医学英语-专业英语构词法

※nano-纳,毫微,10-9

※micro-微,10-6※milli-毫,10-3

※centi-厘,10-2※deci-分,10-1

※deca-十,10※kilo-千,103※-liter升※meter米※gram克

microliter

micrometermicrogram

millilitermillimetermilligram

deciliterdecimeterdecigram

nanoliternanometernanogram

centilitercentimetercentigram

decaliterdecameterdecagram

kiloliterkilometerkilogram※hemi-,semi-½

※mono-,haplo-,hen-,uni-1※

di-,bi-,duo-,bis-2※tri-,triplo-,ter-3※

tetra-,quarto-,quadri-4※meth-甲eth-乙prop-丙but-丁penta-戊,5hexa-己,6hepta-庚,7octa-辛,8nona-壬,9deca-癸,10

un(hen)deca11dodeca12trideca13

tetradeca14octadeca18nondeca19

eicosa20heneicosa21docosa22tricosa23tetracosa24pentacosa25

※

-ane烷

-ene烯

-yne炔

-yl基

alkyl

['ælkaɪl;-kɪl]烷基alkane['ælkein]烷烃alkene['ælki:n]烯烃alkyne['ælkain]炔烃propane['prəupein]丙烷propene

丙烯['prəʊpiːn]propyne['prəupain]丙炔propyl['prəʊpaɪl;-pɪl]丙基;丙烷基※-ol醇pentadiol戊二醇propanetriol[prə'pænətriəul]丙三醇;甘油

※

-enol烯醇

propenol['prəupənɔl;-nəu]丙烯醇※

cyclo-环

cycloalkane[,saɪkləʊ'ælkeɪn]环烷烃cyclopropene环丙烯

cycloalkene环烯烃cycloalkyne环炔烃

※

one,ket-酮

ketone['ki:təun]

cyclohexanone[,saikləu'heksənəun]环己酮※

ald-,-al,aldehyde

醛

formaldehyde[fɔ:'mældihaid],methanal

['meθənæl]甲醛propanal

[prə'pænəl]丙醛

butanal丁醛

benzaldehyde[ben'zældɪhaɪd]苯甲醛;安息香醛aldosterone[æl'dɒstərəʊn]醛固酮★

Result

showedthat

both

oils

contain

alkane,

alcohol,

ester,

ketone,

acid,

phenolandalkene,['estə]酯['fiːnɒl]石碳酸;苯酚andthe

maincomponents主要成分are

tricosane,pentacosane二十五烷and

heptacosane.['traikəsein]二十三烷

[hep'tækəsein]二十七烷

★Aldosteroneisahormonesecretedbytheadrenal

cortex肾上腺皮质thatregulateselectrolyte[ə'driːn(ə)l]

['kɔːteks][ɪ'lektrəlaɪt]电解质andwaterbalancebyincreasingtherenal

['riːn(ə)l]肾(脏)的retention保留,滞留ofsodium

['səʊdɪəm]钠andtheexcretion[ɪk'skriːʃ(ə)n;ek-]

排泄(物);分泌(物)ofpotassium

[pə'tæsɪəm]钾.methylmethanemethanolethylethaneethylene,ethene

ethanolethanalethynepropylpropylene,propenepropanolpropanediolpropanetriolpropynepropanedialpropanone

cyclopropylcyclopropanebutylbutylene,butenebutadienebutanediolbutanedialbutanonebutanedionebutynebutanolcyclobutylcyclobutanecyclobutenecyclobutadienecyclobutanone

pentylpentanepentylene,pentenepentadienepentenolpentanolpentanediol

pentanalpentanedialpentanonepentanedionepentynepentanediynecyclopentylcyclopentanecyclopentenecyclopentadienecyclopentanonehexylhexanehexylene,hexenehexadienehexatrienehexanolhexanediolhexenolhexanalhexanedialhexanedionecyclohexylcyclohexanecyclohexenecyclohexadiene※-ose糖saccharide糖;糖类

