研究发现(一)-2021年高考英语阅读理解话题分类训练

（1）湖北省2021届六校第一次联考英语试题之D篇

Theartificiallightingwhichlinestheworld'scoastlinescouldbehavingasignificantimpactonspeciesthat

relyonthemoonandstarstofindfood,newresearchsuggests.

Creaturessuchasthesandhopper（沙蚤）orientate（确定方位）theirnightlymigrationsbasedonthemoon's

positionandbrightnessofthenaturalnightsky.However,astudybyBangorUniversityandtheUniversityof

Plymouthshowsthepresenceofartificiallightoriginatingfromcitiesseveralkilometresaway（alsoknownas

artificialskyglow）disruptsthelunarcompasstheyusewhencoveringlongdistances.

Insomecases,thiscanleadtoanimalstravellingtowardstheseaandawayfromfood,whileinothersit

reducesthechanceofthemventuringoutforfoodatall.WritinginCurrentBiology,researcherssaythiscouldpose

adistinctthreatnotjusttothehealthofsandhopperpopulationsbutalsothewiderecosystem,sincetheyplayan

importantroleinbreakingdownandrecyclingalgaewasheduponcoastlines.

Dr.ThomasDavies,LecturerinMarineConservationattheUniversityofPlymouth（UK）,said,""Artificialsky

glowisthemostgeographicallywidespreadformoflightpollution.Surveyshaveshownitcancurrentlybe

detectedabove23%oftheworld'scoastsnightly,andwithcoastalhumanpopulationssettoatleastdoubleby2060,

itseffectsareonlygoingtoincrease.Ourresultsshowitisalreadyhavingobviousimpactsonbiologicalprocesses

thatareguidedbycelestial（天上的）lightsignals.^^

Throughthestudy,researchersfindincreasingevidencethatlightpollutionfromcoastalcitiescaninfluence

marinespeciesinhabitingnearbybeaches,rockyshoresandeventheseafloor.Theseresultshighlighthow

pervasive（遍布的）cilylightingcouldbeinshapingtheecologyofcoastlineskilometresdistantfromtheirnearest

urbancentres.Theyalsohighlightthepotentialforartificialskyglowtoimpactotherspeciesthatundergo

migrationsusingthemoonasacompass.

“Whileourunderstandingoftheimpactsofstreetlightsonnaturehasimproveddramatically,artificialsky

glowhasbeenlargelyoverlooked.Moreworkisurgentlyneededtofullyunderstandtheextenttowhichitis

shapingthenaturalenvironment.^^Dr.ThomasDaviesadded.

32.Whichofthefollowingcouldbestreplace“disrupts"inparagraph2?

A.disturbsB.makes

C.unitesD.replaces

33.Whatisparagraph3mainlyabout?

A.Thewaysofcreatureshuntingfood.

B.Thecausesofanimalsmigratingatnight.

C.Theresultsofecosystemsbeingdestroyed.

D.Theinfluenceofartificiallightoncreatures.

34.Whathaveresearchersfoundaboutlightpollution?

A.Itisthemainpollutionincities.

B.Itshapestheecologyoftheocean.

C.Ithasagreatinfluenceonsurroundings.

D.Itaffectsthemigrationsofseacreatures.

35.WhatdoesDr.ThomasDaviesthinkofthestudyofartificialskyglow?

A.Itisuseless.B.Itisessential.

C.Itisdoubtful.D.Itischallenging.

【答案】32.A33.D34.C35.B

【解析】

本文是说明文。文章主要阐述新的研究表明，世界海岸线上的人工照明可能对依靠月球和恒星寻找食物的

物种有重大影响。

【32题详解】

词句猜测题。However表示转折关系，上文Creaturessuchasthesandhopper（沙蚤）orientate（确定方位）their

nightlymigrationsbasedonthemoon'spositionandbrightnessofthenaturalnightsky.说明像沙蚤这样的生物根

据月亮的位置和自然夜晚的亮度来确定它们的夜间迁徙的方向，因此推断下文划线句句意：班戈大学和普

利茅斯大学的一项研究表明，来自几公里外城市的人工光（也称为人工天空辉光）的存在扰乱了它们长距

离迁徙时使用的月球罗盘。可推断划线词与A项“扰乱”意思相近。故选A。

【33题详解】

主旨大意题。根据第三段的内容可知，在某些情况下，这可能导致动物走向大海和远离食物，而在另一些

情况下，它减少了它们冒险出去觅食的机会。这可能不仅对沙蚤种群的健康构成威胁、而且对更广泛的生

态系统构成明显的威胁，因此推断本段主要讲述人工光对生物的影响。故选D。

【34题详解】

细节理解题。根据倒数第二段的Throughthestudy,researchersfindincreasingevidencethatlightpollutionfrom

coastalcitiescaninfluencemarinespeciesinhabitingnearbybeaches,rockyshoresandeventheseafloor.（通过这

项研究，研究人员发现越来越多的证据表明，沿海城市的光污染会影响居住在附近海滩、岩石海岸甚至海

底的海洋物种。）可知，光污染对周围环境有很大影响。故选C。

【35题详解】

推理判断题。根据最后一段的Whileourunderstandingoftheimpactsofstreetlightsonnaturehasimproved

dramatically,artificialskyglowhasbeenlargelyoverlooked.Moreworkisurgentlyneededtofullyunderstandthe

extenttowhichitisshapingthenaturalenvironment^虽然我们对路灯对自然的影响的理解有了很大的提高，

但人造天空辉光在很大程度上被忽视了。迫切需要开展更多的工作，以充分了解它在多大程度上塑造了自

然环境。）可推断，ThomasDavies博士认为我们对人造天空辉光的研究是基本的，需要开展更多的工作。

故选Bo

（2）厦门外国语学校2021届高三第一次阶段性检测之D篇

Whilewemaythinkitfeelsgoodtocomplain,complaininghassomebadeffectsassociatedwithit.

