包装工程导论(双语)-翻译

句段翻译19、P87Polymerresinsarereceivedatamoldingplantintheformofsmallgranulesorpellets,similarinappearancetorice.Regardlessoftheformingprocess，thefirsttaskistoheatandmeltthepolymerresinpelletsintoaflowablefrom.Theplasticatingextruderisaheavybarrelinwhichascrewrotates,drivingpelletsfromthefeedhopperatoneendtotheexitportattheotherend.聚合物树脂在成型车间是小颗粒或片材的形式存在，在外观上与大米相似。无论在形成过程中，首要的任务是加热和将高分子树脂颗粒熔成流动性的形式。塑化挤出机是一个沉重的由螺杆旋转组成的桶，使片材从进料斗的一端进入另一端出来。英译汉P35Cylindermachinesdewaterfurnishatthecylinderandpasteathinlayeroffiberagainstthefelt(figure3.4).Thefibersofsubsequentlayersdonotintermingle,andthereforethebondbetweenthelayersisweek.Thedryendissimilartothatfourdriniermachine.圆网造纸机脱水提供气缸和粘贴一层薄薄纤维毛毡（图3.4）。随后的纤维层不交融，因此层与层之间的粘结是一周。这种干燥方式是相似于长网造纸机。2、P38Ifclay-coatedpaperispassedunderhighlypolishedchromedrumsthatarerotatingcountertothepaperorfasterthanthepaperspeed,theclaycoatingswillbepolished.Thesepapersarereferredtoasmachine-glazedorchrome-coatedpapers.如果粘土涂覆层经过高度光度，转动与纸运动方向相反的或是转动速度大于纸速的铬滚齿，那么粘土涂层将会变得很光亮。这些纸是用作机械压光纸或是涂铬纸。3、P49Forinstance,inatriplewallboard,onelayerofmediummightbeA-flutewhiletheothertwolayersmaybeC-flute.Mixingfluteprofilesinthiswayallowsdesignerstomanipulatethecompressionstrength,cushioningstrengthandtotalthicknessofthecombinedboard.Figure4.6showscommonfluteprofiles.例如，在三瓦楞纸板中，其中一层芯纸是A型瓦楞，然而其他两层也许是C型瓦楞。以这种方式混合楞型可以帮助设计者控制结合板的抗压强度，缓冲强度和总厚度。图4.6表明了普通楞型的特征4、P51Acorrugatingmachineismadeofanumberofoperatingstationsthattaketheappropriatelinerboardsandmediums,shapetheflutes,andjointheflutedmediumtothelinerboards.一个压瓦楞机由一系列的操作台，采取适当面纸和介质，然后成型瓦楞，将瓦楞的芯纸置入面板间。Atthesingle-facerstation(Figure4.7),mediumispreconditionedwithheatandsteamtomakeitpliableandcapableofbeingformedintoaflutedconfiguration.在单瓦楞机站（图4.7），用热量和蒸汽预处理介质，使其柔软形成一个有凹槽的配置。5、P68Sanitaryfoodcansthatmaybethermallyprocessedhaveheadpatternsembossedintothecansidewallstoimproveresistancetocollapsebecauseofexternalpressure.Thispreventscollapse(paneling)duringpressuredifferentialsisencounteredduringretortingandenablesthecantowithstandaninternalvacuum.Sidewallbeadingrequiresmorematerial,reducestop-to-bottomcompressionstrength,andcomplicateslabeling.Manysidewallbeadgeometriesaredesignedtomaximizehoopstrengthwhileminimizingtheaccompanyingproblems.食品卫生罐头可热加工成环筋压印的侧壁，可以提高因外部压力抗压溃能力。这可以防止崩溃（板）在压差过程中遇到干馏使其承受内部真空度。罐身环筋需要更多的材料，减少顶部和底层抗压强度，便于贴标。许多罐身环筋几何形状旨在最大限度地提高压溃强度，同时最大限度地减少附带的问题。