['sækəraɪd]

monose单糖

monosaccharide

[mɒnə(ʊ)'sækəraɪd]

pentose戊糖

['pentəus]

ribose核糖

['raɪbəʊz;-s]deoxyribose脱氧核糖

[dɪ,ɒksɪ'raɪbəʊz;-s]

hexose['heksəus]己糖

glucose葡萄糖

['gluːkəʊs;-z]

fructose果糖

['frʌktəʊz;-s]

diose二糖,双糖

disaccharide[dai'sækəraid]

maltose麦芽糖['mɔːltəʊz;-s;mɒlt-]sucrose蔗糖['s(j)uːkrəʊz;-əʊs]

lactose乳糖['læktəʊz;-s]

cellobiose纤维二糖

[,seləu'baiəuz]

aldose醛糖

['ældəus]

aldohexose,hexoaldose己醛糖

glucose

[,ældəu'heksəus]

ketose酮糖

['kiːtəʊs]

ketohexose己酮糖

[,ki:təu'heksəus]fructoseoligose寡糖;低聚糖oligosaccharide

['ɔligəus]

[,ɒlɪgə(ʊ)'sækəraɪd]polyose多糖;聚糖

polysaccharide[,pɒlɪ'sækəraɪd]

starch淀粉[stɑːtʃ]glycogen糖原['glaɪkədʒ(ə)n]cellulose纤维素['seljʊləʊz;-s]

★Allcarbohydrate[kɑːbə'haɪdreɪt]碳水化合物foods,astheyaredigested,eventuallybreakdownintosimplesugars(monose),suchasglucoseandfructose.★Sucroseisadisaccharide(diose)composedofonemolecule['mɒlɪkjuːl]分子ofglucoseandonemoleculeoffructose.★Themostimportantrepresentativesofdisaccharidesaresucrose,lactose,maltoseandcellobiose.★Glucosewithasix-carbon-atomaldehydesugaristermedanaldohexose.※

-ate…盐,酯

ester酯

formate['fɔ:meit]甲酸盐;蚁酸盐ethyl['eθaɪl;-θɪl;'iː-]formate甲酸乙酯

acetate['æsɪteɪt]醋酸盐;乙酸盐ethylacetate乙酸(醋酸)乙酯

propionate['prəʊpɪəneɪt]丙酸盐;丙酸酯propylpropionate丙酸丙酯

carbonate['kɑːbəneɪt]碳酸盐

bicarbonate[baɪ'kɑːbəneɪt;-nət]碳酸氢盐sodiumcarbonate碳酸钠sodiumbicarbonate碳酸氢钠;小苏打

nitrate['naɪtreɪt]硝酸盐silvernitrate硝酸银

phosphate['fɒsfeɪt]磷酸盐potassiumdihydrogenphosphate磷酸二氢钾sulfate['sʌlfeit]硫酸盐

aluminium[æl(j)ʊ'mɪnɪəm]sulfate硫酸铝

※hydro-氢,水

hydrate

['haɪdreɪt]水合物hydrocarbon[,haɪdrə(ʊ)'kɑ:b(ə)n]烃carbohydrate[kɑːbə'haɪdreɪt]碳水化合物;糖类monohydrate

[mɒnə(ʊ)'haɪdreɪt]一水合物;一水化物

dihydrate[dai'haidreit]trihydrate

[trai'haidreit]tetrahydrate[,tetrə'haidrit;-dreit]pentahydrate[,pentə'haidreit]

hexahydrateheptahydratenonahydratedecahydrateoctahydratedodecahydrate[,dəudikə'haidreit]hexaketocyclohexaneoctahydrate

环己六酮八水合物

※

hydroxy(l)-羟基hexahydroxycyclohexane[,heksəhai'drɔksi,sik-lə'heksein]六羟基环己烷※-ase酶

enzyme

hydroxylase[hai'drɔksileis]羟化酶

methyltransferase,MT[,meθil'trænsfəreis]甲基转移酶catechol-O-methyltransferase,COMT

儿茶酚氧位甲基转移酶

['kætɪtʃɒl;-kɒl]邻苯二酚,儿茶酚maltase['mɒlteɪz;'mɔːl-]麦芽糖酶oxidase

['ɒksɪdeɪz]氧化酶reductase

[rɪ'dʌkteɪz]还原酶oxidoreductase['ɔksidəuri'dʌkteis]氧化还原酶synthase

['sɪnθeɪz]

合酶nitric

oxidesynthase

(NOS)一氧化氮合酶['naɪtrɪk](含)氮的['ɒksaɪd]氧化物★Maltasecancatalyzethehydrolysis[haɪ'drɒlɪsɪs]

水解作用ofmaltose

['mɔːltəʊz;-s;mɒlt-]totwo

glucoses.★

Nitric

oxide(NO)

plays

an

important

role

in

cardiovascular

system.

Nitric

oxide

synthase(NOS)is

thekeyenzymeduringthe

synthesisprocess

of

nitric

oxide.

