首都经济贸易大学外国语学院《912英语语言文学综合》历年考研真题及详解

目录

2013年首都经济贸易大学912英语语言文学综合考研真题及详解

2014年首都经济贸易大学912英语语言文学综合考研真题及详解

2015年首都经济贸易大学912英语语言文学综合考研真题及详解

2013年首都经济贸易大学912英语

语言文学综合考研真题及详解

Ⅰ.ExplainthefollowingtermsinEnglish(15)

1.acronyms

【答案】Acronymismadeupfromthefirstlettersofthenameofan

organization,whichhasaheavilymodifiedheadword,e.g.NATO,UNESCO.

Acronymsareatypeofwordformationprocess,andtheyareviewedasa

subtypeofblending.Acronymsareusedmostoftentoabbreviatenamesof

organizationsandlongorfrequentlyreferencedterms.Thearmedforcesand

governmentagenciesfrequentlyemployacronyms.Businessandindustry

alsoareprolificcoinersofacronyms.Therapidadvanceofscienceand

technologyinrecentcenturiesseemstobeanunderlyingforcedrivingthe

usage,asnewinventionsandconceptswithmultiwordnamescreatea

demandforshorter,moremanageablenames.Besides,Acronymusehasbeen

furtherpopularizedbytextmessagingonmobilephoneswithShortMessage

Systems.

2.componentialanalysis

【答案】Componentialanalysis,alsocalledfeatureanalysisorcontrast

analysis,istheanalysisofwordsthroughstructuredsetsofsemanticfeatures,

whicharegivenas“present”,“absent”or“indifferentwithreferenceto

feature”.Themethodthusdepartsfromtheprincipleofcompositionality.

Componentialanalysisisamethodtypicalofstructuralsemanticswhich

analyzesthecomponentsofaword’smeaning.Thus,itrevealstheculturally

importantfeaturesbywhichspeakersofthelanguagedistinguishdifferent

wordsinasemanticfieldordomain.Thisisahighlyvaluableapproachto

learninganotherlanguageandunderstandingaspecificsemanticdomainof

Ethnography.

3.overgeneralization

【答案】Overgeneralization,alsocalledhastygeneralization,isan

informalfallacyoffaultygeneralizationbyreachinganinductive

generalizationbasedoninsufficientevidence—essentiallymakingarushed

conclusionwithoutconsideringallofthevariables.Inlinguistics,

overgeneralizationistheapplicationofagrammaticalruleincaseswhereit

doesn’tapply.Thetermovergeneralizationismostoftenusedinconnection

withlanguageacquisitionbychildren.Forexample,ayoungchildmaysay

“foots”insteadof“feet,”overgeneralizingthemorphologicalruleformaking

pluralnouns.Overgeneralizationisdefinedastheuseofpreviouslyavailable

strategiesinnewsituations.Insecondlanguagelearningsomeofthese

strategiesprovehelpfulinorganizingthefactsaboutthesecondlanguage.

Ⅱ.Whatarecross-associationsinthesecondlanguageacquisition?

IllustratetheideawithexamplesfromEnglishorChinese.(10)

【答案】Insecondlanguageacquisition,thefirstlanguagestudyhas

servedasabackclothforperceivingandunderstandingnewfactsabout

secondlanguagelearning.However,justasthetermitselfsuggests,second

languageacquisitionisdifferentfromfirstlanguageacquisitionandthe

secondlanguagelearnersgenerallyfailtoattainnative—likecompetence.

Thelanguagetheyproduce,whichiscalledinterlanguage(IL)orlearner

language,tendstobecomefossilizedatcertainlevel.Besides,duringthe

processofsecondlanguageacquisition,learnersalwaysmakesomeerrors

anderrorsaresignificantintellingtheteacherwhatneedstobetaught，in

tellingtheresearcherhowlearningproceedsandthoseerrorsareameans

wherebylearnerstesttheirhypothesesaboutthelanguagetobelearnt.There

aretwokindsoferrors:interlingualerrorswhichmainlyresultfromcross.