卫生食品可热加工罐侧壁已可以提高抗倒塌，因为外米的压力珠浮雕图案。这可以防止崩溃在压力差（板）干馏过程中遇到的使能承受内部的真空。边墙珠需要更多的材料，减少从高端到低端的压缩强度和复杂标签。许多侧壁珠几何图形，旨在最大限度地提高强度，同时最大限度地减少伴随的问题。6、P70ThebottomofaD&Icanhasthesamethicknessasthestartingdisk;however,thesidewallsareconsiderablyreducedinthickness,andthemetalareaofthefinalcanisgreaterthanthatoftheinitialdisk.Neckingoperationsreducethediameterofthecantop,therebyreducingtheend-piecediameter.Thisresultsinsignificantmetalsaving,sincetheendpieceismuchthickerthanthesidewalls.变薄拉伸的底部可以用相同厚度作为磁盘的开始;然而，侧壁厚度大大减少，最后金属面积大于原始的磁盘。缩颈操作减少最高能顶的直径，从而降低了最后一片直径。这将导致金属储蓄自最后一块比侧壁较厚。7、P79Typicalproductionratesrangefrom60to300bottlesperminute,dependingonthenumberofsectioninamachine,thenumberofgobsbeingextruded,andthesizeofthecontainer.典型的生产速率范围从60到300个瓶子每分钟，这取决于在一台机器一些部分，被挤压的采空区，容器的大小等。Theblownbottleisremovedfromtheblowmoldwithtakeouttongsandplacedonadeadplatetoaircoolforafewmomentsbeforetransfertoaconveyorthattransportsittotheannealingoven.用取出夹具把成形瓶从成型模中移出并放置在一个灰暗的盒子里进行自然冷却一段时间，然后再转移到能将其运输到退火炉的传送装置中。8、P85Amonomercanjointoitselftoformacomplexpolymerstructureinanumberofways.Themonomerunitscansimplyjoinintoeachothertoformlongchainsasinathermoplastic,ortheycancross-linkbetweenthechainsinathree-dimensionalpattern,resultinginathermosetplastic.单体可以在若干步骤后自己连结形成复杂的聚合物的结构。单体单元可以简单地加入到彼此形成长链作为热塑性塑料，也可以在三维图案中链间交联形成热固性塑料。9、P91:Theextrudersectionofaninjectionmoldingmachinemusthaveprovisionforejectingapreciseamount,or“shot,”ofpolymermeltintothemoldasrequired.Ram-screw-typemachinesuseameltconveyancescrewdesignedtoprovidereciprocalaswellasrotarymotion.combiningthefunctionofscrewandpiston.注射成型机器的挤出部分必须有或逐出按要求所需的聚合融熔物的精确量或范围。杆式螺旋机使用熔融物传送螺杆提供相互的旋转的运动，将杆及活塞的功能结合在一起。对于注射熔融聚合物其他的机器有独立的活塞模型的内凹处与所需要的形状一致。因而，当冷却后，将模型打开所需部分就被挤出。10、P135:Paperforlithographicprintingneedstohaveacertainamountofwaterresistancesincesomewatermaybetransferredfromtheplatedampeningsystem.Paperstocksalsoneedastrong,cleansurfacewithgoodanchorageofsurfacefiberandclaycoatingstoresistbeingpickedorpulledapartbytheheavypasteinksastheblanketrollliftsfromthesubstratesurface.平版印刷纸需要有一定量的的抗水性能，因为一些水可转移板块抑制系统。纸材还需要一个强大的，干净的表面，具有固定的表面纤维和粘土涂料抵制被拖着沉重的浆状油墨除了从基板表面毯辊离开。段落1、P48Flutescomeinseveralstandardshapesorfluteprofiles(A,B,C,E,F,etc.).A-flutewasthefirsttobedevelopedandisthelargestcommonfluteprofile.B-flutewasnextandismuchsmaller.C-flutefollowedandisbetweenAandBinsize.E-fluteissmallerthanBandF-fluteissmalleryet.