《基础医学英语》教学大纲

《基础医学美语》

教学大纲

（供英文班临床麻醉影像专业使用）

锦州医科大学•教务处

二O一六年六月

《基础医学英语》教学大纲

适用专业：英文班临床麻醉影像

总学时：28理论学时：28实践学时：0

一、课程的性质和任务

本课程为锦州医科大学医学各专业大学三年级的考查课。本课程的任务是使学生通过对专业英

语的学习，通过精读和泛读一定数量的医学性科普文章，熟练掌握一定的医学专业词汇和医务人员

的日常生活会话及扩大认知量，为阅读英文医学期刊、药品说明书、各种证明、病历等医院日常业

务所涉及的英文书籍打下基础，培养学生运用专业英语的能力，侧重培养学生的阅读能力，同时为

提高阅读速度和质量，为学生进一步学习和运用专业英语打好基础，以达到培养应用型人才的教学

目的。

二、相关课程的衔接

本课程为非英语专业的考查课，是在已经学习了大学英语，即：新视野英语第一4册或全新主

题第卜4册之后所开设的课程。

三、教学的基本要求

能够读懂医学性科普文章，熟练掌握一定的医学专业词汇和医务人员的日常生活会话及扩大认

知量，为阅读英文医学期刊、药品说明书、各种证明、病历等医院日常业务所涉及的英文书籍打下

基础。

四、学时分配（理论）

章节教学内容学时

UnitlHolism3

Unit2TheMusculoskeletalSystem3

Unit3TheNervousSystem3

TranslationMedicalEnglishTranslation3

Reviewand2

Testing

Unit5TheRespiratorySystem3

Unitl1CloningandGenes3

Unitl4Microbiology3

WritingMedicalEnglishWriting3

Reviewand2

Testing

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合计28

五、课程考核

课程考试方式为考查。综合形成性评估和终结性评估考核结果，最终报告分数计算公式为：最

终报告分数=平时（50%）+期末（50%）

（填写要求：说明本课程所采用的考核方法，如闭卷、开卷，论文或设计等，如并用多种方法

请说明分数分配的百分比例。）

六、教材及主要参考书

（一）教科书

[1]郝长江等著.《基础医学英语》全一册.青岛：中国海洋大学出版社，2008.07

（-）参考书

电子课件、课文mp3文件及其它院校网络链接内容。

链接地址：/?cat=107

七、教学内容（理论）

Unit1Holism整体医学

【教学内容】

PartATerminology术语用法

Exercises

PartBTextAHolisticMedicine

Warm-up

Groupdiscussion

【教学基本要求】

PartATerminology

PrefixanditsMeaning：前缀含义

PrefixMeaningExamples

[Quality]mal-ill,bad,poorMalnutrition;maladjustment

e.g."AccordingtotraditionalChinesemedicaltheory,diseasesarecausedbythe

maladjustmentoftheqi,andofbloodcirculation."

根据传统中医理论,疾病的产生常是气和血的循环失调所致。

e.g.

Theweakeningofsocialorganizations,themaladjustmentofchildren,andfinally,crime,had

resulted.

使社会组织削弱,孩子心理失调，最后，造成更多的人犯罪。

PrefixMeaningExamples

[Quantity]hypo-deficientHypocalcemia,hypothyroid

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e.g.AbsorptionofHFmaycausehypocalcemiaduetoHFsfixationofbloodcalcium.

Hyperkalemiamayoccurifseverehypocalcemiaappears.

hf的吸收会由于hf对血钙固定导致低血钙症。如果出现严重的低血钙症,就会发生血钾

过多。

e.g.Significantfluorideexposurevialargeburns,inhalation,oringestionwillrequire

observationforhypocalcemia.