1inguisticinterferenceatdifferentlevelssuchasphonological，lexical，

grammaticalordiscoursaletc.andintralingualerrorswhichmainlyresult

fromfaultyorpartialleaningofthetargetlanguage,independentofthenative

language.Therearelearningstrategies-basederrors,communication

strategies-basederrors，inducederrors，andsomecompoundand

ambiguouserrors.Cross-associationisakindofintralingualerror.For

example,inEnglishwesometimesmaycomeacrosswordswhicharesimilar

inmeaning.Theirspellingandpronunciationarealsoalike.Theclose

associationofthetwooftenleadstoconfusion,suchastheconfusionof

other/another,much/many,stalagmite/stalactiteinlearningEnglishwords.It

mayalsooccuratalllevelsoflanguagefromphonologicaltosyntactic.For

example:Thecoffeeistoohottodrink.*Theapricotistoosourtoeatit.

【答题思路】首先分析二语习得的特点以及与母语习得的差异，然

后解释互相联想的含义，并结合英语中的具体例子进行阐释。

Ⅲ.Doyouagreeupontheideathatwomen’slinguisticbehavioris

moreindirectand,hence,morepolitethanmen’s?Pleaseillustrateyourview

withexamples.(15)

【答案】

(1)Languageandgenderisaninterdisciplinaryfieldofresearchthat

studiesvarietiesofspeechintermsofgender,genderrelations,gendered

practices,andsexualityandthestudiesoflanguageandgenderhasbeenmore

andmoreanimportantpartofsociolinguisticsinrecentdecadesbecauseof

thewidelyextendedfeministmovementaroundtheworld.Itisassumedthat

menandwomenuselanguagedifferentlyfromeachotherandithasmuchto

dowiththesocialidentityandsomeotherculturalfactors.Therearesome

specificdifferencesbetweenthelanguageuseofmenandwomen.

(2)Thelanguageofwomenismorestandardthanthatofman.Intheuse

ofintonations:thefemalespeakerstendtohaveawiderrangeintheir

intonation.Andfemalespeakersareheardtousethelow-riseintonationwith

statementsmuchmorefrequentlythanmalespeakers.Intheuseofcertain

lexicalitems,theword“girl”iscommonlyusedbyfemalestofemalesasan

addressfor,menwouldmainlyuseladies.Besides,someadjectivesof

evaluationareusedmorefrequentlybyfemalesthanbymales,suchas

“nice”,“lovely”,“cute”,“fantastic”andalsosomeintensifiers，suchas

“awfully”.Insummary,femalespeechislessassertiveandthussoundstobe

morepolitethanmalespeech.Femalespeakerstendtousemoreoftenthe

questiontag,suchsyntacticformsas“I’mafraid…”and“I’mnotsurebut...”.

(3)Thereasonforthesedifferencesinlanguageusebetweenmaleand

femalecanbeexplainedfromthesocialrolemenandwomenareentitledand

sometimestheculturaltraditioninspecificcountries.Weactoutgenderroles

fromacontinuumofmasculineandfemininecharacteristics;wearetherefore

genderedandweareinvolvedintheprocessofourowngenderingandthe

genderingofothersthroughoutourlives.Inmanywayswearerehearsedinto

ourgenderroles,likebeingpreparedforapartinaplay:genderissomething

wedo,notsomethingweare.Ontheotherhand,insomeculture,womenare

notallowedtospeakinfrontofotherswhenherhusbandisspeaking,which

isakindofculturalconstraintonwomeninlanguageuse.

【答题思路】首先解释语言和性别的关系，然后结合不同性别使用

语言的差异并来分析造成这种差异的原因。

Ⅳ.CiteexamplesfromEnglishandChinesetoshowhowtheCPis

violatedinactualconversations,withreferencetotheconceptof

‘conversationalimplicature’.(20)

【答案】

(1)Quiteoftenaspeakercanmeanmuchmorethanwhatissaidandthe

hearercanunderstandthespeaker’smeaning.Gricebelievesthattheremust

besomemechanismsgoverningtheproductionandcomprehensionofthese

utterances.Hearguesthatthereisasetofassumptionsguidingtheconductof

conversation.ThisiswhathecallstheCooperativePrinciple.Therearefour

maximsunderthisgeneralprinciple:themaximofquantity,quality,relation

andmanner.