瓦楞有几种级别的楞形或楞型（A,B,C,E,F）A型瓦楞是最先被发展的最大普通型楞型。B型次之，比A型小点，C型大小屈于A型与B型之间。E型比B型小点，F型最小。Inadditiontothesefivemostcommonprofiles,newfluteprofiles-bothlargerandsmallerthanthoselistedhere-arebeingcreatedformorespecializedboards.Generally,largerfluteprofilesdelivergreaterverticalcompressionstrengthandcushioning.Smallerfluteprofilesprovideenhancedstructuralandgraphicscapabilitiesforprimary(retail)packaging.除了这五种普通楞型，更大或更小的新型瓦楞可用于制造更多的特殊纸板。总体看来，越大的瓦楞型号能承受更大的垂直抗压强度和缓冲力。越小的瓦楞型号为初级包装提供刚性和可印刷性。Differentfluteprofilescanbecombinedinonepieceofcombinedboard.Forinstance,inatriplewallboard,onelayerofmediummightbeA-flutewhiletheothertwolayersmaybeC-flute.Mixingfluteprofilesinthiswayallowsdesignerstomanipulatethecompressionstrength,cushioningstrengthandtotalthicknessofthecombinedboard.Figure4.6showscommonfluteprofiles.不同的楞型可以结合成同一纸板。例如，在三瓦楞纸板中，其中一层芯纸是A型瓦楞，然而其他两层也许是C型瓦楞。以这种方式混合楞型可以帮助设计者控制结合板的抗压强度，缓冲强度和总厚度。图4.6表明了普通楞型的特征P53Edgewisecompressiontest(TAPPIT811)边压测试Inanedgewisecompressiontest(ECT),asmallspecimen(2in.×2in.)isplacedbetweentheplatensofacompressiontesterandloadeduntilfailureoccurs.[figure4.9(b)].Edgewisecompressionvaluesareafunctionofthestiffnesscontributedbythefacingsandthemedium.ECTvalueshaveadirectrelationshiptotheprojectedstackingstrength.在边压试验（ECT）中，一个小样品（2英寸×2英寸）被放置在一个压缩测试仪的压盘上，直到发生故障。[图4.9（b）]。边压值是一个函数所提供的刚度和介质衬片。变压测试的值预计和堆码强度有直接的关系。OneobjectiontotheMullenbursttestisthatithasnorelationshiptoabox’scompressionstrength,whileanumberofformulashavebeendevisedthatrelateECTvaluestoexpectedboxcompressionstrength.对于一个异常的马伦爆破试验，它与箱子的压缩强度没有关系，而与公式中的边压强度值与预计箱子抗压强度相关。CarrierrulechangesalloweitherMullenvaluesorECTvaluestospecifytheboardsusedtoconstructacorrugatedcontainer.ThemajorityofshipperschoosetouseECTvalues.运营商习惯改变爆破值或边压强度值用来制造瓦楞纸箱板。大多数托运商选择使用的边压强度值。Flatcrushtest(TAPPIT808)平压强度Theflatcrushtestissimilartotheedgecompressiontestexceptthatthespecimeniscompressedintheflat[figure4.9(c)].Thetestprovidesameasureoffluterigidity.平压测试是类似于边压强度试验，区别在于样品被压缩在平面上[图4.9（c）]。该测试提供了瓦楞强度的措施。P68Allthree-piececanbodiesarepressuretestedandhavetheendsflangedtoreceivethecantopandbottomends.Thecanmakerappliesonecanendandsendstheotherendtotheusefordoubleseamingafterthecanisfilled.所有三片式罐身压力测试翻边可以接受顶部和底部的两端。制造商应用一个可以终止并传送到另一端使双缝填满。