安全与管理 第一章

船舶安全与管理

MaritimeSafetyManagementGivenBy：卜仁祥第一章船舶营运安全概论

IntroductiontoShipOperationSafety主要内容content:第一节安全科学概论(Introductiontosafetyscience)第二节船舶营运系统(shipoperationsystem)第三节船舶安全管理的途径和方法(ApproachesandtechniquesofMaritimeSafetyManagement)第一节安全科学概论(Introductiontosafetyscience)安全科学概述(SummarizationofSafetyScience)事故致因理论(Accident-causingTheories)事故控制观(Accident-countermeasureConcept)安全科学概述(SummarizationofSafetyScience)安全科学起源(safetyscienceorigination)安全科学的基本要素结构(basicelementofsafetyscience)安全科学起源——安全的概念

definitionofsafetyDefinitiongivenbymostdictionaries:Theconditionofbeing

freefromsafe;undergoingorcausinghurt,injuryorloss.Safetyprofessionalsuse: 1.Safetyisaqualityofasystemthatallowsthesystemtofunctionunderpredeterminedconditionswithanacceptableminimumofaccidentalloss. 2.Safetyisaperceivedqualitythatdeterminetowhatextentthemanagement,engineeringandoperationofasystemisfreefromofdangertolife,propertyandenvironment.安全的概念(definitionofsafety)字典：与危险相对，没有事故、伤害发生。安全工作学者定义： 系统本身决定远离危险的程度的性质DifferenceofSafety&security:Security:topreventespionage,sabotage,attackorcrimesuchasburglaryorassault.MaritimesecurityisnowanintegralpartofIMO'sresponsibilities.Personalopinions危险在一定条件下表现为事故和灾难，能否预测或避免取决于人的能力，并不是其本身性质。安全是与危险相对的概念，是危险处于可接受水平的状态——因此与人的心理状态有关。人的心理状态与社会背景有关，因此，安全与否的标准因时因地而存在差异。安全与经济对立统一安全科学起源——安全工作的发展

developmentofsafetyscience随社会生产的发展，安全工作由感性向理性发展，由事故学习和事故控制转变成为以预控和过程控制为主的跨学科系统化的科学——安全系统工程(safetysystemengineering)即：亡羊补牢未亡羊先补牢安全科学八五期间成为国家一级学科basicelementframeofsafetyscience(Man-Machine-Environment-Control)environmentmachinemancontrol事故致因理论(Accident-causingTheories)事故因果连锁论(Domino’sAccidentModelorCasualTheoryofAccident))能量意外释放理论(AccidentalEnergyReleaseTheory)轨迹交叉理论(OrbitIntersectingTheory)事故损失偶发性法则(ContingencyLawofAccidentLoss)

Accident-causingTheories-CasualTheoryofAccident代表人物——海因里希(W.H.Heinrich)主要观点: 事故发生是一系列事件相继发生的结果

安全要点在于中断事故连锁进程Accident-causingTheories-AccidentalEnergyReleaseTheory主要观点：事故是不正常、不希望的能量释放安全工作要点：控制能量释放的量、途径应用举例：安全帽、静电释放、人造雪崩等Accident-causingTheories-OrbitIntersectingTheory主要观点：人因与物因的轨迹交叉点就是事故发生的时间与空间。安全工作要点：避免人不安全行为与物不安全状态同时同地出现应用举例：冲压机保护开关Accident-causingTheories-ContingencyLawofAccidentLoss代表人物：W.H.Heinrich主要观点：

事故与伤害程度之间存在偶然性的概率关系 同一人的同种330起违章事件中，严重伤害、轻微伤害、没有伤害的事件数比为：

1：29：300事故控制观(Accident-countermeasureConcept)传统(conventional)的事故控制观：

事后分析，得出事故原因和责任方，教育有关人员，落实整改措施,“三不放过”较先进(advanced)的事故控制观：

控制或消除事故原点(AccidentOrigin)、触发能量科学的(scientific)事故控制观：将安全工作分为：预测、预防、监测、应急4个阶段

Predetermination–Prevention-Inspection-Emergency第二节船舶营运系统(shipoperationsystem)basicelementframeofsafetyscience(Man-Machine-Environment-Control)Safetyelementframeofshipoperationsystem:

船员、船舶及货物、环境、公司（管理）

Seafarers-Ship&Cargo-Environment-Company(Management)