(2)Theuseofterms“principle”and“maxim”doesnotmeanthat

everybodywillfollowtheCPanditsmaximsallthetime.Peopledoviolate

themaximsandtellliesandtheviolationsofsuchmaximshavegivenriseto

theConversationalImplicature,whichreferstowhatthespeakertrulywants

toimplythroughhisspeech.Therearemainlythreetypesofthe

conversationalimplicature.First,thespeakerdeliberatelyfloutsa

conversationalmaximtoconveyanadditionalmeaningnotexpressed

literally.Forinstance,aspeakerrespondstothequestion“Howdidyoulike

theguestlecturer?”withthefollowingutterance:Well,I’msurehewas

speakingEnglish.Ifthespeakerisassumedtobefollowingthecooperative

principle,inspiteoffloutingthemaximofrelevance,thentheutterancemust

haveanadditionalnon-literalmeaning,suchas:“Thecontentofthelecturer’s

speechwasconfusing.”Second,thespeakerdesirestofulfilltwoconflicting

maximsresultinginhisorherfloutingonemaximtoinvoketheother.For

instance,aspeakerrespondstothequestion“WhereisJohn?”withthe

followingutterance:He’seitherinthecafeteriaorinhisoffice.Inthiscase,

themaximofquantityandthemaximofqualityareinconflict.Acooperative

speakerdoesnotwanttobeambiguousbutalsodoesnotwanttogivefalse

informationbygivingaspecificanswerinspiteofhisuncertainty.By

floutingthemaximofquantity,thespeakerinvokesthemaximofquality,

leadingtotheimplicaturethatthespeakerdoesnothavetheevidencetogive

aspecificlocationwherehebelievesJohnis.Third,thespeakerinvokesa

maximasabasisforinterpretingtheutterance.Inthefollowingexchange:

DoyouknowwhereIcangetsomegas?There’sagasstationaroundthe

corner.Thesecondspeakerinvokesthemaximofrelevance,resultinginthe

implicaturethat“thegasstationisopenandonecanprobablygetgasthere”.

(3)InChinese,therearealsosomeexamplesofblatantlyviolatingthe

CPinordertoexpresstheconversationalimplicature.Forexampleinthe

followingdialogue:“—刚刚你去哪儿了?—就出去了一趟。”Itis

obviouslythatthesecondspeakerviolatesthemaximofquantityanddoesn’t

answerthequestionbyprovidingenoughinformation,whichmaybe

explainedbyhisunwillingnesstotellthefirstspeakerwhereheorshehas

been.ThusbyapparentlyviolatingtheCP,thespeakerintendtotell

somethingmorethanheorshereallyspeakstothehearerandheorshe

assumesthatthehearercanworkouttheconversationalimplicature.

【答题思路】首先介绍合作原则和会话含义的内容，然后结合英汉

交际中的具体的例子来分析人们违背合作原则所产生的会话含义及其原

因。

英美文学部分

Ⅰ.Matchthewriter’snameinthenamecolumnwiththeworkinthe

rightcolumn.(15)

【答案】1-5:HJKGF;6-10:CBAED;11-15:NIMLO

Ⅱ.MultipleChoice:selectfromchoicesA,B,C,Dofeachitemthe

onethatbestanswersthequestionorcompletesthestatementandwritethe

letterontheanswersheet.(15)

1.Romanticismisamovementthatmarkedapartialreactionin

literature,philosophy,art,religion,andpo1iticsfromthe_____ofthe

precedingperiod.

A.Realism

B.Modernism

C.Colonialism

D.Neoclassicism

【答案】D

【解析】本题考查浪漫主义的背景。18世纪末至19世纪30年代的欧

洲，革命和战争频仍，动乱不已。政治中的黑暗，社会的不平等，使人

们感到法国大革命后确立的资本主义制度远不如启蒙思想家描绘的那样

美好。社会各阶层，特别是知识分子，对启蒙思想家设想的“理性王

国”深感失望，努力寻找新的精神寄托。这种社会情绪反映在文学创作

领域，就产生了浪漫主义文学。所以浪漫主义是对之前古典主义的反

抗。

2.BeingaperiodofthegreatfloweringofAmericanliterature,

Romanticismisalsocalled“_____”.