Sanitaryfoodcansthatmaybethermallyprocessedhaveheadpatternsembossedintothecansidewallstoimproveresistancetocollapsebecauseofexternalpressure.Thispreventscollapse(paneling)duringpressuredifferentialsisencounteredduringretortingandenablesthecantowithstandaninternalvacuum.Sidewallbeadingrequiresmorematerial,reducestop-to-bottomcompressionstrength,andcomplicateslabeling.Manysidewallbeadgeometriesaredesignedtomaximizehoopstrengthwhileminimizingtheaccompanyingproblems.卫生食品可热加工罐侧壁已可以提高抗倒塌，因为外米的压力珠浮雕图案。这可以防止崩溃在压力差（板）干馏过程中遇到的使能承受内部的真空。边墙珠需要更多的材料，减少从高端到低端的压缩强度和复杂标签。许多侧壁珠几何图形，旨在最大限度地强度，同时最大限度地减少伴随的问题。Canendsintendedforthermalprocessingarestampedwithaseriesofcircularexpansionpanels(Figure5.5).Thisallowsformovementoftheendpanelssothatthecontentsareabletoexpandandcontractwithoutbulgingorotherwisedistortingthecan.Thechuckpanelisdesignedtogivetheproperclearancetothedouble-seamingchuckusedtosealthecanendtothebody.Avitalcan-endcomponentisthecompoundappliedaroundtheperimetercurl.Thiscompoundactsasacaulkingsealantwhentheendismatedanddouble-seamedtothecanbody(Figure5.6andFigure5.7)罐头端头预计用热处理压了一系列膨胀圆（图5.5）。这让端板移动以便内装物能够扩大和收缩而不膨胀或变形。夹盘板旨在给予适当空隙在双缝夹头中用来密封罐端部分和身体。一个重要罐端部分是围绕卷曲物的化合物。这种化合物作为专用填隙密封胶啮合双缝罐身（图5.6和图5.7）4、P89Thepropertiesofcastandblownfilmandsheetcanbeimprovedbyphysicallyorientingthepolymermolecules.Castsheetisorientedinthemachinedirectionbybeingpulledawayfasterthanitisextruder,thusstretchingitinthemachinedirection.Thisisusuallyaccomplishedbypassingthecastfilmthroughaseriesofrolls,eachrollrotatingprogressivefasterthanthepreviousroll.挤出模和吹胀膜及片材的特性可以通过物理定向聚合物分子来提高，挤出片材在纵向的定向是横向拉伸速度快于其挤出速度来实现的，因而在横向拉伸它，这通常是将挤出模通过一系列滚子而得以完成实现的，每一个滚子转动速度都要比前一个滚子快。Cross-ortransverse-directionorientationisdoneinatenterframe.Clipstravelingdowndivergingtracksgraspthefilmalongeachedgeandstretchitinthecrossdirectionuptoaboutseventimesitsoriginalcastwidth.Filmorientedintwodirectionsissaidtohave“biaxialorientation”.横向定向进行拉伸装置。夹子沿增幅导轨夹住薄膜边缘，拉伸交叉方向到原来的七倍左右宽度。夹子沿增幅导轨夹住薄膜边缘，拉伸交叉方向到原来的七倍左右宽度。薄膜这两个方向被称为具有“双向拉伸”。Bothmachine-andcross-directionorientingaredoneatsomewhatelevatedtemperatures.Ifthestretchingandcoolingprocessesarerapid,thefilmwillretainsomememoryofitsoriginaldimensions.Itwillwanttoreturntothosedimensionsifreheated;ineffect,itwillbea“shrinkplastid“.Orientedfilmsareheat-stabilizedbykeepingthemattheelevatedtemperature(annealing)forabrieftime.两个机械以及横向定向使温度有所上升。如果快速拉伸和冷却，该薄膜将保留一些原始尺寸。它将要返回的原来的尺寸，如果重新加热效果，这将是一个“收缩薄膜”。定向薄膜热定形短暂的时间内保持他们在高温（退火）。