船舶营运系统(shipoperationsystem)海上船舶运输的主要特点：运量大，低成本高风险国际性

ShipOperationSystem-Ship&CargoElementShip——complicatedsystem

Accident：collision,grounding,capsizing,fire&explosion,etc.Cargo——种类繁多，涉及人、船舶、环境安全ShipOperationSystem——generalsituationWorldTonnage:approx400，000，000(1990)Shipamount：about80，000Accidentfrequency：approx1,000peryearTotallossrate：approx100～300shipsor0.2～0.4％peryearLossoflife：approx1000liveswerelostinaccidentsatseaeachyearShipOperationSystem-EnvironmentElementNaturalorartificialharbor,fairway,anchorage,quay.navigationmark;buoy;aidstonavigation;signallightRegulationsorrulesShipOperationSystem-Seafarerelement船员是船舶营运系统中最能动的因素船员编制特点：人数较少、各司其职STCW公约(InternationalConventiononStandardsofTraining,CertificationandWatchkeepingforSeafarers)职能发证船员分为：管理、操作、支持三个级别。ShipOperationSystem-SeafarerelementStatisticstudyshowed:80percentmarineaccidentswerecausedbyhumanfactor国际公认的统计分析结论：80%的海事由人为因素造成grounding：90％：Fire&explosion：70％：Collision：96％：contact:70%。人为因素：humanfactor,humanelement,humanerrorWhoshouldbeblamed?ShipOperationSystem—CompanyElement人为因素责任主要在于船公司的船上和岸上管理船公司是船舶安全管理的重要环节重视公司的安全管理已成为国际海事界控制海事的重要途径第三节船舶安全管理的途径和方法ApproachesandtechniquesofMaritimeSafetyManagement主要内容：船舶安全管理概述(IntroductionofMaritimeSafetyManagement)船舶安全管理的途径(a"safetynet"orsystemwillbeintroduced)船舶安全管理的主要方法(Approaches&techniques)船舶安全管理(MaritimeSafetyManagement)概述学科领域：安全科学(safetyscience)具体问题：船舶安全(safety&security,pollution)知识体系：现代管理理论船舶安全管理即对船舶安全的控制(control)SafetyManagement-Objectivestoensuresafetyatsea,preventionofhumaninjuryorlossoflife,andavoidanceofdamagetotheenvironment,inparticulartothemarineenvironmentandtoproperty.保护海上人命财产安全，保护海洋环境，使“航行更安全，海洋更清洁

safershippingandcleaneroceansSafetyManagement-ObjectivesoftheCompanyInternationalSafetyManagement(ISM)CodeRequires:safetymanagement-ObjectivesoftheCompanyshould,interalia:1provideforsafepracticesinshipoperationandasafeworkingenvironment;2establishsafeguardsagainstallidentifiedrisks;and3continuouslyimprovesafetymanagementskillsofpersonnelashoreandaboardships,includingpreparingforemergenciesrelatedbothtosafetyandenvironmentalprotection.船舶安全管理的要求：即公司的船舶安全管理目标：1、提供船舶营运的安全做法和安全工作环境；2、标识一切可能的风险，制定防范措施并保证其有效性；3、不断提高岸上及船上人员的安全管理技能，包括安全及环境保护方面的应急准备船舶安全管理的途径:"safetynet"AninternationalMaritimeSafetyManagementsystem:A"safetynet"InternationalMaritimeOrganizationtoprovideaninternationalstandardforthesafemanagementandoperationofshipsandforpollutionpreventionDocumentation:Convention;Protocol;Code; Resolution;Circular.institution: Assembly:(heldbiyearly,adoptresolutions;amendconventionsorcodes,etc) Council:(MSC)maritimesafetycouncil;MEPC;LEG;TC;FAL;IMOConventionsConventionList

Maritimesfety Marinepollution Liabilityandcompensation Othersubjectsclassical(or"positive")acceptanceprocedure'tacit'or'passive'acceptanceprocedureIMOConventions-Maritimesafety InternationalConventionfortheSafetyofLifeatSea(SOLAS),1974

InternationalConventiononLoadLines(LL),1966

SpecialTradePassengerShipsAgreement(STP),1971

ProtocolonSpaceRequirementsforSpecialTradePassengerShips,1973

ConventionontheInternationalRegulationsforPreventingCollisionsatSea(COLREG),1972

InternationalConventionforSafeContainers(CSC),1972

IMOConventions-Maritimesafety ConventionontheInternationalMaritimeSatelliteOrganization(INMARSAT),1976

TheTorremolinosInternationalConventionfortheSafetyofFishingVessels(SFV),1977

InternationalConventiononStandardsofTraining,CertificationandWatchkeepingforSeafarers(STCW),1978

InternationalConventiononStandardsofTraining,CertificationandWatchkeepingforFishingVesselPersonnel(STCW-F),1995

InternationalConventiononMaritimeSearchandRescue(SAR),1979IMOConventions-Marinepollution InternationalConventionforthePreventionofPollutionfromShips,1973,asmodifiedbytheProtocolof1978relatingthereto(MARPOL73/78)

InternationalConventionRelatingtoInterventionontheHighSeasinCasesofOilPollutionCasualties(INTERVENTION),1969

ConventiononthePreventionofMarinePollutionbyDumpingofWastesandOtherMatter(LDC),1972