A.TheEnlightenmentMovement

B.theAmericanRenaissance

C.TheRestorationofRomance

D.theIntellectualMovement

【答案】B

【解析】本题考查美国浪漫主义。美国浪漫主义是美国文学繁荣发

展的上升期，因此又被称为美国文学的“文艺复兴时期”。

3.Inthefollowingauthors,_____workreflectedtheshiftinAmerican

literaturefromtherationalismofthe18thcenturytothesentimental

romanticismofthe19thcentury.

A.WashingtonIrving’s

B.MarkTwain’s

C.O.Henry’s

D.WilliamFaulkner’s

【答案】A

【解析】本题考查美国感伤浪漫主义的代表作家。欧文的作品标志

着美国文学进入感伤浪漫主义时期。

4.Inthefollowingstatements,_____isNOTthefeatureof

Transcendentalism?

A.emphasizedthepowerofknowledge

B.believedthatthepermanentrealitywasthespiritualone

C.tooknatureassymbolicofspiritofGod

D.placedspiritfirstandmattersecond

【答案】A

【解析】本题考查超验主义的特点。超验主义的核心观点是主张人

能超越感觉和理性而直接认识真理，强调直觉的重要性，而非知识的重

要性。超验主义的主要思想观点有三。首先，超验主义者强调精神，或

超灵。其二，超验主义者强调个人的重要性。其三，超验主义者以全新

的目光看待自然，认为自然界是超灵或上帝的象征。

5.ThetwogreatestadvocatesoftheTranscendentalismmovement

were_____.

A.NathanielHawthorneandHermanMelville

B.WaltWhitmanandRobertFrost

C.RalphWaldoEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau

D.MarkTwainandO.Henry

【答案】C

【解析】本题考查超验主义的代表作家。艾默生和梭罗是美国超验

主义的代表作家，他们的主要作品有《自然》和《瓦尔登湖》都是超验

主义的体现。

6._____isNOTwrittenbyHenry,DavidThoreau.

A.TheMaineWoods

B.TheCatcherintheRye

C.CapeCod

D.CivilDisobedience

【答案】B

【解析】本题考查梭罗的作品。《缅因森林》《科德角》和《论公

民的不服从权利》都是索罗的作品。《麦田里的守望者》是塞林格的作

品。

7.RealismasamovementinAmericanliteraturerangedfrom1865to

1914,andwasapartialreactiontomuchoftheearlier_____tradition.

A.oldandmedieval

B.neoclassical

C.modem

D.romanticandsentimental

【答案】D

【解析】本题考查美国现实主义文学的背景。美国现实主义时期的

美国文学是美国精神的表现，尤其是美国小说。现实主义是对浪漫主义

的一种反动。正视现实，不尚空想。现实主义文学又为现代主义文学铺

平了道路。

8.Alongwithrealisticmovement,anotherimportantliterarytendency

thatbegantodevelopoutofitis_____.

A.theschoolofmodernism

B.theschoolofrenaissance

C.theschoolofnaturalism

D.theschoolofromanticism

【答案】C

【解析】本题考查自然主义文学的背景。自然主义文学伴随着现实

主义产生，主要受达尔文的进化论的影响。

9.“Theapparitionofthesefacesinthecrowd;Petalsonawet,black

bough.”thetwo-linepoemistitled_____.

A.“InaStationoftheMetro”

B.“FacesintheCrowd”

C.“ToPetals”

D.“TheGraveofLove”

【答案】A

【解析】本题考查庞德的经典意象小诗《在一个地铁车站》。

10.BlackfictionbegantoattractcriticalattentionandAfrican-

Americansstartedtoquestiontheiridentityasagroupandasanindividual

during_____.

A.theromanticperiod

B.therealisticperiod

C.therevolutionaryperiod

D.thepostwarperiod

【答案】D

【解析】本题考查美国黑人文学的产生背景。20世纪60年代对于美

国来说是个动荡的年代，是美国黑人政治觉醒的时代。黑人已经意识到

他们和白人在任何方面都应该是平等的,包括政治权利。60年代也是黑

人文学迅猛发展的时代。

11.“Ifwintercomes,canspringbefarbehind!”isanepigrammaticline

by_____.