大面积烧伤、吸入或摄入导致的严重氟化物暴露要求观察是否造成了血钙过少。

PrefixMeaningExamples

[position]Retro-Behind,backwardRetroversion，retrusion

e.g.mandibularretrusion

下颌后缩

e.g.Theyfounddentalretrusioninaotherwisebalancedmaleskeletalpatternandthe

maxillarydeficientprofileinaotherwisebalancedfemaleskeletalpatterntobeasattractive

asthebimaxillaryprotrusivestimulusface.

结论本研究有利于中外正畸医师在治疗中国患者时有所依据，以达到医患均满意的治疗

效果。

PrefixMeaningExamples

[type]auto-selfautologous

e.g.Currentprostheticalternativestoautologousvascularbypassgraftsremainpoorinterms

ofpatencyandinfectionrisk.

然而就自体血管旁路移植术而言，由于移植后开放性感染的发生率较高，所以当前可供选

择的替代移植物种类较少。

e.g.Askyourphysicianifnewertendinopathytreatmentssuchasshockwavetherapy,

autologousbloodinjectionsornitroglycerinpatchesarerightforyou.

向你的医生咨询如果新的治疗腱子病变衰退症的方法比如超声波疗法，自体移植式血液

注射疗法或者是硝化甘油片疗法是否适合你。

PartB

TextAHolisticMedicine

Warm-up：Backgroundknowledge背景知识

[1]美国整体医学组织

/

AHMA(AmericanHolisticMedicineAssociation)

HistoryoftheAHMA

TheAHMAwasfoundedin1978tounitelicensedphysicianswhopracticeholisticmedicine.Itisone

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oftheoldestholisticmedicineorganizationsofitskind,andmanyoftoday'snationalleadersinholistic

medicinegottheirstartasmembersoftheAHMA.SinceitsfirstmeetinginDenver,Colorado,theAHMA

hascontinuedtostrivetowardcreatingfellowshipandcollaborationamongpractitionersandthosethey

workwith-bringinganunderstandingofhowthemind,thebodyandthespiritallhaveaparttoplayin

healing.

12J英国整体医学组织

/

BHMA(BritishHolisticMedicalAssociation)

2.1介绍英国整体医学的主要网站

TheBravewellCollaborativeisagroupofphilanthropistswhoaresupportingintegrativemedicinein

Americanhealthcareinsuchareasaspreventivemedicine,patientempowerment,nutrition,

complementarymodalitiesandmedicaltrainingcumculumenhancement.

.uk

PrinceCharlesfoundationforintegratedmedicinewithanewrevitalisedlook.

/

Aholistichealthcommunityofindividualpractitioners,healthcentres,spasandretreats,training

providers,stores,suppliers,professionalorganisations,media,students,andanyotherindividualsor

organisationswithanactiveinterestinholistichealthandliving.

AUKwebsitethatlistsallholisticpractitionerswiththepurposeofpromotingholisticidealsand

linkingupwithotherlike-mindedsouls.

AUSAbasedorganisationthatpromotesinnovativemodelsofhealthcarethatfocusonhealingand

nurturingbody,mindandspirit,andhasamorehumanisticapproach

Generalmedical

2.2介绍英国两所开设整体医学专业的学院

A:SwanseaCollegeHolisticTherapyDiplomaLevel3

授予学位：专业资格证书

课程长度:3个月-1年

学习模式：全日制

课程介绍：

AoneyearfulltimecourseprovidingacomprehensivestudyinAromatherapy,Reflexologyand

SwedishMassage.Studentswillalsoachievealevel3DiplomainBusinessEssentialsforaTherapistand

KeySkillsunits.Studentswillstudyaromatherapy,reflexology,Swedishmassage,anatomyand

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physiology,healthandsafety/legislation,interpersonalskillsandBritishFirstAid.AdditionalUnits

include:IndianHeadMassage,Diet&Nutrition.

录取要求：Acoursefor16-18yearolds.Normally5GCSEsgradeCorabove.