Blownfilmisorientedbyadjustingtheinflationrationandtake-awayspeedrelativetothetube-formingrate.Blownfilmcannotbeorientedtotheextentthatisavailablewithcast-filmextrusion,however,thebiaxialorientationofblownfilmiswellbalanced.吹塑薄膜定向调节吹胀比以及牵引比。吹塑薄膜不能定向铸造薄膜挤出的程度，然而，双向拉伸吹塑薄膜是很好的平衡。5、P132:Inatypicalflexographicprintingstation,excessinkisappliedtoanengravedtransferoraniloxroll.Theengravingsontheaniloxrollmeterthecorrectamountofink,dependingontheengravinggeometryanddepth.Theinkistransferredtotheraisedsurfaceoftheprintingplateattachedtotheplatecylinder.在一个典型的柔性版印刷工作站，过量的油墨应用在有雕刻的传输装置和网纹辊。用雕刻网纹辊计量正确的墨水量，这取决于雕刻几何形状和深度。油墨被转移到印版表面提高连接到版筒。6、P134:Lithographyisaplanographicprocess,meaningthatprintingandnonprintingareasareallonthesameplane.Unlikethereliefplate,alithographicpringtingplateisfiatandsmooth.Lithographicprincipleswerediscoveredwhenagreasycrayonwasusedtowriteonaporousstone.Thestonewasthensoakedwithwater,wettingeverythingexceptthegreasedarea.Aninkmadefromoil,wax,andlamp-black,appliedtothestone’ssurface,wasnaturallyrepelledbythewettedarea,andadheredtothegreasyarea.Themutuallyexclusivenatureofoilandwaterformsthebasisofmodernlithography.Lithographicinkisbydefinitionalwaysoilbased.Itisaheavypasteandismeteredtotheplatecylinderbyatrainofinkingrollers.Anothergroupofrollersappliesathinfilmofwatertothewater-receptiveareas.平版印刷是一种平版的过程，意思是说打印和非打印区域在同一平面上。不同于凸版印刷板，平版印刷板是平的和光滑的。平版印刷的起源是发现了用油脂的粉笔写在有孔的石头上。然后用清水浸泡石头，润湿除油区的一切。沾湿面积自然排斥由油，蜡，黑灯制成的油墨，应用于石头的表面，并粘附与油脂的区域。利用油和水的相互排斥的性质，在现代平版印刷的基础上。平版印刷油墨始终是油为基础的定义。这是一项沉重的从粘贴和计量到印版滚筒油墨辊。另一组滚子应用于水膜亲水性领域。句段翻译2Therearemanyvariationsonpapermakingmachines，eachimpartingitsowncharactertotheresultingpaper，onlythreerepresentativeclasseswillbediscussedhere：fourdrinier，cylinder，andtwin-wiremachines。造纸机上有许多变化，每个传授自己的特点来所产生的文件，只有三个班的代表将讨论在这里：长网，圆柱和双丝机。汉-英：depositingafiber-and-waterslurryontoamovingwirebelttendstoalignfibersinthedirectionoftravel，knownasthemachinedirection。Thedirectionacrossthepaper-makingmachineandacrossthefiberalignmentisthecrossdirection.沉积纤维和水混合的泥浆到一个移动的金属传送带趋向于排列纤维在它行走的方向，即纵向。横跨造纸机和整个纤维排列的方向是横向的方向。英-汉：Cylindermachinestendtoalignfibersmorethanfourdriniermachines.TensilestrengthratiosinMDandCDforatypicalfourdrinierboardareabout2:1.whereasforacylinderboardtheratiomightbe4:1orhigher,meaningthattheMDtensilestrengthisfourtimesgreaterthantheCDtensilestrength.Thegreaterthedegreeoffiberalignment,thegreaterthedifferenceinagivenpropertywhenmeasuredinMDandCD.Theratioofapropertyinthetwodirectionsisoftenusedasagaugeoffiberalignment.