A.Keats

B.Blake

C.Wordsworth

D.Shelley

【答案】D

【解析】本题考查雪莱的经典诗句。“冬天来了春天还会远吗”出自

雪莱的《西风颂》。

12.TheearlypoemsofPoundandEliotandYeats’smaturedpoetry

markedtheriseof“_____”.

A.romanticpoetry

B.modempoetry

C.realisticpoetry

D.classicalpoetry

【答案】B

【解析】本题考查现代主义诗歌的兴起。庞德，艾略特和济慈的诗

歌预示着现代诗歌的逐渐兴起。

13.ModernistwriterssuchasVirginiaWoolfconcentratedalltheir

effortsondiggingintothehuman_____.

A.mind

B.consciousness

C.sense

D.sensibility

【答案】B

【解析】本题考查现代主义文学的特征。弗吉尼亚•伍尔夫的作品属

于现代意识流，更多的关注人的意识。

14.Ulyssesby_____givesanaccountofman’slifeduringonedayin

Dublin.

A.DorothyRichardson

B.GeorgeBernardShaw

C.JamesJoyce

D.T.S.Eliot

【答案】C

【解析】本题考查《尤利西斯》的作者。长篇小说《尤利西斯》是

爱尔兰作家詹姆斯·乔伊斯的作品，通过描述一天内发生的单一事件向

人们展示了一幅人类社会的缩影，通过对一个人一天日常生活和精神变

化的细致刻画揭示了人类社会的悲与喜，英雄与懦夫的共存以及宏伟与

沉闷的同现，是意识流的代表作品。

15._____istheleadingfigureoftheEnglishromanticpoetry,thefocal

poeticvoiceoftheperiodinBritishliterature.

A.WilliamWordsworth

B.WilliamButlerYeats

C.JaneAusten

D.WaltWhitman

【答案】A

【解析】本题考查英国浪漫主义的先驱和代表人物。华兹华斯的诗

歌理论动摇了英国古典主义诗学的统治，有力地推动了英国诗歌的革新

和浪漫主义运动的发展。其和柯勒律治合作发表的《抒情歌谣集》宣告

了浪漫主义新诗的诞生。

Ⅲ.ReadthefollowingstatementsandwriteTfortrueandFforfalse.

(15)

1.EstellaisoneofthecharactersinThomasHardy’smasterpieceGreat

Expectations.

【答案】F

【解析】本题考查《远大前程》。《远大前程》是狄更斯的作品，

艾丝黛拉是该作品中的一个角色。因此该表述有误。

2.Modernismtakestheirrationalphilosophyandthetheoryofpsycho-

analysisasitstheoreticalbase.

【答案】T

【解析】本题考查现代主义的理论基础。现代主义以非理性哲学和

精神分析原理作为理论基础。因此该表述正确。

3.Bornofthesameculturalheritage,theAmericanwriterssharedsome

commonfeatureswiththeFrenchRomanticists.

【答案】F

【解析】本题考查美国浪漫主义文学的特征。美国浪漫主义作家与

英国浪漫主义作家继承相同的文学传统，在文学创作上具有相似之处。

因此该表述有误。

4.TherealisticspiritseemedparticularlysuitedtoAmericandemocracy.

【答案】F

【解析】本题考查浪漫主义文学的相关知识。浪漫主义文学所倡导

的个人主义和对个人的关注是美国民主的主要体现。因此该表述有误。

5.ThephaseofNewEnglandTranscendentalismisthesummitof

AmericanRomanticism.

【答案】T

【解析】本题考查美国超验主义文学。超验主义文学时期是美国浪

漫主义文学的顶峰时期，这一时期美国文学逐渐发展出自己的文学创作

理论和主张。因此该表述正确。

6.TothetranscendentalistssuchasHawthorneandMelville,manis

divineinnatureandthereforeforeverperfectible.

