考研英语试题及答案

SectionIStructureandPartBeneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesSectionIStructureandPartBeneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebrackets.(5points)TheSocialSecurityRetirementProgramismadeupoftwotrust gopennilessbynextyear.oflargestlargestofinnatureisaluminumfoundfree,owingtoits withotherelements,mostcommonlywithbeingAndrew,myfather’syoungerbrother,willnotbeatthe tothefamily’stoomuchIwouldhavegonetovisithiminthehospitalhaditbeenatallpossible,butI fullyoccupiedthewholeoflastweek.hadhaveHelpwillcomefromtheUN,buttheaidwillbe nearchiefreasonforthepopulationgrowthhaveHelpwillcomefromtheUN,buttheaidwillbe nearchiefreasonforthepopulationgrowthisn’tsomucharisebirthrates inmedicalcare.Heclaimstobeanexpertinastronomy,butinactualfactheisquiteignorantonthesubject. heknowsaboutitisoutofWhatlittleSomuchHowSobecomereconciled thedecisionmadebyourfellowJustasthevalueofatelephonenetworkincreaseswitheachnew tothesystem,sodoesthevalueofacomputersystemincreasewitheachprogramthatturnsout.[A]tohaveaddedtoaddvocabularyandgrammaticaldifferencesbetweenBritishAmericanEnglisharesotrivialandfewashardly tobenoticedbeingtoPartEachofthetohaveaddedtoaddvocabularyandgrammaticaldifferencesbetweenBritishAmericanEnglisharesotrivialandfewashardly tobenoticedbeingtoPartEachofthefollowingsentenceshasfourunderlinedpartsmarked[A],1byblackeningthemarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEETletterinthebrackets.(5points)AnumberofexhibitionCforeignweretakenBtheysawmanynewDPart[C]iswrong.Thesentenceshouldread,“Anumberofforeignvisitorsweretakentotheindustrialexhibitionwheretheysawmanynewproducts.”Soyoushouldchoose[C].11.fifty-minuteperiod,butofhisstudentsevenobjectedDBCtheyfoundhislecturesbothinformativeand12.WhenEdisondied,itwasproposedthattheAmericanpeopleturnedoffallpowerintheirhomes,streets,andfactoriesBCseveralminutesinhonorofthisgreatDpointedoutAdamagewhichtheyBlastnight’sDhaddoneBecauseoftherecentaccidents,ourparentsforbidmybrothermefromswimmingintheriverunlesssomeoneagreestowatchpointedoutAdamagewhichtheyBlastnight’sDhaddoneBecauseoftherecentaccidents,ourparentsforbidmybrothermefromswimmingintheriverunlesssomeoneagreestowatchCDBAgreatmanyteachersfirmlybelievethatEnglishisoneofABsubjectsinhighatDInthistheseinsectsefficientuseofsound-producedability,twosoundsdeliveredatahighBArateasoneDIthoughtthetechnicianwastoblamefortheblowingoftheBAbutIseenowhowIwasCDForhimtobere-electedwhatisessentialisnotthathispolicyworks,butthatthepublicbelievethatitBCDAsfarasAamconcerned,hispoliticsareBwithotherDI’dwheneveryouaregoingaftersomethingAtoyou,anyonewhoisdeprivingyouoftherighttohaveitCDPartBeneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].DPartBeneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebrackets.(10points)ThelostcaroftheLeeswasfound inthewoodsoffthesentenceshouldread,“ThelostcaroftheLeeswasabandonedinthewoodsoffthehighway.”Therefore,youshouldchooseWhenworkersareorganizedintradeunions,employersfindithardtolaythem wealthofacountryshouldbemeasured thehealthhappinessofitspeopleaswellasthematerialgoodsitcanlinewithtermsofmeansHefailedmesomanytimesthatInolongerplaceany onwhathe[A]Mystudentsfoundthebook :itprovidedthemwithanabundanceofinformationonthesubject.NobodyMystudentsfoundthebook :itprovidedthemwithanabundanceofinformationonthesubject.Nobodyyetknowshowlongandhowseriouslytheshakinessinthefinancialsystemwill