圆网机往往比长网排列/校准纤维更多。对于一个典型的长网造纸机纵向和横向上抗张强度比约为2:1。而对于一个圆网造纸机的比例可能是4:1或更高，也就是说，纵向的抗张强度是横向的拉伸强度的四倍或更大。纤维取向度越大，在测量纵向和横向的某个别给定的性能时难度就越高。一个在这两个方向的性能比例是经常被用来作为光纤定位仪。汉-英：Corrugatedfiberboard,orcombinedboardhastwocomponents:thelinerboardandthemedium.Botharemadeofaspecialkindofheavypapercalledcontainerboard.Linerboardistheflatfacingthatadherestothemedium.Themediumisthewavy,flutedpaperbetweentheliners.瓦楞纸板，或组合板有两个组成部分：面纸和芯纸。两者都是由同一种特殊材质的厚重的纸即原纸组成。面纸是与芯纸粘合在一起的一层。芯纸为波浪状，是面之间的开槽的纸。Differentfluteprofilescanbecombinedinonepieceofcombinedboard.Forinstance,atriplewallboard,onelayerofmediummightbeA-flutewhiletheothertwolayersmaybeC-flute.Mixingfluteprofilesinthiswayallowsdesignerstomanipulatethecompressionstrength,cushioningstrengthandtotalthicknessofthecombinedboard.不同的瓦楞侧面可以合并成一个组合板的一部分。例如，一个三层板，其中芯纸的一层可能是一个A型瓦楞，而其他两个层可能是C–瓦楞。以这种方式混合瓦楞侧面允许设计师操纵抗压强度，缓冲强度和组合板的总厚度。 翻译Sanitaryfoodcansthatmaybethermallyprocessedhavebeadpatternsembossedintothecansidewallstoimproveresistancetocollapsebecauseofexternalpressure.Thispreventscollapse(paneling)duringpressuredifferentialsisencounteredduringretortingandenablesthecantowithstandaninternalvacuum.Sidewallbeadingrequiresmorematerials,reducestop-to-bottomcompressionstrength,andcomplicateslabeling.Manysidewallbeadgeometriesaredesignedtomaximizehoopstrengthwhileminimizingtheaccompanyingproblems.卫生食品可热加工罐侧壁已可以提高抗倒塌，因为外来的压力珠浮雕图案。这可以防止崩溃在压力差（板）干馏过程中遇到的使能承受内部的真空。边墙珠需要更多的材料，减少从高端到低端的压缩强度和复杂标签。许多侧壁珠几何图形，旨在最大限度地箍强度，同时最大限度地减少伴随的问题。英-汉Asingle–drawoperationislimitedinhowfarthemetalcanbereshaped.Canshavingaheightequaltoorgreaterthanthecandiameterwillusuallyrequireaseconddrawinwhatiscalledthe“draw-and–redraw”process.Thefirstdrawproducesashallowcup.Thesecondreducesthediameterasthecanisdeepened.Canshavingaheightsignificantlygreaterthanthecandiameterwouldrequireathirddraw.Ifthecontaineristobethermallyprocessed,Sidewallbeadsarerolledintothewallsinaseparatestep.Bodyflangesforengagingthecanendarerolledoninamannersimilartothatusedinthree-piececanmanufacture.一次性拉伸操作限制在何种程度上金属可以重塑。一个高度等于或大于直径的罐子通常需要所谓的“拉伸-重拉伸”的第二次拉伸过程。第一次拉伸产生的浅的杯状。第二次拉伸减少了直径当罐子被加深。当罐子的高度明显地大于罐子的直径时就需要第三次拉伸。如果容器是要热加工，侧壁珠滚进侧壁需不同的步骤。为美化罐子的两端进行的罐身翻边操作方法是与制作三层罐子的方法是类似的。