【答案】F

【解析】本题考查美国浪漫主义文学的代表作家。霍桑和麦尔维尔

属于浪漫主义作家，而非超验主义文学作家。因此该表述有误。

7.Whitmanwrotethepoem“O!Captain!MyCaptain!”inmemoryof

ThomasJefferson.

【答案】F

【解析】本题考查惠特曼的诗歌《啊，船长！我的船长！》。这书

诗歌旨在怀念美国总统林肯而非杰斐逊。因此该表述有误。

8.“RipVanWinkle”and“TheLegendofSleepyHollow,”remains

EdgarAllanPoe’smostrecognizedandinfluentialcontributiontoAmerican

literature.

【答案】F

【解析】本题考查作品与作家对应。《瑞普·凡·温克尔》和《睡谷传

奇》是欧文的代表作。因此该表述有误。

9.Americanrealistswerechieflyconcernedwiththecommonplacesof

middle-classlife.

【答案】F

【解析】本题考查美国现实主义文学。美国现实主义文学作家关注

的主要是中产阶级和下层阶级的日常生活。因此该表述有误。

10.ForitsearlycolonialyearsAmericanliteraturereflectedthe

settlementandgrowthoftheAmericancolonieslargelythroughnovels.

【答案】F

【解析】本题考查美国早期文学的主要形式。美国早期文学的主要

形式有日记，游记，信件，日志随笔，布道和历史。因此该表述有误。

11.Realisticwritersbuilttheirplotsandcharactersaroundpeople’s

ordinary,everydaylives.

【答案】T

【解析】本题考查美国现实主义文学的特征。美国现实主义文学的

情节和人物取自人们的日常生活。因此该表述正确。

12.ArthurMillercombinedrealisticcharactersandasocialagenda

whilewritingmodemcomedy,mostnotablyinTheDeathofaSalesman.

【答案】F

【解析】本题考查米勒的作品特征。米勒的作品是现代悲剧而非喜

剧。因此该表述有误。

13.ThelaterpartoftheVictorianPeriodwitnessedtheriseofBritish

EmpireandthedecayofVictorianvalues.

【答案】F

【解析】本题考查维多利亚时期的社会背景。维多利亚时期晚期见

证了大英帝国的衰败和维多利亚时期价值观的衰落。因此该表述有误。

14.Modernismis,inmanyaspects,areactionagainstrealism.

【答案】T

【解析】本题考查现代主义的背景。现代主义是对现实主义的一种

反抗和回应。因此该表述正确。

15.ImaginationisdefinedbytheRomanticsasadynamic,activepower

thatcreatesallart.

【答案】T

【解析】本题考查浪漫主义文学中的想象。想象被浪漫主义文学作

家视为创造了所有艺术的动态的活跃的力量。因此该表述正确。

Ⅵ.Answerthefollowingquestions.(15)

1.DiscussthethemeofEScottFitzgerald’sTheGreatGatsby.

【答案】TheGreatGatsby,F.ScottFitzgerald’sclassictwentieth-

centurystoryofJayGatsby’squestforDaisyBuchanan,examinesand

critiquesGatsby’sparticularvisionofthe1920’sAmericanDream.The

GreatGatsby,throughthestoryofGatsby,expressesthatthere’snosuch

thingastheAmericanDreamortheup-from-the-bootstrapsself-mademan.

Youarewhoyou’reborn,andattemptingtochangeyoursocialclassjust

leadstotragedy.It’saprettygrimpictureofAmericansocietyandlifeto

thosewholivedthroughWorldWarI.InTheGreatGatsby,theAmerican

Dreamissupposedtostandforindependenceandtheabilitytomake

somethingofone’sselfwithhardwork,butitendsupbeingmoreabout

materialismandselfishpursuitofpleasure.Noamountofhardworkcan

changewhereGatsbycamefrom,andoldmoneyknowsit.Meritandhard

workaren’tenough,andsotheAmericanDreamcollapses

【答题思路】本题考查《了不起的盖茨比》这部小说的主题。从小

说主人公的悲剧命运可以看出美国梦的虚幻和破灭。

2.DiscussthefeatureofmodernisminBritishliterature.