开学日期Sep/09-Tobeconfirmed

B:HolisticTherapyforInternationalStudentsDiploma(IIHHT)

ColegGianHafren

CardiffCollegeInternationalHolisticTherapyforInternationalStudentsDiploma(IIHHT)

授予学位：专业资格证书

授予机构：InternationalInstituteofHealth&HolisticTherapies

课程长度:3个月-1年

学习模式：全日制

课程介绍：

Studentscarryoutpracticaltraininginthemodernbeautyclinic,whichallowsthemtoworkwith

clientsandmodels.Thecourseincludes:*Aromatherapy*BodyMassage,Reflexology*ZoneTherapy*

AnatomyandPhysiology*BusinessStudiesandLegislation*Nutrition

录取要求：Mature,caringandprofessionalattitudeandagoodstandardofEnglish

开学日期Sep/09-Fulltime

[31加拿大伯纳比整体医学专业学院(PCUCollegeofHolisticMedicine)

该整体医学的主要目的是为学院的一个多文化，国内和国际社会，提供接受职业教育，培训和

整体医学临床治疗。学院的主要目标是：

1、为了扩大互补性和替代性保健计划阵列，成为加拿大最重要的整体医学院校。

2、为了保持我们的教学质量最高水平。

3、多样化和扩大我们的学生人数。

4、为了提高公众意识/有助于加拿大的医疗制度。

KnowledgeaboutHolisticMedicine整体医学的相关知识

ThePrinciplesofHolisticMedicine

OptimalHealthistheprimarygoalofholisticmedicalpractice.

Itistheconsciouspursuitofthehighestleveloffunctioningandbalanceofthephysical,

environmental,mental,emotional,socialandspiritualaspectsofhumanexperience,resultinginadynamic

stateofbeingfullyalive.Thiscreatesaconditionofwell-beingregardlessofthepresenceorabsenceof

disease.

TheHealingPowerofLove.

Holistichealthcarepractitionersstrivetomeetthepatientwithgrace,kindness,acceptance,andspirit

withoutcondition,asloveislife'smostpowerfulhealer.

WholePerson.Holistichealthcarepractitionersviewpeopleastheunityofbody,mind,spiritandthe

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systemsinwhichtheylive.

PreventionandTreatment.

Holistichealthcarepractitionerspromotehealth,preventillnessandhelpraiseawarenessofdis-ease

inourlivesratherthanmerelymanagingsymptoms.Aholisticapproachrelievessymptoms,modifies

contributingfactors,andenhancesthepatient'slifesystemtooptimizefuturewell-being.

InnateHealingPower.

Allpeoplehaveinnatepowersofhealingintheirbodies,mindsandspirits.Holistichealthcare

practitionersevokeandhelppatientsutilizethesepowerstoaffectthehealingprocess.

IntegrationofHealingSystems.

Holistichealthcarepractitionersembracealifetimeoflearningaboutallsafeandeffectiveoptionsin

diagnosisandtreatment.Theseoptionscomefromavarietyoftraditions,andareselectedinordertobest

meettheuniqueneedsofthepatient.Therealmofchoicesmayincludelifestylemodificationand

complementaryapproachesaswellasconventionaldrugsandsurgery.

Relationship-centeredCare.

Theidealpractitioner-patientrelationshipisapartnershipwhichencouragespatientautonomy,and

valuestheneedsandinsightsofbothparties.Thequalityofthisrelationshipisanessentialcontributorto

thehealingprocess.

Individuality.

Holistichealthcarepractitionersfocuspatientcareontheuniqueneedsandnatureofthepersonwho

hasanillnessratherthantheillnessthathastheperson.

TeachingbyExample.

Holistichealthcarepractitionerscontinuallyworktowardthepersonalincorporationoftheprinciples

ofholistichealth,whichthenprofoundlyinfluencethequalityofthehealingrelationship.

LearningOpportunities.

Alllifeexperiencesincludingbirth,joy,sufferingandthedyingprocessareprofoundlearning

opportunitiesforbothpatientsandhealthcarepractitioners.