downtheeconomy.Inthisfactorythemachinesarenotregulated jointlycontrolledbyacentralcomputersystem.Everychemicalchangeeitherresultsfromenergybeingusedtoproducethechange,orcausesenergytobe insomeform.putoutsetoffusedtoworkhard,withtheresultthatincomesfromtaxationmightactually.to to Ican’t freshlypickedthismorning.figureItriedveryhardtopersuadehimtojoinourgroupbutImetwithaflat Fromthismaterialwecan hundredsofwhatyoumaycalldirectproducts.Shehadclearlyno ofdoinganywork,althoughshewasverywellpaid.Whatseemsconfusingorfragmentedatfirstmightwell athirdcleanandmeasurablenotableShehadclearlyno ofdoinganywork,althoughshewasverywellpaid.Whatseemsconfusingorfragmentedatfirstmightwell athirdcleanandmeasurablenotableandsystematicpureandwholesomeclearandpublicopinionwasthatthetimewas ofsucharadicalcandidateasMr.Hudsonsaidhecouldnotkillalivingthingofhunger.exceptforthe thecountrytosurvive, itspeopletoneweconomicpolicieswillbeatoletalonenottospeaklet’sForeigndisinvestmentandthe ofSouthAfricafromworldcapitalmarketsafter1985furtherweakeneditseconomy.Whenanumberofpeopletogetherinaconversationalknot,eachindividualexpresseshispositioninthegroupbywhereheSectionIIClozeForeachnumberedblankinWhenanumberofpeopletogetherinaconversationalknot,eachindividualexpresseshispositioninthegroupbywhereheSectionIIClozeForeachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C],and[D].ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebrackets.(10points)ManpowerInc.,with560,000workers,istheworld’stemporaryemploymentagency.Everymorning,itsintoofficesandfactoriesofAmerica,seekingaday’sworkforaday’sOnedayata industrialgiantslikeGeneralMotorsandstruggleto reducingthenumberofemployees,basedinMilwaukee,Wisconsin,isitseconomycontinuestorecover,theUSis”workforceisthemostinAmericanbusinessandit changingtherelationshipbetweenpeopleandjobs.Thephenomenonprovidesawayforcompaniestoremainavoidingmarketcyclesandthegrowingbyemploymentrules,healthcarecostspensionplans.Forworkersitcanmeananendtothesecurity,sense byemploymentrules,healthcarecostspensionplans.Forworkersitcanmeananendtothesecurity,sense aNowthatIfonlyProvidedReadingEachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefouranswersmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].ReadtheThenmarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEETbyblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebrackets.(40points)TextItwas3:45inthemorningwhenthevotewasfinallytaken.Aftersixmonthsofarguingandfinal16hoursofhotparliamentarydebates,Australia’sNorthernTerritorybecamethefirstlegalauthorityintheworldtoallowdoctorstotakethelivesofincurablyillpatientswhowishtodie.Themeasurepassedbytheconvincingvoteof15to10.AlmostimmediatelywordflashedontheInternetandwaspickedup,halfaworldaway,byJohnHofsess,executivedirectoroftheRighttoDieSocietyofCanada.Hesentitonviathegroup’son-lineservice,DeathNET.SaysHofsess:“Wepostedbulletinsalldaylong,becauseofcoursethisisn’tjustsomethingthathappenedinAustralia.It’sworldThefullimportmaytakeawhiletosinkin.TheNTRightsoftryingtodealbreathedsighsgroupsandwithitsmoralandpracticalimplications.Somehaveofrelief,others,includingchurches,right-to-lifeAustralianMedicalAssociation,bitterlyattackedbillandthehasteofitspassage.Butthetideisunlikelytoturnback.InAustralia--whereanagingpopulation,life-extendingtechnologyandaregoingtoconsidermakingasimilarlawtodealwitheuthanasia.IntheUSandCanada,wheretheright-to-diemovementisgatheringstrength,observersarewaitingforthedominoestostartfalling.UnderthenewNorthernTerritorylaw,anadultpatientcanrequestdeath--probablybyadeadlyinjectionorpill--toputanendtoAftera“coolingoff”periodofsevendays,thepatientcansignacertificateofrequest.After48hoursthewishfordeathcanbemet.ForLloydNickson,a54-year-oldDarwinresidentsufferingfromlungcancer,theNTRightsofTerminallyIlllawmeanshecangetonwithlivingwithoutthehauntingfearofhissuffering:aterrifyingdeathfromhisbreathingcondition.“I’mnotafraidofdyingfromaspiritualpointofview,butwhatIwasafraidofwashowI’dgo,becauseI’vewatchedhesays.Fromthesecondparagraphwelearnthat theobjectiontoeuthanasiaisslowtocomeinotherphysiciansandcitizenssharethesameviewonofthelawittakestimetorealizethesignificanceofthelaw’sstartfalling,hemeans ofeuthanasiasimilarbillsarelikelytobepassedintheUS,Canadaandotherobserversarewaitingtoseetheresultofthegameoftheeffect-takingprocessofthepassedbillmayfinallycometoastopWhenLloyddies,hewill withcalmcharacteristicoffacehistheWhenLloyddies,hewill withcalmcharacteristicoffacehisthesufferingofalungcancerhaveanintensefearofterribleundergoacoolingoffperiodofsevenauthor’sattitudetowardseuthanasiaseemstobethat TextAreportconsistentlybroughtbackbyvisitorstotheUSishowfriendly,courteous,andhelpfulmostAmericansweretothem.Tobefair,thisobservationisalsofrequentlymadeofCanadaandCanadians,andshouldbestbeconsideredNorthAmerican.Thereare,ofcourse,exceptions.Small-mindedofficials,rudewaiters,andill-manneredtaxidriversarehardlyunknownintheUS.Yetitisanobservationmadesofrequentlythatitdeservescomment.Foralongperiodoftimeandinmanypartsofthecountry,atravelerwasawelcomebreakinanotherwisedullexistence.Dullnessandlonelinesswerecommonproblemsofthefamilieswhogenerallyliveddistantfromoneanother.Strangersandtravelerswerewelcomesourcesofdiversion,andbroughtnewsoftheoutsideworld.Theharshrealitiesofthefrontieralsoshapedthistraditionofhospitality.Someonetravelingalone,ifhungry,injured,orill,oftenhadnowheretoturnexcepttothenearestcabinorsettlement.Itwasnotamatterofchoiceforthetravelerormerelyacharitableimpulseonthepartofthesettlers.Itreflectedtheharshnessofdailylife:ifyoudidn’ttakeinthestrangerandtakecareofhim,therewasnooneelsewhowould.Andsomeday,remember,youmightbeinthesameTodaytherearemanycharitableorganizationswhichspecializeinhelpingthewearytraveler.Yet,theoldtraditionofhospitalitytostrangersisstillverystrongintheUS,especiallyinthesmallercitiesandtownsawayfromthebusytouristtrails.“Iwasjusttravelingthrough,gottalkingwiththisAmerican,andprettysoonheinvitedhomefordinner--amazing.”SuchobservationsbyvisitorstotheUSarenotuncommon,butarehomefordinner--amazing.”SuchobservationsbyvisitorstotheUSarenotuncommon,butarenotalwaysunderstoodproperly.ThecasualfriendlinessofmanyAmericansshouldbeofaAsistrueofculturaldevelopedculturalanydevelopedsociety,inAmericaacomplexsetofassumptions,andconventionsunderliesallsocialinterrelationships.And,ofcourse,speakingalanguagedoesnotnecessarilymeanthatsomeoneunderstandssocialandculturalpatterns.Visitorswhofailto“translate”culturalmeaningsproperlyoftendrawtheculturalimplicationsofthewordmaybequitedifferentfromthoseithasinthevisitor’slanguageandculture.Ittakesmorethanabriefencounteronabustodistinguishbetweencourteousconventionandindividualinterest.Yet,beingfriendlyisavirtuethatmanyAmericansvaluehighlyandexpectfrombothneighborsandstrangers.Intheeyesofvisitorsfromtheoutsideworld, rudetaxidriversarerarelyseenintheUSsmall-mindedofficialsdeserveaseriouscommentCanadiansarenotsofriendlyastheirmostAmericansarereadytoofferItcouldbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat cultureexercisesaninfluenceoversocialinterrelationshipcourteousconventionandindividualinterestareinterrelatedvariousvirtuesmanifestthemselvesexclusivelyamongsocialinterrelationshipsequalthecomplexsetofculturalFamiliesinfrontiersettlementsusedtoentertain toimprovetheirhardviewoftheirlong-distanceaddsomeflavortoowndailyoutofacharitabletraditionofhospitalitytendstobesuperficialstrangers isgenerallywellkeptupintheUnitedStatesisalwaysunderstoodproperlyisgenerallywellkeptupintheUnitedStatesisalwaysunderstoodproperlyhassomethingtodowiththebusytouristTextTechnically,anysubstanceotherthanfoodthataltersourbodilyormentalfunctioningisadrug.Manypeoplemistakenlybelievethetermdrugrefersonlytosomesortofmedicineoranillegalchemicaltakenbydrugaddicts.Theydon’trealizethatfamiliarsubstancessuchasalcoholandtobaccoarealsodrugs.Thisiswhythemoreneutraltermsubstanceisnowusedbymanyphysiciansandpsychologists.Thephrase“substanceabuse”isoftenusedinsteadof“drugabuse”tomakeclearthatsubstancessuchasalcoholandtobaccocanbejustasharmfullymisusedasheroinandcocaine.Weliveinasocietyinwhichthemedicinalandsocialuseofsubstances(drugs)ispervasive:anaspirintoquietaheadache,somewinetobesociable,coffeetogetgoinginthemorning,acigarettenerves.dosociallyconstructiveusesofasubstancebecomemisuses?Firstofall,mostsubstancestakeninexcesswillproducenegativeeffectssuchaspoisoningorintenseperceptualdistortions.Repeateduseofasubstancecanalsoleadtophysicaladdictionorsubstancedependence.Dependenceismarkedfirstbyanincreasedtolerance,withmoreandmoreofthesubstancerequiredtoproducethedesiredeffect,andthenbytheappearanceofunpleasantwithdrawalsymptomswhenthesubstanceisDrugs(substances)thataffectthecentralnervoussystemandalterperception,mood,andbehaviorareknownaspsychoactivesubstances.Psychoactivesubstancesarecommonlygroupedaccordingtowhethertheyarestimulants,depressants,orhallucinogens.Stimulantsinitiallyspeeduporactivatethecentralnervoussystem,whereasdepressantsslowitdown.HallucinogenshavetheirprimaryeffectondistortingandtheGreekalteringitinavarietyofwaysincludingproducingmeaning“mind-manifesting”)becausetheyseemedtoradicallyalterone’sstateof“Substanceabuse”(Line5,Paragraph1)ispreferableto“drugabuse”inthat substancescanalterourbodilyormentalfunctioningifillegallyusedofdrugtakersalcoholandtobaccoareasfatalmanysubstancesotherthanheroinheroinandorcocaineofdrugtakersalcoholandtobaccoareasfatalmanysubstancesotherthanheroinheroinandorcocainecanalso(Line1,Paragraph2)mightmean word“pervasive”Physicaldependencecertainsubstancesresultsfrom uncontrolledconsumptionofthemoverlongperiodsoftimeexclusiveuseofthemforsocialpurposesquantitativeapplicationofthemtothetreatmentofcarelessofthemforunpleasantFromthelastwecaninferthat positivelyonthestimulantshallucinogensareinthemselvesharmfultohealthdepressantsaretheworsttypeofpsychoactivesubstancesTextNocompanylikestobetolditiscontributingtothemoraldeclineofanation.“Isthiswhatyouintendedtoaccomplishwithyourcareers?”SenatorRobertDoleaskedTimeWarnerexecutiveslastweek.