翻译Amonomercanjointoitselftoformacomplexpolymerstructureinanumberofways.Themonomerunitscansimplyjoinintoeachothertoformlongchainsasinathermoplastic,ortheycancross-linkbetweenthechainsinathree-dimensionalpattern,resultinginathermosetplastic 单体可以在若干步骤后自己连结形成复杂的聚合物的结构。单体单元可以简单地加入到彼此形成长链作为热塑性塑料，也可以在三维图案中链间交联形成热固性塑料段落Thepropertiesofcastandblownfilmandsheetcanbeimprovedbyphysicallyorientingthepolymermolecules.CastsheetisorientedInthemachinedirectionbybeingpulledawayfasterthanitisextruded,thusstretchingitinthemachinedirection.Thisisusuallyaccomplishedbypassingthecastfilmthroughaseriesofrolls,eachrollrotatingprogressivelyfasterthanthepreviousroll.Cross-ortransverse–directionorientationisdoneinatenterframe.Clipstravelingdowndivergingtracksgraspthefilmalongeachedgeandstretchitinthecrossdirectionuptoaboutseventimesitsoriginalcastwidth.Filmorientedintwodirectionsissaidtohave”biaxialorientation”. Bothmachine-andcross–directionorientingaredoneatsomewhatelevatedtemperatures.Ifthestretchingandcoolingprocessesarerapid,thefilmwillretainsomememoryofitsoriginaldimension.Itwillwanttoreturntothosedimensionsifreheated.Ineffect,itwillbea“shrinkplastic”.orientedfilmsareheat-stabilizedbykeepingthemattheelevatedtemperatureforabrieftime.Blownfilmisorientedbyadjustingtheinflationratioandtake-awayspeedrelativetothetube-formingrate.Blownfilmcannotbeorientedtotheextentthatisavailablewithcast-filmextrusion,however,thebiaxialorientationofblownfilmiswellbalanced.铸造和吹制薄膜和片材的性能可被提高通过使聚合物分子物理定向。铸造片状是通过以比被挤压速度快的速度移动（拉伸）使之面向纵向，因此得以在纵向上拉伸。这经常是通过挤塑薄膜穿过一系列辊子，每个辊筒逐渐加速旋转并比前一个辊筒的速度快。交叉或横向的方向在一个拉幅机里被定位。沿不同的轨道滚动的夹子沿每个边棱抓住薄层并在横向上按高达它原始浇筑宽度的7倍拉伸它。在两个方向上定位的薄层被称为二轴定位。在横向和纵向同被定位的过程在某个极高的温度上完成。如果拉伸和冷却的过程是快速的，薄层会保留它原始尺度的部分记忆。在被二度加热时，它会返回到原来的尺寸。实际上，它会变成“收缩的塑料”。定位后的薄层在一个极高的温度下放置一段时间会热稳定的。吹膜通过调节膨胀比率和离开速度与管成型速率比较来定位。吹膜在能够铸膜挤出的程度上不能被定位。然而，吹膜的二轴定位能够被很好的平衡。翻译Injectionmoldingusesapowerfulextruderwiththecapabilitytoinjectapreciseamountofresinintoafullyenclosedmold.Veryhighhydraulicpressuresdrivehot,relativelyviscousmoltenmaterialthroughthechilledpassagesofapartmoldandfillthecavitybeforetheplasticsolidifies.Theprocessrequiressubstantialmoldsthatwillnotflexormoveunderextremetemperatureandpressure.Aneight-cavitymoldformargarinetubsmayweighupwardsofaton.Thisrequiredmoldmassandthecomplexityofthetoolingmakeinjectionmoldinghighestintoolingcostoftheplasticformingmethods.注塑成型法使用功能强大的挤出机使精确数量的树脂注入一个完全封闭的模具。非常高水压驱动热的粘稠的熔融材料通过一个部分模具的冷却通道，并在塑料凝固之前填充前腔。这一过程需要大量在高温和高压下不会弯曲和移动的模具。一种作为人造黄油桶的八腔模具可重达一吨以上。