AnovelrelatedtoHolisticMedicine

AbouttheAuthor:

C.Bailey-Lloyd/LadyCamelotisthePublicRelationsDirector&WriterforHolisticJunction

HolisticMedicineinvolvesnaturaltreatmentoptionslikeholisticnutrition,herbology,environmental

medicine,energywork,mind-bodymedicine,anatomy,andmanyotherholisticmedicinepractices.

Holisticmedicineallowsanindividualtobetreatednaturallyandestablishesapositivebalance

betweenbody,mindandspirit.Holisitcmedicineencouragesself-healing.Holisticmedicinepromotes

detoxificationbyutilizingcleansingherbs.Holisticmedicinealsoteachesnutritionalguidelinesthat

enhancesproperdietandlongevity.Furthermore,holisticmedicinemeansutilizingrecommendedvitamins,

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mineralsandothernutritionalsupplementstomakeone'sbodyfunctionmoreeffectively.

Holisticmedicineencompassespreventativeandmaintenanceprograms.Butitalsoenablesusto

learnalternativehealingmethodslikeYoga,Reiki,TaiChi,acupressure,acupuncture,herbalandplant

remediesandsomuchmore.Therearewellover100medicalconditionslikecancer,migraines,chronic

fatiguesyndromeandmanyothersthatcanbehelpedwithholisticmedicinetoday.

Inmodernsociety,therearecountlessadvantagestoholisticmedicine.Ifyouorsomeoneyouknow

isinterestedinlearningaboutthebenefitsofholisticmedicineorwouldliketocontactaholisticmedicine

practitioner,HolisticJunctionhasadirectorylistingofmany,professionalholisticmedicinespecialists.

Simplygoto"Directories,*'clickonBusinessDirectoriesandwe'llhelpyoufindoneclosetoyou.

Groupdiscussion：

What'syourideaofhealth?

Whatdoyouknowaboutholistichealth?

（注明了解、熟悉、掌握的知识点）

【重点与难点】

Graspofmedicalvocabularies掌握医学专业词汇

Keywordsinthevocabulary:

Hypnosis[hip^ausis]n.催眠状态

例句

Thetheoryorpracticeofinducinghypnosis.

催眠术引导睡眠的理论及实践

holistic[hou'listik]adj.整体的，全盘的

例句：

Holisticmedicine;holisticecology.

全身治疗的药物；注重整体的生态学

encompass[in'kAmpasJvt,围绕（包围,拥有,完成）

例句：

Encompassingonallsides;surrounding.

围绕的围住每一边的；包围的

Theprisonisencompassedbyhighwalls.

监狱被高墙围绕着。

Thegeneralartscourseattheuniversityencompassesawiderangeof

subjects.

大学文科包括的科目非常广泛。

complication[kompli'keijon;kompls'keijan]n.复杂，并发症，纠纷

例句

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Ihaveenoughcomplicationinmylife.

我生活里的麻烦已经够多了。

Afurthercomplicationwashisrefusaltotravelbyair.

更麻烦的是他不肯坐飞机旅行。

Complicationssetin,andthepatientdied.

病人因出现并发症而死亡。

modality［msu'dasliti;mou'd田Ei］n.样式，形式，形态

［医学］药征［生理学］感觉

Therearetwomodelsofmulti-modalitytreatmentforadvancedcancer:

westernmedicinemulti-modalityandtraditionalChinesemedicine

multi-modality.晚期癌症综合治疗的模式可以分为以化疗为主的西医综

合治疗模式和以中医药为主的中医药综合治疗模式。

optimal[^ptomal]adj,最佳的,最理想的

例句:Theergonomicsofthenewofficewerefelttobeoptimal.