【答案】The20thcenturyhadwitnessedthedeclineoftheBritish

Empire.Thesegreatpolitical,economicandmilitaryupheavalshada

powerfulimpactupontheculturallifeinBritain.ModernisminEnglish

literatureprevailedduringatthattime,whichwasamovementof

experimentsinnewtechniqueinwriting.Inthefieldofpoetry,thestyle

transformedfromtheoriginalRealismtoImagism.Theimagistpoetryisa

kindofverslibre(i.e.freeverse)shakingofftheconventionalmetersand

emphasizingontheuseofcommonspeech,newrhythmsandclearimages.

Whilemodernistpoetryaroseasabreakwith19th-centuryRomanticism,

modernistfictionrepresentedatrenddriftingawayfromthetraditionof19th-

ceturyRealism.Modernistfictionputsemphasisonthedescriptionofthe

characters’psychologicalactivities,andsohassometimesbeencalled

modernpsychologicalfiction.UndertheinfluenceofFreud’stheoryof

psychologicalanalysis,anotherschooladoptedthe“streamofconsciousness”

methodofnovelwriting.Thestrikingfeatureofthesenovelistsistheirgiving

precedencetothedepictionofthecharacters’mentalandemotionalreactions

toexternalevents,ratherthantheeventsthemselves.InEnglishliterature,

JamesJoyceandVirginiaWoolfarethetwobest-knownnovelistsofthe

“streamofconsciousness”school.

【答题思路】本题考查英国现代主义文学的特点，可以从诗歌，小

说的创作主张来进行分析。

3.Readthefollowingpoemandanswerthequestionsbelow.

Questions:

①Whowrotethepoem?

②Whatmightthewoods,littlehorseanddarksymbolize?

③What’sthethemeofthispoem?

【答案】

①ThispoemwaswrittenbyRobertFrost.

②(a)Asweallknowthatthewoodsareusuallylinkedwithmyth,the

unknownworld,andtheutmosttranquility.Thusinthispoem,thepoettakes

thewoodsastheeternallife,thebliss,thatistosay,theHeaven.Heisfedup

withtheroutinedutiesandwantstorestforever.Thewoodshappento

provideanidealplace.(b)Thesnowiscoldandtheeveningdark,allofwhich

indicatethatthepoetisdepressedinside.Hissubconsciouswantshimtostop,

buthis“littlehorse”withtheinspiringbells,whichisactuallyasymbolof

vitality,urgeshimtogo.(c)Theeveningisdarkandcoldwhichisa

demonstrationofthepoet’sinternalworld:heisdespairedandwhattogive

upeverythingandtosleepforever,thatis,todie.

③“StoppingbyWoodsonaSnowyEvening,”likemanyofFrost’s

poems,exploresthethemeoftheindividualcaughtbetweennatureand

civilization.Thespeaker’slocationontheborderbetweencivilizationand

wildernessechoesacommonthemethroughoutAmericanliterature.The

speakerisdrawntothebeautyandallureofthewoods,whichrepresent

nature,buthasobligations—“promisestokeep”—whichdrawhimaway

fromnatureandbacktosocietyandtheworldofmen.Thespeakeristhus

facedwithachoiceofwhethertogiveintotheallureofnature,orremainin

therealmofsociety.

英美文化部分

WriteaboutthesimilaritiesanddifferencesofChineseQixiandthe

WesternValentine’sDay.(30)

【答案】

(1)QixiistheChineseequivalentofValentine’sDaythatfallsonthe

seventhdayoftheseventhmonthofthelunaryearwhichhasbeenlastedfor

morethanthousandsofyearssincetheHanDynasty.Asisthecustom

elsewhereintheworld,thisisadaydevotedtoromance.InChina,thisdayis

alsoknownas“TheBeggingFestival”or“TheDaughter’sFestival.”Itisan

importantdayforgirls.Intheevening,girlspreparemelonsandfruitbefore

worshipandprayersforagoodmarriage.Therearemanystoriesastothe

originsofChineseValentine’sDay,andoneoftheminvolvestheEmperorof

Heavenandhissevendaughters.