※acet-乙酰

acetic[ə'si:tik]

醋酸的aceticacid醋酸,乙酸

glacial英['gleɪsɪəl;-ʃ(ə)l]

aceticacid冰醋酸

dilute[dai'lju:t;di-]

aceticacid稀醋酸

acetate['æsiteit]乙(醋)酸盐acetone

['æsitəun]丙酮

acetaldehyde[,æsi'tældihaid],ethanal[,eθə'næl]乙醛※acetyl-乙酰基acetylcholine乙酰胆碱[ə,si:til'kəuli:n]英[,æsɪtaɪl'kəʊliːn;-tɪl-]acetylcholinesterase,AchE乙酰胆碱酯酶[ə'si:til,kəuli'nestəreis]

★AchEisanenzymethatcatalyzes['kætəlaiz]

thehydrolysis[hai'drɔlisis]

水解ofacetylcholinetocholineandacetate.IntheCNS,itplaysaroleinthefunctionofperipheral外周的neuromuscular

junctions神经肌肉接头.※amin-氨,氨基aminoacid英[ə,mi:nəu'æsid]氨基酸aminoacetic

acid氨基乙酸;甘氨酸Glycine,Glyaminobenzene[ə,mi:nəu'benzi:n]氨基苯;苯胺

para-aminobenzoic

acid,PABA

对氨基苯甲酸aminobenzoate氨基苯甲酸盐Sodium4-aminobenzoate

aminosalicylic[ə'mi:nəu,sæli'silik]

acid氨基水杨酸

p-aminosalicylic

acid,PAS对氨基水杨酸

aminosalicylate

氨基水杨酸盐

aminolysis氨解(作用)(-lysis水解)

aminotransferase转氨酶;氨基转移酶

[ə,mi:nəu'trænsfəreis;,æminəu'trænsfəreis]

ammonia[ə'məunjə]氨,氨气,氨水※amine胺

primaryamine伯胺,一级胺RNH2

secondaryamine仲胺,二级胺R2NH

tertiaryamine叔胺,三级胺R3N

quaternaryamine季铵盐,四级铵盐类R4N+X－

methylamine,aminomethane甲胺gasdimethylamine二甲胺

gasdimethylaminetetracycline二甲胺四环素;米诺环素

ethylamine,aminoethane乙胺

liquid

diethylamine二乙胺liquidethylenediamine乙二胺liquidethylene乙撑基

2-methoxyethylamine

2-甲氧基乙胺

ethambutol,EMB乙胺丁醇

cyclohexylamine环己胺

diphenylamine二苯胺

trimethylamine三甲胺

triethylamine三乙胺

diethanolamine二乙醇胺

(HOCH2CH2)2NH

triethanolamine三乙醇胺

(HOCH2CH2)3N

★Ethanolamine乙醇胺anditsderivative衍生物di-andtriethanolamine三乙醇胺resultfromreactingammoniawithethyleneoxide环氧乙烷;乙撑氧.★Aminestendtobesmelly.Aminesinthegaseousstateoftensmelllikeammonia,it’saverystrongsmell.Aminesintheliquidstatesmelllikefishorevendeadfish,inparticular,trimethylamine.※ammonium铵

[ə'məʊnɪəm]ammoniumdihydrogenphosphate,ADP磷酸二氢铵

diammoniumhydrogenphosphate磷酸氢二铵ammoniumacetate醋酸铵,乙酸铵

ammoniumchloride,ammoniachloride氯化铵※-amide酰胺['eɪmaɪd;'æmaɪd]

formamide甲酰胺[fɔ'mæmaid]N,Ndimethylformamide(DMF)

acetamide乙酰胺

[ə'siːtəmaɪd;ə'set-]

cyclophosphamide环磷酰胺

[,saɪklə'fɑsfə,maɪd]

pyrazinamide吡嗪酰胺

[,pirə'zinəmaid]※

acyl-酰基

acylhalide酰卤

acylchloride酰氯※

-ide

…化物

hydrofluoride氢氟化物

hydrochloride氢氯化物

[,haɪdrə(ʊ)'klɔːraɪd]hydrobromide氢溴化物[,haidrəu'brəumaid]

hydroiodide氢碘化物※hal-卤代,卤(素),盐halogen卤素['hælədʒ(ə)n;'heɪl-]（-gen产生…物质）

halogenelements卤族元素

FluorineChlorineBromineIodine['flʊəriːn;'flɔː-]['klɔːriːn]['brəʊmiːn]['aɪədiːn]halide卤化物