这就要求模具质量和加工的复杂性使注塑成型法在塑料制作方法中的加工造价是最高的。段落Containersandotherdraw-formedpackagingcomponentscanbereadilymanufacturedfromthermoplasticsheetingbyanumberofthermoformingvariations.Allvariationsheatthethermoplasticsheetmaterialtothepointwhereitbecomessoftandpliable,butbelowthetemperatureatwhichmeltflowmightoccur.Mostthermoplasticmaterialscanbethermoformed,includingsingle-polymermaterials,co-extrusions,andlaminatedsheets.Multilayeredlaminatedsheetcanprovidespecializedphysicalandchemicalpropertiesthatarenoteconomicallyattainablebyothermeans.Thermoformsmadeonautomated,high–performanceequipmentmayprovideapossiblealternativetoinjection–moldedcontainerssuchastubs.Pliableplasticsheetcanbeformedbymechanicalmeans,withvacuums,withpressure,orbyanycombinationofthese.Inallcases,therelationshipofthepartsurfaceareatotheavailablesheetareadeterminestheaveragematerialthickness.Materialdistributionisgovernedbythepart’sgeometryandtheparticularmethodusedtoformtheshape.Sheetgaugeandmoldaccuracyareimportant.集装箱和其他绘制成型包装组件通过一系列的热压成型变化可以很容易地从热塑性塑料薄膜制作而来。所有的变化都加热热塑性塑料薄膜材料到一个使之变软和柔韧的点上，但低于这个温度下熔体流动可能发生。大多数热塑性材料可热成型，包括单聚合物材料，共同型材，和层压板。多层层压板可提供专门的物理和化学性质，这是用其他方式不能经济地获得的性质。就自动化的热成形，高性能设备可以提供一种可能的替代品去取代注塑成型容器，如盆。柔韧的塑料片材可通过机械手段，在有真空，压力，或任何组合的条件下被制造。在所有情况下，零件局部表面面积与可用面积的关系决定了板材的平均厚度。物资配送是被零件的几何形状和形成零件形状的特定方法支配的。板材规格和模具的精度非常重要。翻译Vacuumformingintoacavitymoldoroveraplugmoldisthesimplestformofvacuummolding.Vacuumholesarerequiredinthecavity’slowestpoint.Vacuumformingintoacavityoroveraplughasdeficienciessimilartothoseofmatched-diemolding----limiteddrawandpoorcontrolovermaterialdistribution.Cavitymoldsallowforeasierpartremoval,sincethehotplasticshrinksawayfromthecavitywhenitcools,whereasthecooledplastictendstotightenaroundaplugform.型腔模具真空成型或插头模具成型是真空成型最简单的形式。真空孔腔需要在孔的最低点。真空成腔法或插头模具成型法与匹配模成型法相似，有缺陷------有限拉伸和对物资配送的控制能力较差。型腔模具允许更容易的部件移除，因为当热的塑料冷却时它会收缩，但是冷却的塑料趋向于围绕一个插座形式收紧。Materialdistributionproblemsarereducedwhenseveralformingmethodsarecombined.Inplug-assistvacuumforming,theplugmoldisabovethesheet.Thesheetisheateduntilitbeginstosag,theplugmovesthesheetintothemold,andavacuumpullsitintoconformitywiththemold.Thisgivesbettermaterialdistributiontothecornersthanvacuumformingalone.物资配送问题当几个成型方法相结合时会减少。在插件帮助真空成型，插头模具高于片材。片材被加热直到它开始向下凹陷，插头移动片材到模具，并用真空将它拉入模具使之契合。这比单独使用真空成型法给了角落部分更好的物资分配。Eachmethodhasadifferentwayofcreating,carrying,andtransferringinkpatternsontoasubstrate,butregardl