“Youhavesoldyoursouls,butmustyoucorruptournationandthreatenourchildrenaswell?”AtTimeWarner,however,suchquestionsaresimplythelatestmanifestationofthesoul-searchingthathasinvolvedthecompanyeversincethecompanyatvarioustimes,andthewasbornin1990.It’saself-examinationthathas,involvedissuesofresponsibility,creativefreedombottomline.AtthecoreofthisdebateischairmanGeraldLevin,56,whotookoverforthelateSteveRossin1992.Onthefinancialfront,Levinisunderpressuretoraisethestockpriceandreducethecompany’smountainousdebt,whichwillincreaseto$17.3mountainousdebt,whichwillincreaseto$17.3propertyandrestructurethecompany,butinvestorsarewaitingTheflapoverrapisnotmakinglifeanyeasierforhim.Levinhasconsistentlydefendedthecompany’srapmusiconthegroundsofexpression.In1992,whenTimeWarnerwasunderfireforreleasingIce-T’sviolentrapsongCopKiller,Levindescribedrapasalawfulexpressionofstreetculture,whichdeservesanoutlet.“Thetestofanydemocraticsociety,”hewroteinaWallStreetJournal“liesnotinhowwellitcancontrolexpressionbutinwhetheritgivesthoughtandexpressionthewidestpossiblelatitude,howeverorirritatingtheresultsmaysometimesbe.Wewon’tinthefaceofanyLevinwouldnotcommentonthedebatelastweek,butthereweresignsthatthechairmanwasbackingoffhishard-linestand,atleasttosomeextent.Duringthediscussionofrocksingingversesatlastmonth’ssociety’sills”andevencitedhisson,ateacherintheBronx,NewYork,whousesraptocommunicatewithstudents.Buthetalkedaswellaboutthe“balancedstruggle”betweencreativefreedomandsocialresponsibility,andheannouncedthatthecompanywouldlaunchadrivetodevelopstandardsfordistributionandlabelingofpotentiallyobjectionablemusic.The15-memberTimeWarnerboardisgenerallysupportiveofLevinandhiscorporatestrategy.Butinsiderssayseveralofthemhaveshowntheirconcernsinthismatter.“Someofushaveknownformany,manyyearsthatthefreedomsundertheFirstAmendmentarenottotallyunlimited,”saysLuce.“Ithinkitisperhapsthecasethatsomepeopleassociatedwiththecompanyhaveonlyrecentlycometorealizethis.”RobertDolecriticizedTimeWarnerfor raisingofthecorporatestockpriceself-examinationofsoulneglectofsocialresponsibilityemphasisoncreativeAccordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisLuceisaspokesmanofTimeGeraldLevinisliabletoTimeWarnerisunitedasoneinthefaceTimeWarnerisunitedasoneinthefaceoftheSteveRossisnolongerInfaceoftherecentattacksonthecompany,thechairman stucktoastrongstandtodefendfreedomofexpressionsoftenedhistoneandadoptedsomenewpolicychangedhisattitudeandyieldedtoreceivedmoresupportfromthe15-memberbesttitleforthispassagecouldbe ACompanyunderFireDebateonMoralDeclineLawfulOutletofStreetFormofCreativeTextMuchofthelanguageusedtodescribemonetarypolicy,suchas“steeringtheeconomytoasoftlanding”or“atouchonthebrakes,”makesitsoundlikeaprecisescience.Nothingcouldbefurtherfromthetruth.Thelinkbetweeninterestratesandinflationisuncertain.Andtherearelong,variablelagsbeforepolicychangeshaveanyeffectontheeconomy.Hencetheanalogythatlikenstheconductofmonetarypolicyandafaultysteeringwheel.Givenallthesedisadvantages,centralbankersseemtohavehadmuchtoboastaboutoflate.Averageinflationinthebigsevenindustrialeconomiesfelltoamere2.3%lastyear,closetoitslowestlevelin30years,beforerisingslightlyto2.5%thisJuly.Thisisalongwaybelowthedouble-digitrateswhichmanycountriesexperiencedinthe1970sandearly1980s.Itisalsolessthanmostforecastershadpredicted.Inlate1994America’sinflationratewouldaverage3.5%in1995.Infact,itfellasawhole.InBritainandJapaninflationisrunninghalfapercentageinthepan;overthepastcoupleofyears,inflationhasbeenconsistentlylowerthanexpectedinBritainandAmerica.EconomistshavebeenparticularlysurprisedfavorableinflationfiguresinBritainandtheUnitedStates,sinceconventionalmeasuressuggestthatbotheconomies,andespeciallyutilization,forexample,hithistoricallyEconomistshavebeenparticularlysurprisedfavorableinflationfiguresinBritainandtheUnitedStates,sinceconventionalmeasuressuggestthatbotheconomies,andespeciallyutilization,forexample,hithistoricallyhighlevelsearlierthisyear,anditsjoblessrate(5.6%inAugust)hasfallenbelowmostestimatesofthenaturalrateofunemployment--theratebelowwhichinflationhastakenoffinthepast.Whyhasinflationprovedsomild?Themostthrillingexplanationis,unfortunately,alittledefective.Someeconomistsarguethatpowerfulstructuralchangesintheworldhaveupendedtheoldeconomicmodelsthatwerebaseduponthehistoricallinkbetweengrowthandinflation.Fromthepassagewelearnthat economywillalwaysfollowcertaintheeconomicsituationisbetterthaneconomistshadforeseenpresenteconomicAccordingtothepassage,ofthefollowingiscomparabletodrivingaMakingmonetaryAnextremelylowjoblessAhighunemploymentratewillleadtowillresultfromInterestrateshaveanimmediateeffectonthesentence“Thisisnoflashinthepan”(Line5,meansthat lowinflationratewilllastforsometimeinflationratewillsoonriseinflationwilldisappearthereisnoinflationatpassageshowsthattheauthoris criticalofpuzzledamazedatSectionIVEnglish-ChineseReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.YourtranslationmustbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)Doanimalshaverights?Thisishowthequestionisusuallyput.Itsoundslikeauseful,ground-clearingwaytostart.71)Actually,itwhichissomethingtheworlddoesnothave.SectionIVEnglish-ChineseReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.YourtranslationmustbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)Doanimalshaverights?Thisishowthequestionisusuallyput.Itsoundslikeauseful,ground-clearingwaytostart.71)Actually,itwhichissomethingtheworlddoesnothave.Ononeviewofrights,tobesure,itnecessarilyfollowsthatanimalshavenone.72)Somephilosophersarguethatrightsexistonlywithinasocialcontract,aspartofanexchangeofdutiesandentitlements.Therefore,animalscannothaverights.Theideaofpunishingatigerthatkillssomebodyisabsurd,forexactlythesamereason,soistheideathattigershaverights.However,thisisonlyoneaccount,andbynomeansanuncontestedone.Itdeniesrightsnotonlytoanimalsbutalsotosomepeople--forinstance,toinfants,thementallyincapableandfuturegenerations.Inaddition,itisunclearwhatforceacontractcanhaveforpeoplewhoneverconsentedtoit:howdoyoureplytosomebodywhosays“Idon’tlikethiscontract”?Thepointisthis:withoutagreementontherightsofpeople,arguingabouttherightsofanimalsisfruitless.73)Itleadsthediscussiontoextremesattheoutset:itinvitesyoutothinkthatanimalsshouldorwithnoconsiderationatall.Thisisafalsechoice.Bettertostartwithanother,morefundamental,question:isthewaywetreatanimalsamoralissueatall?Manydenyit.74)Arguingfromtheviewthathumansaredifferentfromanimalsineveryrelevantrespect,extremistsofthiskindthinkthatanimalslieoutsidetheareaofmoralchoice.Anyregardfortheoffeelingthatshouldproperlybedirectedtootherhumans.Thisview,whichholdsthattorturingamonkeyismorallyequivalenttochoppingwood,mayseembravely“logical.”Infactitissimplyformofmoralreasoning--theethicalequivalentoflearningto--istoweighothers’interestsagainstone’sown.Thisinturnrequiressympathyandimagination:withoutwhichthereisnocapacityformoralthought.Toseeananimalinpainisenough,formost,tosympathy.75)Whenthathappens,itisnotamistake:ismankind’