FluorideChlorideBromideIodide

['flʊəraɪd;flɔː-]['aɪədaɪd]alkylhalide

['heɪlaɪd]卤代烃,卤代烷

※

fluor-氟fluorinefluoricacid氢氟酸※

brom-溴bromine;bromumbromoform溴仿,三溴甲烷tribromethane

bromobenzene溴苯※

chlor-氯chlorine;chlorumchlorethylene氯乙烯chloroform氯仿trichlormethanechlorate氯酸盐

chlorite亚氯酸盐

chloric(含)氯的

chlorous亚氯(酸)的

※

iod-碘;碘代iodine;iodumiodoform碘仿,三碘甲烷triiodomethane

bromochlorotrifluoroethane氟烷

※phen-,benz-苯benzene,benzolphenol苯酚

['fiːnɒl]phenyl苯基

['fiːnaɪl;'fenɪl]phenobarbital苯巴比妥

[,fiːnə(ʊ)'bɑːbɪt(ə)l;,fenə(ʊ)'bɑːbɪt(ə)l]phenylamine苯胺[,fenələ'miːn]benzyl苯甲基;苄基

['benzaɪl;-zɪl]benzylpenicillin青霉素G;苄青霉素

benzaldehyde苯甲醛;安息香醛[ben'zældɪhaɪd]

benzoic苯甲酸的;安息香的[ben'zəʊɪk]benzoic

acid苯甲酸;安息香酸benzoate苯甲酸盐或酯

['benzəʊeɪt]※nitro-硝基

nitrate

硝酸盐

['naɪtreɪt]

nitrobenzene硝基苯

[,naɪtrəʊ'benziːn]nitroglycerin硝酸甘油

['naɪtrə'glɪsərɪn]※oxid-,oxy-

氧oxidant氧化剂reductant还原剂oxidase氧化酶oxidoreductaseoxidize(使)氧化oxidatev.氧化n.氧化物oxidation-reduction氧化还原;氧化还原作用

oxygenase加氧酶;氧合酶

cyclooxygenase(COX)环氧合酶;环氧(化)酶methoxy甲氧基ethoxy乙氧基phenoxy苯氧基acetyloxy乙酰氧基

aspirin:(2-acetyloxy)benzoicacid乙酰水杨酸oxide氧化物oxygen氧气,氧epoxy环氧的epoxide环氧化物※carbo-碳carbon碳carbon+monoxide,dioxide,tetrachloridecarbonic碳的carbonicacid碳酸

carbonate碳酸盐

ferrouscarbonate碳酸亚铁

carbohydrate碳水化合物;糖类carbohydraturia糖尿

※carbonyl-羰基;碳酰

formaldehyde,aldehyde,ketone

carbonylchloride碳酰氯;光气

COCl2

※carboxy(l)-

羧基

carboxylase羧化酶

carboxyltransferase羧基转移酶,转羧酶

carboxylate羧酸盐;羧化物carboxylic羧基的

carboxylicacid羧酸1,3-cyclohexanedicarboxylic

acid3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic

acid没食子酸;五倍子酸

※de-脱,去,除,离deacylase脱酰(基)酶deaminase脱氨(基)酶deamidase脱酰胺(基)酶decarboxylase脱羧酶dehydratase脱水酶dehydrate(使)脱水dehydrationndesulfurase脱硫酶desulfurize使脱硫※deoxy-,desoxy-脱氧,去氧de(s)oxyribose脱氧核糖pentosedeoxyriboside脱氧核糖核苷deoxyribotide脱氧核糖核苷酸,脱氧核苷酸DNA:de(s)oxyribonucleic

acid

RNA:ribonucleicacid核糖核酸desoxymorphine脱氧吗啡※dehydro-脱氢,去氢

dehydroandrosterone脱氢雄甾酮※thi-硫

thioether硫醚

thiol

巯基;硫醇R—SH

thiosulfate硫代硫酸盐sodiumthiosulfate,Na2S2O3

※sulf-硫,磺基sulfur硫(磺)sulfurdioxidesulfuric(正)硫的sulfuricacid硫酸

sulfurous亚硫的sulfurous

acid亚硫酸

sulfate硫酸盐bisulfate硫酸氢盐

coppersulfatepentahydrate胆矾aluminumpotassiumsulfatedodecahydrate明矾ammonium,barium,sodium,potassium+sulfatesulfite亚硫酸盐sodium,potassium+sulfite