新办公室工效设计因素感觉十分理想

intravenous['intrSvi:n3S；intrs'vimss]adj.静脉的，静脉注射的

ClinicalEfficacyofIntravenousDripinSmallTransfusionBottleReplacing

IntravenousInjection小密封瓶滴注替代静脉推注给药效果观察

rehabilitation[ri:habili,teijan;ri:habib'teij'9n]n.复原

例句:Thestudy,theory,andpracticeofprisonmanagementandcriminal

rehabilitation.刑狱学一种对刑罚典狱和监狱管理的研究、实践和理论

hygiene[*haidsi：n]n.卫生（学）

例句:Peopleshouldwashregularlytoensurepersonalhygiene.人们应经常洗

澡以保证个人卫生。

Intheinterestsofhygiene,pleasedonotsmokeintheshop.为健康着想，请不

要在本店吸烟。

equilibrium[i:kwi'libriom;i:kwSlibriam]n.平衡，均衡

例句:TheequilibriumofforcemustbeestablishedinEurope.必须确立欧洲

的均势。

Aninfluenceorforcetendingtoproduceequilibrium;counterpoise.平衡力趋

向于产生平衡的影响或力量；平衡、均衡

Unit2TheMusculoskeletalSystem骨骼肌系统

【教学内容】

PartATerminology术语

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Exercises

PartB

TextA

Warm-up

Groupdiscussion

Whatisthemusculoskeletalsystemcomposedof?

Whatarethefunctionsofthemusculoskeletalsystem?

【教学基本要求】

PartATerminology

Stems/AffixesanditsMeaning前缀含义

Stems/affixesMeaningExamples

arthr(o)-j=joint(articulation)arthritis

E.g.Myleftkneeactsupindampweather.Herarthritisisactingupagain.

我的左膝一到阴湿天气就犯病。她的关节炎又犯了。

E.g.Thetreatmentofcertaindiseases,especiallyrheumatoidarthritis,withgoldcompounds.

金疗法用金的化合物治疗某些疾病，如风湿性关节炎。

E.g.Shewasplaguedwitharthritis.她患关节炎十分痛苦。

brachi(o)-armbrachium

E.g.brachium:Thepartoftheupperarmorfbrelimbextendingfromtheshouldertothe

elbow.肱,上臂:从肩至肘之间的上臂部分或前肢。

cervic(o)-necknervical

E.g.Applicationofthecervicalbackmuscletrainerinthecervicalbackmuscleexercise

项背肌功能锻炼颈椎康复器的临床应用

E.g.Function:Tightenesunwantedcervicalflesh,increasescervicalelasticity,promotes

lymphaticmetabolismandeliminatesredundantfat.

功效:收紧颈部多余赘肉，增强颈部韧性,促进淋巴代谢，排除多余脂肪。

crani(o)-skullcranial

E.g.Craniosynostosisisthetermthatdesignatesprematurefusionofoneormorecranial

suturesthatcausesseverecranialdeformities.

颅缝早闭症是指单一或多个颅缝过早闭合所引起的影响大脑发育和功能的严重先天性

疾病。

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E.g.Cranialnervetutorial.Fundamentalinformationaboutthecranialnerves.

大脑神经导弘脑神经的基本资讯。

femorfemurfemoral

E.g.X-rayfilmofherrighthipshowedevidenceofasubcapitalcomminutedfractureofthe

femoralneckwithdisplacement.Aninternalprostheticreplacementofthefemoralheadwas

advised.Afterapplicationoftractionandpropermedication,herconditions

x线片显示右股骨头下部粉碎性骨折兼移位。建议行人工股骨头内修复置换术。经用药

物及牵引治疗后症状减轻。

E.g.X-rayfilmofherrighthipshowedevidenceofasubcapitalcomminutedfractureofthe

femoralneckwithdisplacement.Aninternalprostheticreplacementofthefemoralheadwas

advised.

X线片显示右股骨头下部粉碎性骨折兼移位。建议行人工股骨头内修复置换术。

fibr(o)-fiberfibrous

E.g.fibrous,membranous,orfattysheaththatenclosesanorganorpart,suchasthesac

surroundingthekidneyorthefibroustissuesthatsurroundajoint.