IMOConventions-Marinepollution InternationalConventiononOilPollutionPreparedness,ResponseandCo-operation(OPRC),1990

ProtocolonPreparedness,ResponseandCo-operationtopollutionIncidentsbyHazardousandNoxiousSubstances,2000(HNSProtocol)

InternationalConventionontheControlofHarmfulAnti-foulingSystemsonShips(AFS),2001

InternationalConventionfortheControlandManagementofShips'BallastWaterandSediments,2004IMOConventions-Liabilityandcompensation InternationalConventiononCivilLiabilityforOilPollutionDamage(CLC),1969

InternationalConventionontheEstablishmentofanInternationalFundforCompensationforOilPollutionDamage(FUND),1971

ConventionrelatingtoCivilLiabilityintheFieldofMaritimeCarriageofNuclearMaterial(NUCLEAR),1971

IMOConventions-Liabilityandcompensation AthensConventionrelatingtotheCarriageofPassengersandtheirLuggagebySea(PAL),1974

ConventiononLimitationofLiabilityforMaritimeClaims(LLMC),1976

InternationalConventiononLiabilityandCompensationforDamageinConnectionwiththeCarriageofHazardousandNoxiousSubstancesbySea(HNS),1996

InternationalConventiononCivilLiabilityforBunkerOilPollutionDamage,2001IMOConventions-Othersubjects ConventiononFacilitationofInternationalMaritimeTraffic(FAL),1965

InternationalConventiononTonnageMeasurementofShips(TONNAGE),1969

ConventionfortheSuppressionofUnlawfulActsAgainsttheSafetyofMaritimeNavigation(SUA),1988

InternationalConventiononSalvage(SALVAGE),1989

国际海事组织：宗旨与任务：就有关航运贸易有关问题提供国际合作以及统一准则。文件：公约；议定书；规则；决议；通函。机构：IMO大会；

常设机构：海安会等。船旗国（FlagState)主管机关（AdministrationmeanstheGovernmentoftheStatewhoseflagtheshipisentitledtofly.)我国海事局(BureauofMaritimeSafetyAdministration)(原港务监督局HarborSuperintendenceAdministration

)主管：船舶登记与检验；船员培训与发证；船舶航行安全；交通环境安全等航运有关事物。FlagofConveniencePortStateControl(PSC)PortStateControl(PSC)istheinspectionofforeignshipsinnationalportstoverifythattheconditionoftheshipanditsequipmentcomplywiththerequirementsofinternationalregulationsandthattheshipismannedandoperatedincompliancewiththeserules.

港口国监控是：港口国政府对抵港外轮实施，以船员、船舶技术状况及操作为检查对象，以安全（保安）和防污染为目的一种监督与控制。PortStateControl(PSC)ManyofIMO'smostimportanttechnicalconventionscontainprovisionsforshipstobeinspectedwhentheyvisitforeignportstoensurethattheymeetIMOrequirements.PortStateControl(PSC)TheseinspectionswereoriginallyintendedtobeabackuptoflagStateimplementation,butexperiencehasshownthattheycanbeextremelyeffective,especiallyiforganizedonaregionalbasis.Ashipgoingtoaportinonecountrywillnormallyvisitothercountriesintheregionbeforeembarkingonitsreturnvoyageanditistoeverybody'sadvantageifinspectionscanbecloselyco-ordinated.PortStateControl(PSC)Theprimaryresponsibilityforships'standardsrestswiththeflagState-butportStatecontrolprovidesa"safetynet"tocatchsubstandardships.

Deficiencieswhichjeopardizethesafety(ofthevessel,persons,theportortheenvironment)andalargenumberofsmalldeficienciesmayleadtoadetention.PortStateControl(PSC)Detentionalwaysmeansaseverelosstotheowner.Beinglistedontheblacklistmeansadisrepute.Ship’sIdentificationNumberIMOCompanyNumberClassificationSociety民间商业性质从事: 船级检验签发船级证书(Certificate

ofClass) 经主管机关授权的强制检验(MandatorySurvey)（主管机关签发相应证书Certificates) 公证检验(NotarizationSurvey)ClassificationSociety-IACSInternationalAssociationofClassificationSocietyMembers: CCS(ChinaClassificationSociety)； ABS(AmericanbureauofShipping)；BV;DNV;GL;KR;LR;NK;PRS;RINA;RS.MaritimeIndustryOrganizationsnon-governmentalorganization，不受公约约束，为了商业目的，与IMO良好合作。例：ICS;ISF;IMPA;INSA;ISU;P&I;ISMA;IACS,特殊性。ShippingCompany"Company"meanstheowneroftheshiporanyotherorganizationorpersonsuchasthemanager,orthebareboatcharterer,whohasassumedtheresponsibilityforoperationoftheshipfromtheshipowne