bisulfite亚硫酸氢盐

potassiumbisulfiteKHSO3

sulfide硫化物

hydrogensulfide

sulfone

砜;磺基dimethylsulfone,MSM

二甲基砜

CH3·SO2·CH3diethylsulfone二乙基砜(C2H5)2SO2

ethylphenylsulfone苯乙砜C6H5·SO2·C2H5tetramethylenesulfone,cyclobutylsulfone环丁砜

methylenechloride,dichloromethane亚甲基氯

sulfoxide亚砜dimethylsulfoxide,DMSO

二甲基亚砜(CH3)2SO

diethylsulfoxide,DESO

二乙基亚砜sulfonic

磺(基)的sulfonicacid磺酸R-SO3Hmethyl,methanesulfonicacid甲(基)磺酸

CH3SO3H

sulfonamide磺胺,磺酰胺

p-aminophenylsulfonamide对氨基苯磺酰胺※cyan-氰cyanic氰的;含氰的cyanicacid氰酸H-O-C≡N

HCNO

sulfocyanicacid=thiocyanicacid硫氰酸HSCN

cyanate氰酸盐

thio,sulfocyanate硫氰酸盐potassiumcyanate氰酸钾KCNOpotassiumthiocyanate硫氰酸钾

KSCNcyanide氰化物

acyl

cyanide

酰氰hydrogencyanide氢氰酸HCN

sodiumcyanide氰化钠NaCN

potassiumcyanide氰化钾KCNpotassiumferricyanide铁氰化钾K3[Fe(CN)6]

potassiumferrocyanide亚铁氰化钾

=potassiumhexacyanoferrate(II)trihydrate

三水合六氰合铁(Ⅱ)酸钾K4Fe(CN)6·3H2O

fluor-氟fluorinechlor-氯chlorinebrom-溴

bromine

iod-碘iodinecarb-碳carbonhydr-氢hydrogenoxy-氧oxygen

nitr-氮nitrogensulf-硫sulfurphosph-磷phosphorussilic-硅siliconbor-硼boronnatr-钠

natrium;sodiumkal-钾

kalium;potassiumcalc-钙calciummagnes-镁magnesium

arsen-砷arsenic砒霜mercur-汞mercury水银chrom-铬

chromiumarg-银

argentumbar-钡

bariumsider,ferr-铁

ferrum;ironferro-铁2+ferri-铁3+calciumcarbonate碳酸钙sodiumhydroxide氢氧化钠argentumnitricum硝酸银silvernitratearsenictrioxide三氧化二砷boricacid硼酸borate硼酸盐bariumsulfate硫酸钡magnesiumoxide氧化镁silicane,silane

硅烷silica,silicondioxide

二氧化硅potassiumchromate铬酸钾mercurybichloride氯化汞ferricoxide氧化铁monopotassiumphosphate磷酸二氢钾※furan呋喃tetrahydrofuran四氢呋喃

thiophene

噻吩pyrrole,azole

吡咯,唑,氮二烯五环※imidazole

咪唑pyrazole吡唑

thiazole

噻唑isothiazole

异噻唑

oxazole

噁唑isoxazole异噁唑※pyran吡喃2H,4H-pyran

pyridine

吡啶

piperidine

哌啶※pyridazine哒嗪pyrimidine

嘧啶,间嗪

pyrazine吡嗪piperazine哌嗪※phenazine吩嗪phenothiazine吩噻嗪

quinoline喹啉isoquinoline异喹啉purine

嘌呤indole,benzpyrole

吲哚benzimidazole苯并咪唑

aminoacid氨基酸aminoaceticacid氨基乙酸;甘氨酸

formicacid甲酸

formate

aceticacid醋酸;乙酸acetate

glacialaceticacid冰醋酸;冰乙酸

propionicacid丙酸

propionate

maleicacid马来酸;顺丁烯二酸

maleate马来酸盐

ribonucleicacid,RNA

核醣核酸

hydrogencyanide氢氰酸

hydrocyanide

hydrofluoricacid氢氟酸hydrofluoride

hydrochloricacid氢氯酸hydrochloridehydrobromicacid氢溴酸hydrobromidehydroiodicacid氢碘酸hydroiodidelevofloxacinhydrochloride盐酸左氧氟沙星

nitricacid硝酸nitratephosphoricacid磷酸

phosphorate

carbonicacid碳酸

carbonateboricacid硼酸boratesulfuricacid硫酸

sulfate

sulfurousacid亚硫酸

sulfitesulfonicacid磺酸

sulfonate

carboxylicacid羧酸carboxylatecya