyamatteroftimebeforeitbecomesinfectedbythecountry'scultureofexcessiveconcernwithself-esteem.Evenifthequestionisostensibly(表面上)aboutsomethingoutsidetheself(describeafictionalcharacterorsolveaproblemofgeopolitics),theessayinvariablyreturnstothefavoritetopic:whatisitsimpactonYOU?“Foralltheanxietytheessaycauses,"saysBillMcClintickofMercersburgAcademyinPennsylvania,“it'saverysmallpieceofthepuzzle.Iwasincollegeadmissionsfor10years.Isawkidsandparentsbeatthemselvesupoverthis.Andatthevastmajorityofplaces,itissimplynotabigvariableinthecollege'sdecision-makingprocess."Manyadmissionsofficerssaytheyspendlessthanacoupleofminutesoneachapplication,includingtheessay.Accordingtoarecentsurveyofadmissionsofficers,onlyoneinfourprivatecollegessaytheessayisof“considerableimportance"injudginganapplication.Amongpubliccollegesanduniversities,thenumberdropstoroughlyonein10.Bycontrast,86percentplace“considerableimportance"onanapplicant'sgrades,70percenton“strengthofcurriculum."Still,atthemostselectiveschools,wherethousandsofcandidatesmaysubmitidenticallyhighgradesandtestscores,amarginalitemliketheessaymayserveasatie-breakerbetweentwoequallyqualifiedcandidates.ThethoughtiscertainlyenoughtokeepthepotboilingunderparentslikeMeg,thelawyer-mom,asshetriestohelphersonchooseanessaytopic.Foramomenttheotherday,shethoughtshemighthavehitonagoodone.“Hisfather'sfromFrance,"shesays.“Isaidmaybeyoucouldwriteaboutthat,assomethingthatmakesyoudifferent.Youknow:halfFrench,halfAmerican.Isaid,'Youcouldwriteaboutyouridentityissues.'Hesaid,„Idon'thaveanyidentityissues!'Andhe'sright.He'sawell-adjusted,normalkid.Butthatdoesn'tmakefOragoodessay,doesit?”注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。Todaymanyuniversitiesrequiretheirapplicantstowriteanessayofuptofivehundredwords.Onerecentchangeincollegeadmissionsisthatselectivecollegesanduniversitieshavemovedthetraditionaldeadlinetoearlierdates.Applicantsandtheirparentsaresaidtobelievethatthepersonalessaycanswaytheadmissionscommittee.Applicantsareusuallybetteroffiftheycanwriteanessaythatdistinguishesthemfromtherest.Notonlyisthecompetitiongettingmoreintense,theapplicationprocesstodayisalsototallydifferentfromwhatbabyboomersknew.Inwritingabouttheirownexperiencesmanyapplicantsslipintocliches,thusfailingtoengagethereader.Accordingtoarecentsurvey,mostpubliccollegesanduniversitiesconsideranapplicant'sgradeshighlyimportant.Althoughtheapplicationessaycauseslotsofanxiety,itdoesnotplaysoimportantaroleinthecollege'sdecision-makingprocess.Thequestionyouaresupposedtowriteaboutmayseemoutsidetheself,butthethemeoftheessayshouldcenterarounditsimpactonyou.Intheolddays,applicantsonlyhadtosubmitasampleoftheirschoolpaperstoshowtheirwritingability.46〜50GBAOF51〜55JNMLETheUsesofDifficultyThebrainlikesachallenge—andputtingafewobstaclesinitswaymaywellboostitscreativity.JackWhite,theformerfrontmanoftheWhiteStripesandaninfluentialfigureamongfellowmusicians,likestomakethingsdifficultforhimself.Heusescheapguitarsthatwon'tstayinshapeorintune.Whenperforming,hepositionshisinstrumentsinawaythatisdeliberatelyinconvenient,sothatswitchingfromguitartoorganmid-songinvolvesamaddashacrossthestage.Why?Becausehe'sontherunfromwhathedescribesasadiseasethatpreysoneveryartist:“easeofuse”.Whenmakingmusicgetstooeasy,saysWhite,itbecomeshardertomakeitsing.It'sanoddthought.Whywouldanyonemaketheirworkmoredifficultthanitalreadyis?Yetweknowthatdifficultycanpayunexpecteddividends.In1966,soonaftertheBeatleshadfinishedworkon“RubberSoul”，PaulMcCartneylookedintothepossibilityofgoingtoAmericatorecordtheirnextalbum.TheequipmentinAmericanstudioswasmoreadvancedthananythinginBritain,whichhadledtheBeatles'greatrivals,theRollingStones,tomaketheirlatestalbum,“Aftermath”，inLosAngeles.McCartneyfoundthatEMI’s(百代唱片)contractualclausesmadeitprohibitivelyexpensivetofollowsuit,andtheBeatleshadtomakedowiththeprimitivetechnologyofAbbeyRoad.Luckyforus.Overthenexttwoyearstheymadetheirmostgroundbreakingwork,turningtherecordingstudiointoamagicalinstrumentofitsown.Preciselybecausetheywereworkingwithold-fashionedmachines,GeorgeMartinandhisteamofengineerswereforcedtoapplyeveryounceoftheircreativitytosolvetheproblemsposedtothembyLennonandMcCartney.Songslike“TomorrowNeverKnows",“StrawberryFieldsForever",and“ADayintheLife"featuredrevolutionarysoundeffectsthatdazzledandmystifiedMartin'sAmericancounterparts.Sometimesit'sonlywhenadifficultyisremovedthatwerealisewhatitwasdoingforus.Formorethantwodecades,startinginthe1960s,thepoetTedHughessatonthejudgingpanelofanannualpoetrycompetitionforBritishschoolchildren.Duringthe1980shenoticedanincreasingnumberoflongpoemsamongthesubmissions,withsomerunningto70or80pages.Thesepoemswereverballyinventiveandfluent,butalso“strangelyboring".AftermakinginquiriesHughesdiscoveredthattheywerebeingcomposedoncomputers,thenjustfindingtheirwayintoBritishhomes.Youmighthavethoughtanytoolwhichenablesawritertogetwordsontothepagewouldbeanadvantage.Buttheremaybeacosttosuchfacility.InaninterviewwiththeParisReviewHughesspeculatedthatwhenapersonputspentopaper,“youmeettheterribleresistanceofwhathappenedyourfirstyearatit,whenyoucouldn'twriteatall".Asthebrainattemptstoforcetheunsteadyhandtodoitsbidding,thetensionbetweenthetworesultsinamorecompressed,psychologicallydenserexpression.Removethatresistanceandyouaremorelikelytoproducea70ramble(不着边际的长篇大论).Ourbrainsrespondbettertodifficultythanweimagine.Inschools,teachersandpupilsalikeoftenassumethatifaconcepthasbeeneasytolearn,thenthelessonhasbeensuccessful.Butnumerousstudieshavenowfoundthatwhenclassroommaterialismadehardertoabsorb,pupilsretainmoreofitoverthelongterm,andunderstanditonadeeperlevel.Asapoet,TedHugheshadanacutesensitivitytothewayinwhichconstraintsonself-expression,likethedisciplinesofmetreandrhyme(韵律)，spurcreativethought.Whatappliestopoetsandmusiciansalsoappliestoourdailylives.Wetendtoequate(等同于)happinesswithfreedom,but,asthepsychotherapistandwriterAdamPhillipshasobserved,withoutobstaclestoourdesiresit’shardertoknowwhatwewant,orwherewe’reheading.Hetellsthestoryofapatient,afirst-timemotherwhocomplainedthatheryoungsonwasalwaysclingingtoher,wrappinghimselfaroundherlegswherevershewent.Sheneverhadamomenttoherself,shesaid,becausehersonwas“alwaysintheway".WhenPhillipsaskedherwhereshewouldgoifhewasn'tintheway,sherepliedcheerfully,“Oh,Iwouldn'tknowwhereIwas!"Takeanothercommonobstacle:lackofmoney.Peopleoftenassumethatmoremoneywillmakethemhappier.Buteconomistswhostudytherelationshipbetweenmoneyandhappinesshaveconsistentlyfoundthat,aboveacertainincome,thetwodonotreliablycorrelate.Despitetheeasewithwhichtherichcanacquirealmostanythingtheydesire,theyarejustaslikelytobeunhappyasthemiddleclasses.Inthisregardatleast,F.ScottFitzgeraldwaswrong.I） Indeed,easeofacquisitionistheproblem.ThenovelistEdwardStAubynhasanarratorremarkoftheveryrichthat, “nothavingtoconsideraffordability,theirdesiresrambledonlikeunstoppablebores,relentless（持续不断的）andwhimsical（反复无常的）atthesametime.”WhenBostonCollege,aprivateresearchuniversity,wantedabetterfeelforitspotentialdonors,itaskedthepsychologistRobertKennytoinvestigatethemindsetofthesuper-rich.Hesurveyed165households,mostofwhichhadanetworthof$25mormore.Hefoundthatmanyofhissubjectswereconfusedbytheinfiniteoptionstheirmoneypresentedthemwith.Theyfoundithardtoknowwhattowant,creatingakindofexistentialbafflement.Oneofthemputitlikethis:“Youknow,Bob,youcanjustbuysomuchstuff,andwhenyougettothepointwhereyoucanjustbuysomuchstuff,nowwhatareyougoingtodo?”J） Theinternetmakesinformationbillionairesoutofallofus,andthearchitectsofouronlineexperiencesarecatchingontotheneedtomakethingscreativelydifficult.Twitter'shugesuccessisrootedinthesimplebutprofoundinsightthatinamediumwithinfinitespaceforself-expression,themostinterestingthingwecandoisrestrictourselvesto140characters.ThemusicserviceThisIsMyJamhelpspeoplenavigatethetensofmillionsoftracksnowavailableinstantlyviaSpotifyandiTunes.Userspicktheirfavouritesongoftheweektosharewithothers.Theyonlygettochooseone.Theservicewasonlylaunchedthisyear,butbytheendofSeptember650,000jamshadbeenchosen.Itsco-founderMattOgleexplainsitsraisond’etre（存在的理由）likethis:“Inanageofendlesschoice,weweremissingawaytosay:'This.Thisistheoneyoushouldlistento'.”K） Today'sworldoffersmoreopportunitythanevertofollowtheadviceoftheWalkerBrothersandmakeiteasyonourselves.Comparedwithahundredyearsago,ourlivesarelesstightlyboundbysocialnormsandphysicalconstraints.Technologyhascutoutmuchoflife'sdonkeywork,andwehavemorefreedomsthanever:wecanwearwhatwelikeandcommunicatewithhundredsoffriendsatonceattheclickofamouse.Obstaclesareeverywheredisappearing.Fewofuswishtoturntheclockback,butperhapsweneedtoremindourselveshowusefultherightobstaclescanbe.Sometimes,thebestroutetofulfilmentisthepathofmoreresistance.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。Therigorousrequirementsplacedonthewritingofpoetrystimulatethepoet'screativity.Withcreativity,evenold-fashionedinstrumentsmayproducespectacularsoundeffects.Moremoneydoesnotnecessarilybringgreaterhappiness.ItISafalseassumptionthatlessonsshouldbemadeeasiertolearn.Obstaclesdeliberatelyplacedinthecreationofmusiccontributetoitssuccess.Thosewhoenjoytotalfreedommaynotfindthemselveshappy.TedHughesdiscoveredmanylongpoemssubmittedforpoetrycompetitionwerecomposedoncomputers.Maybeweneedtobearinbearinmindthattherightobstacleshelpleadustogreaterachievements.Aninvestigationfoundthatmanyofthesuper-richwerebaffledbytheinfinitechoicestheirmoneymadeavailable.Onefreesocialnetworkingwebsiteturnedouttosuccessfulbecauseitlimitedeachpostingtoonehundredandfortycharacters.46〜50GCHFA 51〜55GDKIJWasteNot,WantNotFeedingthe9Billion:TheTragedyofWasteBy2075,theUnitedNations'mid-rangeprojectionforglobalpopulationisabout9.5billion.Thismeansthattherecouldbeanextrathreebillionmouthstofeedbytheendofthecentury,aperiodinwhichsubstantialchangesareanticipatedinthewealth,calorieintakeanddietarypreferencesofpeopleindevelopingcountriesacrosstheworld.Suchaprojectionpresentsmankindwithwide-rangingsocial,economic,environmentalandpoliticalissuesthatneedtobeaddressedtodaytoensureasustainablefutureforall.Onekeyissueishowtoproducemorefoodinaworldoffiniteresources.Today,weproduceaboutfourbillionmetrictonnesoffoodperyear.Yetduetopoorpracticesinharvesting,storageandtransportation,aswellasmarketandconsumerwastage,itisestimatedthat30-50%ofallfoodproducedneverreachesahumanstomach.Furthermore,thisfiguredoesnotreflectthefactthatlargeamountsofland,energy,fertilisersandwaterhavealsobeenlostintheproductionoffoodstuffswhichsimplyendupaswaste.Thislevelofwastageisatragedythatcannotcontinueifwearetosucceedinthechallengeofsustainablymeetingourfuturefooddemands.IWhereFoodWasteHappensIn2010,theInstitutionofMechanicalEngineersidentifiedthreeprincipalemergingpopulationgroupsacrosstheworld,basedoncharacteristicsassociatedwiththeircurrentandprojectedstageofeconomicdevelopment.Fullydeveloped,mature,post-industrialsocieties,suchasthoseinEurope,characterisedbystableordecliningpopulationswhichareincreasinginage.Late-stagedevelopingnationsthatarecurrentlyindustrialisingrapidly,forexampleChina,whichwillexperiencedecliningratesofpopulationgrowth,coupledwithincreasingaffluence（富裕）andageprofile.Newlydevelopingcountriesthatarebeginningtoindustrialise,primarilyinAfrica,withhightoveryhighpopulationgrowthrates,andcharacterisedbyapredominantlyyoungageprofile.Eachgroupoverthecomingdecadeswillneedtoaddressdifferentissuessurroundingfoodproduction,storageandtransportation,aswellasconsumerexpectations,ifwearetocontinuetofeedallourpeople.Inless-developedcountries,suchasthoseofsub-SaharanAfricaandSouth-EastAsia,wastagetendstooccurprimarilyatthefarmer-producerendofthesupplychain.Inefficientharvesting,inadequatelocaltransportationandpoorinfrastructure（基础设施）meanthatproduceisfrequentlyhandledinappropriatelyandstoredunderunsuitablefarmsiteconditions.Inmature,fullydevelopedcountriessuchastheUK,more-efficientfarmingpracticesandbettertransport,storageandprocessingfacilitiesensurethatalargerproportionofthefoodproducedreachesmarketsandconsumers.However,characteristicsassociatedwithmodernconsumerculturemeanproduceisoftenwastedthroughretailandcustomerbehaviour.Majorsupermarkets,inmeetingconsumerexpectations,willoftenrejectentirecropsofperfectlyediblefruitandvegetablesatthefarmbecausetheydonotmeetexactingmarketingstandardsfortheirphysicalcharacteristics,suchassizeandappearance.Oftheproducethatdoesappearinthesupermarket,commonlyusedsalespromotionsfrequentlyencouragecustomerstopurchaseexcessivequantitieswhich,inthecaseofperishablefoodstuffs,inevitablygeneratewastageinthehome.Overallbetween30%and50%ofwhathasbeenboughtindevelopedcountriesisthrownawaybythepurchaser.BetterUseofOurFiniteResourcesWastingfoodmeanslosingnotonlylife-supportingnutritionbutalsopreciousresources,includingland,waterandenergy.Asaglobalsociety,therefore,tacklingfoodwastewillhelpcontributetowardsaddressinganumberofkeyresourceissues.LandUsage:Overthelastfivedecades,improvedfarmingtechniquesandtechnologieshavehelpedtosignificantlyincreasecropyieldsalongwitha12%expansionoffarmedlanduse.However,afurtherincreaseinfarmingareawithoutimpactingunfavourablyonwhatremainsoftheworld'snaturalecosystemsappearsunlikely.Thechallengeisthatanincreaseinanimal-basedproductionwillrequiremorelandandresources,aslivestock畜）farmingdemandsextensivelanduse.WaterUsage:Overthepastcentury,humanuseoffreshwaterhasincreasedatmorethandoubletherateofpopulationgrowth.Currentlyabout3.8trillionm3ofwaterisusedbyhumansperyear.About70%ofthisisconsumedbytheglobalagriculturesector,andthelevelofusewillcontinuetoriseoverthecomingdecades.Betterirrigationcandramaticallyimprovecropyieldandabout40%oftheworld'sfoodsupplyiscurrentlyderivedfromirrigatedland.However,waterusedinirrigationisoftensourcedunsustainably.Inprocessingfoodsaftertheagriculturalstage,therearelargeadditionalusesofwaterthatneedtobetackledinaworldofgrowingdemand.Thisisparticularlycrucialinthecaseofmeatproduction,wherebeefusesabout50timesmorewaterthanvegetables.Inthefuture,moreeffectivewashingtechniques,managementprocedures,andrecyclingandpurificationofwaterwillbeneededtoreducewastage.EnergyUsage:Energyisanessentialresourceacrosstheentirefoodproductioncycle,withestimatesshowinganaverageof7-10caloriesofinputbeingrequiredintheproductionofonecalorieoffood.Thisvariesdramaticallydependingoncrop,fromthreecaloriesforplantcropsto35caloriesintheproductionofbeef.Sincemuchofthisenergycomesfromtheutilisationoffossilfuels,wastageoffoodpotentiallycontributestounnecessaryglobalwarmingaswellasinefficientresourceutilisation.Inthemodemindustrialisedagriculturalprocess—whichdevelopingnationsaremovingtowardsinordertoincreasefutureyields—energyusageinthemakingandapplicationoffertilisersandpesticidesrepresentsthesinglebiggestcomponent.Wheatproductiontakes50%ofitsenergyinputforthesetwoitemsalone.Indeed,onaglobalscale,fertilisermanufacturingconsumesabout3-5%oftheworld'sannualnaturalgassupply.Withproductionanticipatedtoincreaseby25%betweennowand2030,sustainableenergysourcingwillbecomeanincreasinglymajorissue.Energytopowermachinery,bothonthefarmandinthestorageandprocessingfacilities,addstotheenergytotal,whichcurrentlyrepresentsabout3.1%ofannualglobalenergyconsumption.RecommendationsRisingpopulationcombinedwithimprovednutritionstandardsandshiftingdietarypreferenceswillexertpressureforincreasesinglobalfoodsupply.Engineers,scientistsandagriculturalistshavetheknowledge,toolsandsystemsthatwillassistinachievingproductivityincreases.However,pressurewillgrowonfiniteresourcesofland,energyandwater.Thepotentialtoprovide60-100%morefoodbysimplyeliminatinglosses,whilesimultaneouslyfreeingupland,energyandwaterresourcesforotheruses,isanopportunitythatshouldnotbeignored.Inordertobegintacklingthechallenge,theInstitutionrecommendsthat:,TheUNFoodandAgricultureOrganisationworkwiththeinternationalengineeringcommunitytoensuregovernmentsofdevelopednationsputinplaceprogrammesthattransferengineeringknowledge,designknow-how,andsuitabletechnologytonewlydevelopingcountries.Thiswillhelpimproveproducehandlingintheharvest,andimmediatepost-harveststagesoffoodproduction.,Governmentsofrapidlydevelopingcountriesincorporatewasteminimisationthinkingintothetransportinfrastructureandstoragefacilitiescurrentlybeingplanned,engineeredandbuilt.,Governmentsindevelopednationsdeviseandimplementpolicythatchangesconsumerexpectations.Theseshoulddiscourageretailersfromwastefulpracticesthatleadtotherejectionoffoodonthebasisofcosmeticcharacteristics,andlossesinthehomeduetoexcessivepurchasingbyconsumers.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。Eliminationofwastealonecanpotentiallyprovideoversixtypercentmorefoodforthegrowingworldpopulation.Theproductionandapplicationoffertilisersandpesticidesaccountforthelargestpartofenergyuseinthemodernindustrialisedagriculturalprocess.Consumersindevelopedcountriesthrowawaynearlyhalfoftheirfoodpurchasesbecausetheytendtobuyinexcessivequantities.Itisrecommendedthatengineeringknowledgeandsuitabletechnologyindevelopedcountriesbeintroducedtodevelopingcountriestoimproveproducehandlingintheharvest.Thepredictedglobalpopulationgrowthmeansthatwayshavetobefoundtoproducemorefoodwithfiniteresources.Afurtherexpansionoffarmingareawilladverselyimpactontheworld'snaturalecosystems.Perfectlyeatablefruitandvegetablecropsoftenfailtoreachsupermarketsduetotheirsizeorphysicalappearance.Poorpracticesinharvesting,storageandtransportationhaveresultedinawasteofmuchofthefoodweproduceandthusawasteoflandandresources.Foodwasteinless-developedcountrieshappensmainlyattheproducers'end.Beefconsumesfarmorewatertoproducethanvegetables.46~50ONHOA51~55JGBELlessonsfromaFeministParadiseOnthesurface,Swedenappearstobeafeministparadise.LookatanyglobalsurveyofgenderequalityandSwedenwillbenearthetop.Family-friendlypoliciesareitsnorm-with16monthsofpaidparentalleave,specialprotectionsforpart-timeworkers,andstate-subsidizedpreschoolswhere,accordingtoagovernmentwebsite,"gender-awarenesseducationisincreasinglycommon."duetoanunfficialquotasystem,womenhold45percentofpositionsintheswedishparliament.theyhaveenjoyedtheprotectionofgovernmentagencieswithtitlesliketheMinistryofIntegrationandGenderEqualityandtheSecretariatofGenderResearch.SowhyareAmericanwomensofaraheadoftheirSwedishcounterpartsinbreakingthroughtheglassceiling?ina2012report,theWorldEconomicForumfoundthatwhenitcomestoclosingthegendergapin"econmicparticipationandopportunity,"theUnitedStatesisaheadofnotonlySwedenbutalsoFinland,Denmark,theNetherlands,Iceland,Germany,andtheUnitedKingdom.Sweden'srankinthereportcanlargelybeexplainedbyitspoliticalquotasystem.ThoughtheUnitedStat