被膜，囊似纤维的，呈膜状或含很多脂肪的套，内包有一个器官或部位，如包裹着肾的囊或

包裹着一个关节的纤维状组织

E.g.Conclusion:Theosteo-fibrousapertures,osteo-fibrouscanalandthetendinous

decussatingfibersofthenuchalmusclespassedthroughbycervicaldorsalramimightbethe

anatomicbasisofthecervicaldorsalramicompressionsyndrome.

结论:颈神经后支穿行的骨纤维孔、纤维管及项部肌肉的腱性交叉纤维是造成颈神经后

支卡压的解剖学基础。

kyph(o)-humpbackkyphosis

E.g.characteristicoforsufferingfromkyphosis.

具有驼背的特点或者患有驼背症。

E.g.A16-year-oldmalewithScheuermannkyphosisofupto45degreesinvolvingthelevels

fromT10toL3underwentspinecorrectionoperation.

本篇报告一位16岁男性脊柱后突患者，胸椎第十一节至腰椎第三节角度高达45度。

lumb(o)-loin(lowerback)lumbar

E.g.Themaininjuredpartsincludedprolapseoflumbarintervertebral,musclesofwaistand

backmyofascitis,epiphysitisoflumbarspine,malpositionoflumbarspineandlumbar

musclestrain.

结果表明:97.5%的运动员患有腰部损伤,100%的运动员表示有过不同程度的腰部疼痛；

发病率前5位的损伤部位是腰椎间盘突出、腰椎峡部裂、棘突偏歪、腰椎错位和腰肌劳

损;损伤多发生在重要赛事前准备期。

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E.g.Results6casesliedinspinlcanalbetweenthirdandfourthlumbar,29casesliedin

spinalcanalbetweenfourthandfifthlumbar,15casesliedbetweenfifthlumbarandfirst

sacrum.

结果椎管狭窄位于13,4平面6例,14,5水平者29例，位于15,si平面者15例。

E.g.Thecausesofsciaticainclude:prolapsedlumbarintervertebraldisc;spinalcanalstenosis

ofthelumbarvertebraandlumbarhyperosteogeny.

是指位于下腰部的坐骨神经，受到外力的压迫而产生后下腰部疼痛并反射到病侧下肢的

情形。

pelv(i)pelvic(cavity)pelvic

E.g.Bothpelvicandthoracicslingrestraintsareused.

用吊带约束瓢部和胸部。

E.g.Deformitiesofthepelvicgirdleinfemalesmayleadtodifficultiesinchild-birthmany

yearslater.

妇女骨盆带变形,在以后分娩时会产生困难。

tendin(o)tendontendonitis

e.g."Hargreaveswon'tbeplayingatallonthetour,"saidFerguson."It'sjusttendonitis.It*s

becominganiiTitantratherthanabigproblem.

随着离新赛季开幕还有不到两周时间，以及保罗斯科尔斯也在受伤病困扰,弗格森爵士将

会尽力让他的新弟子恢复健康。

e.g.Youcangettendonitis.你会得肌腱炎的

-trophygrowthhypertrophy

E.g.Certainothercardiovasculardisorderscauserightventricularhypertrophy.

某些其他心血管病，导致右心室肥大。

E.g.Hypertrophyalsoallowstheabnormallyhighpressuretobedevelopedbyagreater

numberofmyofibrils.肥厚也可使大量肌纤维产生异常高的压力。

E.g.hypertrophyofcertainbodyparts(usuallylegsandscrotum);theendstateofthedisease

filariasis.身体的某个部分(腿或阴囊)过于肥大。

Exercises

IGivethemeaningforthefollowingaffixesorstemsandprovideoneexampleforeach.

IIChoosethedefinitionfromColumnBthatbestmatchesthestemoraffixinColumnA.

IllTranslatethefollowingwordsandphrasesintoEnglish.

【重点与难点】

1)Graspofmedicalvocabularies:

★subjectto易受...影响的,屈服于...的,让步于...