(2)However,differentfromQixi,theoriginofWesternValentine’sDay

isnotsoclearandtherearemanydifferentversionsaboutitsorigin,among

whichthemostpopularoneisthataboutthelovestorybetweenthepriest

St.Valentineandhislove.AnotherdifferencebetweenQixiandValentine’s

Dayliesinthecelebration.Inthewest,manymenbuychocolateandroses

fortheirloveandtheyusuallyhavearomanticdinnerinanicerestaurant.

Evenmore,somepeoplemightproposetotheirloveonthisday,which

makesitmuchmorespecialforthem.Thebiggestdifferenceliesinthe

underlyingculturalbackgrounds.St.Valentine’ssacrificebroughttoalllovers

happinesssotheresultofthelegendoftheWesternValentine’sDayis

satisfactory.ButtheCowhandandWeavermaidweredividedonbothsides

oftheMilkyWay,andtheycouldmeetonceonJuly7th.Theresultisnot

satisfactory.Thiskindofdifferencegeneratesdifferentpsychological

identitiesofthesetwofestivalsonpeople.

(3)What’smore,inrecentyears,Qixihasbeengraduallyforgottenby

mostChinesebecauseoftheinfluenceoftheValentine’sDay.Youngpeople

areshowinglessinterestintraditionalcultureassymbolizedbythese

festivals.Soitisalsoimportantforpeopletoknowmoreaboutthecultural

elementsbehindthistraditionalfestivalinordertokeepitaliveand

prosperousalongwiththewesternfestivals.

【答题思路】分别介绍七夕和情人节，然后从二者的节日意义上分

析二者的相似之处，从起源，历史，庆祝方式和文化意义等角度分析二

者差异。

2014年首都经济贸易大学912英语

语言文学综合考研真题及详解

语言部分

Ⅰ.PleaseexplainthefollowingtermsinEnglish(15)

1.competenceandperformance

【答案】Chomskymakesadistinctionbetweencompetenceand

performance.Hedescribescompetenceasanidealizedcapacitythatis

locatedasapsychologicalormentalpropertyorfunctionandperformanceas

theproductionofactualutterances.Inshort,competenceinvolves“knowing”

thelanguageandperformanceinvolves“doing”somethingwiththelanguage.

Therefore,therelationshipofcompetencetoperformanceforChomskyis

thatofparttowhole,withcompetencebeingapartorcomponentofthe

whole,whichisperformance.Competenceistheknowledgethatpersons

haveoftheirgrammarwhileperformanceinvolvesknowledgeforusing

competencesothattheprocessesofsentenceproductionandunderstanding

canberealized.

2.positionalrelation

【答案】Positionalrelationreferstothesequentialarrangementofwords

inalanguage.Itisthebasicsyntacticrelation,andalsotherequirementof

grammaticalacceptabilityandsemanticintelligibilityofhumanlanguage.It

isalsocalledthewordorderwhichreferstothestudyoftheorderofthe

syntacticconstituentsofalanguage,andhowdifferentlanguagescanemploy

differentorders.Somelanguageshaverelativelyrestrictivewordorders,

oftenrelyingontheorderofconstituentstoconveyimportantgrammatical

information.Othersoftenconveygrammaticalinformationthrough

inflection.

3.LAD

【答案】Thelanguageacquisitiondevice(LAD)isthenamegiventoa

theoreticalsectionofthebrainpositedtohousetheinnateabilitytoacquire

andrecognizeafirstlanguage.PutforthastheorybythelinguistNoam

Chomsky,thelanguageacquisitiondevicewassaidtobetheseatofuniversal

syntaxsharedbyallhumans.TheLADtheorypositsthatasetlistof

acceptablesentencestructures,thatis,possiblecombinationsofsubjects,

verbs,objects,andmodifiers,areknowntochildrenatbirth.Thoughchildren

rarelyperfectgrammarspokenduringtheirearlyyears,theLADtheory

arguesthatwiththesentencefragmentsandrunonsentencesofordinary

humanspeechandtheinnateuniversalgrammarrules,childrenareableto

fleshoutafulllanguageinjustafewshortyears.

Ⅱ.Whatdo“powerandsolidarity”referto?Pleaseillustratewitha

coupleofexamplesinEnglishorChinese.(10)

【答案】

(1)Insociolinguisticsandpragmat