例句：

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Peasantsusedtobesubjecttothelocallandowner.农民过去受地主的压迫。

Trainsaresubjecttodelay（s）aftertheheavysnowfalls.一下大雪火车就往往误点。

Wearesubjecttomanyinfluences.我们都受著多方的影响。

★withregardto关于,至于

例句：

Apersonconsideredwithregardtohisorhercreditorreliabilityindischargingdebts.W良好信用的

人，有支付能力的人被认为是在还债方面守信或可靠的人

Ihavenothingtosaywithregardtoyourcomplaints.对於你的投诉，我无可奉告。

Doyouhaveallyouneed?你所需的设备都有了吗？

★accountforvt.（在数量方面）占，说明（原因等），对...负责

例句：

Pleaseaccountforyourdisgracefulconduct.对你的可耻行为请作解释。

Hehasbeenaskedtoaccountforhisconduct.他被要求解释他的行为。

Hellhavetoaccountforwhereeverycentgoes.他得说明所花掉的每一分钱的用途。

★experiencen.经历，经验;vt.经历，体验

例句：

ItwasthemosteducationalexperienceIhadeverhad.这是我有过的教育意义最大的一次经历。

Welearnfromthepast,experiencethepresentandhopeforsuccessinthefuture.我们从过去中学

习，体验现在，展望未来的成功。

Iknowfrommyownexperiencehowdifficulttheworkcanbe.从我自己的经验我明白这项工作会

有多难。

★occupy['okjupai]vt.占领，占用,占据，使忙碌,使从事

例句：

Hertimeisfullyoccupiedwithherthreechildren.她的时间全部用在她的三个孩子身上了。

Howdoesheoccupyhimselfnowhe*sretired?他既已退休，那如何打发日子呢？

Thestrikingofficeworkershaveoccupiedthewholebuilding.罢工的办公室人员占据了整座建筑

物。

★transmitvt.传输，传送，代代相传，传达;vi.（以无线电或有线电的方式）发送信号

例句

TheWorldCupfinalisbeingtransmittedlivetooverfiftycountries.世界杯决赛现在正向五十多个

国家现场转播。

Thetensionsoontransmitteditselftoallthemembersofthecrowd.这种紧张情绪很快感染了人群

中所有的人。

Thisinfectionistransmittedbymosquitoes.这种传染病是由蚊子传染的。

★inresponseto回答，响应

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例句：

Inresponsetoyourinquiry...兹答覆您的询问...

Inresponsetotheirhospitality,wewroteathank-younote.为回报他们的热情，我们写了一封感谢

信。

Athindisk,especiallyinamicrophoneortelephonereceiver,thatvibratesinresponsetosoundwaves

toproduceelectricsignals,orthatvibratesinresponsetoelectricsignalstoproducesoundwaves.膜片，振

动板一种薄的圆盘（尤其是在麦克风和电话收话器里那种）响应声波振动产生信号或者响应电信号振

动产生声波

★coordinates同等的人物;（色调，图案，样式等）配套服装;adj.同等的，等位的,（大学）男女分

院制的;v.协调，整合，使一致;［计算机］坐标

例句：

Incomputergraphics,toenlargeorreduceallorpartofadisplayimagebymultiplyingtheir

coordinatebyconstantvalues.在计算机图形学中，以常数值乘以图象的坐标来放大或缩小全部或部分

显示图象。

Ananchorcoordinateanewscastinwhichseveralcorrespondentgivereport.新闻节目主播在新闻节

目中综合整理若干记者的报导。

Thisisacoordinateclause.这是一个并列子句。

★attachv.附上，系上，贴上，使依恋

例句：

Thismiddleschoolisattachedtoateachers1college.这所中学附属于一所师范院校。

Heattachedalabeltohisbaggage.他往行李上贴了一个标签。

Wearemuchattachedtoeachother.我们之间感情深厚。

★boundn.跳跃，界限，范围;adj.必定的，受约束的，装订的，有义务的;vt.跳跃前进，形

成界限

例句：

Idon'tlikebeingdesk-bound（eginanoffice）allday.我不喜欢整天拴在办公桌旁（如在办公室里）.

Withonebound,hewasoverthewall.他纵身一跃就跳过了墙。

Thedogboundeddownthehill.狗跳跃着朝山下跑去。

2）Knowledgeaboutthemusculoskeletalsystem

2.1usefulwebsites

http://www.hse.gov.uk/msd/index,htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_musculoskeletal_system

2.2.Humanmusculoskeletalsystem

Musculoskeletalsystem（alsoknownasthelocomotorsystem）isanorgansystemthatgivesanimals

（includinghumans）theabilitytomoveusingthemuscularandskeletalsystems.Themusculoskeletal

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systemprovidesform,support,stability,andmovementtothebody.

Itismadeupofthebody'sbones(theskeleton),muscles,cartilage,[l]tendons,ligaments,joints,and

otherconnectivetissue(thetissuethatsupportsandbindstissuesandorganstogether).The

musculoskeletalsystem'sprimaryfunctionsincludesupportingthebody,allowingmotion,andprotecting

vitalorgans.[2]Theskeletalportionofthesystemservesasthemainstoragesystemforcalciumand

phosphorusandcontainscriticalcomponentsofthehematopoieticsystem.[3]

Thissystemdescribeshowbonesareconnectedtootherbonesandmusclefibersviaconnectivetissue

suchastendonsandligaments.Thebonesprovidethestabilitytoabodyinanalogytoironrodsinconcrete

construction.Muscleskeepbonesinplaceandalsoplayaroleinmovementofthebones.Toallowmotion,

differentbonesareconnectedbyjoints.Cartilagepreventstheboneendsfromrubbingdirectlyontoeach

other.Musclescontract(bunchup)tomovetheboneattachedatthejoint.

Thereare,however,diseasesanddisordersthatmayadverselyaffectthefunctionandoverall

effectivenessofthesystem.Thesediseasescanbedifficulttodiagnoseduetothecloserelationofthe

musculoskeletalsystemtootherinternalsystems.Themusculoskeletalsystemreferstothesystemhaving

itsmusclesattachedtoaninternalskeletalsystemandisnecessaryforhumanstomovetoamore

favorableposition.Complexissuesandinjuriesinvolvingthemusculoskeletalsystemareusuallyhandled

byanorthopaedicsurgeon.

l.AMeSHMusculoskeletal+System

2.AMooar,Pekka(2007).''Introduction1,.MerckManual.

/mmhe/sec05/ch058/ch058a.html.Retrieved2008-11-12.

3.八abKahn,Cynthia;ScottLine(2008).MusculoskeletalSystemIntroduction:Introduction.NJ,

USA:Merck&Co.,Inc../mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/90100.htm.

2.3Diseasesanddisorders

Becausemanyotherbodysystems,includingthevascular,nervous,andintegumentarysystems,are

interrelated,disordersofoneofthesesystemsmayalsoaffectthemusculoskeletalsystemandcomplicate

thediagnosisofthedisorder'sorigin.Diseasesofthemusculoskeletalsystemmostlyencompassfunctional

disordersormotiondiscrepancies;thelevelofimpairmentdependsspecificallyontheproblemandits

severity.Articular(oforpertainingtothejoints)[l]disordersarethemostcommon.However,alsoamong

thediagnosesare:primarymusculardiseases,neurologic(relatedtothemedicalsciencethatdealswiththe

nervoussystemanddisordersaffectingit)12Jdeficits,toxins,endocrineabnormalities,metabolicdisorders,

infectiousdiseases,bloodandvasculardisorders,andnutritionalimbalances.Disordersofmusclesfrom

anotherbodysystemcanbringaboutirregularitiessuchas:impairmentofocularmotionandcontrol,

respiratorydysfunction,andbladdermalfunct