Whyisn'tcomplainingbeneficial?Researchshowsthatitconnectsourbrainwithnegativity.Thebrainis

designedtoworkefficiently.Thismeansthatwhenwerepeatathought,negativeorpositive,thenervecellsforma

bridgebetweeneachothertopassinformationinahigherspeed.Therefore,thenexttimewehaveasimilartypeof

thought,itismoreeasilypassed.Thisexplainswhycertainthoughtpatternsbecomehabits.

Yettheharmfuleffectsdon'tstopthere.Astudyshowsthatcomplainingcausesthehippocampus（海马区）,

whichplaysavitalroleinproblem-solving,tobecomesmaller.

Inadditiontocausingbraindamage,complainingalsoreleasesastresshormone:cortisol,akindofchemical

thebodyproduceswhenwemeetwithsomedanger.Constantlyhavingahighlevelofcortisolresultsinhighblood

pressure,highbloodsugar,andlowerimmunity（免疫力）.

Theilleffectsofourcomplainingaren'tjustlimitedtoourselves:theyalsoinvolvethosearoundus.Wetendto

mirrorthemoodsofourfriends.Forthisreason,weshouldbecautiousabouthavingstubborncomplainersinour

circleofcompanions.

Thebestwaytodealwithconstantnegativityistodevelopasenseofgralilude（感恩）.Justlikecomplaining

actsasapoison,gratitudeactsasamedicine.Researchshowsitlowerscortisollevelsby23percent,aswellas

reducesbloodpressureandbloodsugar.Italsodecreasestirednessanddepression.Gratitudeistheperfectcurefor

complaining,abehaviorthatstealsourbrainpower,happinessandphysicalwell-being.

Whathaveyouobservedabouttheeffectsofcomplaininginyourownlifeorinthelivesofothers?Haveyou

noticedthatwhenyouaregrateful,youfeelbetterallover?Pleaseshareyourthoughtsinthecommentssection

below.

32.WhatdoPara2-3mainlytalkabout?

A.Thediseasescausedbycomplaining.

B.Thedecreaseofavitalpartofourbrain.

C.Thebadeffectsofcomplainingonbrainpower.

D.Thereasonwhycertainthoughtpatternsbecomehabits.

33.Whatcanweknowaboutcortisolfromthepassage?

A.GratitudeisaneffectivecureforCortisol.

B.Ourbodyproducecortisolwhenwefeelexited.

C.Cortisolisachemicalthatcancausebraindamage.

D.Havingahighlevelofcortisolcanleadtomanyhealthproblems.

34.Whatattitudedoesthewritertaketostubborncomplainers?

A.Grateful.B.Tolerant.

C.Disapproving.D.Skeptical.

35.Wherecanthepassagemostprobablyappear?

A.Inanewspaper.B.Inamedicalreport.

C.Onawebsite.D.Inaradioprogram.

【答案】32.C33.D34.C35.C

【解析】

这是一篇说明文。一项研究表明，抱怨会导致在解决问题时起重要作用的海马区变小。除了造成大脑损

伤，抱怨还会释放一种压力荷尔蒙:皮质醇，持续高水平的皮质醇会导致高血压、高血糖和免疫力下降。处

理持续负面情绪的最好方法是培养一种感恩的意识。

【32题详解】

主旨大意题。根据第三段Yettheharmfuleffectsdon'tstopthere.Astudyshowsthatcomplainingcausesthe

hippocampuswhichplaysavitalroleinproblem-solving,tobecomesmaller.（然而，有害影响还不止于此。-

项研究表明，抱怨会导致在解决问题时起重要作用的海马区变小。）以及第二段主要解释了抱怨如何对大

脑产生消极影响的。故可知第2-3段主要谈论抱怨对脑力的不良影响。故选C。

【33题详解】

细节理解题。根据第四段最后一句Constantlyhavingahighlevelofcortisolresultsinhighbloodpressure,high

bloodsugar,andlowerimmunity.（持续高水平的皮质醇会导致高血压、高血糖和免疫力下降。）可知皮质

醉水平过高会导致许多健康问题。故选D。

【34题详解】

推理判断题。根据倒数第三段最后一句Forthisreason,weshouldbecautiousabouthavingstubborn

complainersinourcircleofcompanions.（基于这个原因,我们应该小心在我们的朋友圈里有固执的抱怨

者。）可知作者对于固执抱怨者的态度是不赞成、反对的。故选C。

【35题详解】

推理判断题。根据文章最后一句Pleaseshareyourthoughtsinthecommentssectionbelow.（请在下面的评论

区分享你的想法。）可知文章最有可能是出现在一张网页上。故选C。

（3）邯郸市2020届高三年级第二次模拟考试之D篇

Now,accordingtoarecentBrighamYoungUniversitystudy,theamountoftimebetweensunriseandsunsetis

theclearwinneramongotherweathervariableswhenitcomestoimprovingyourmentalandemotionalhealth.

Inthisuniquestudy-whichbroughttogetherapsychologist,physicistandstatistician-theresearchersexplored

howsomeone'smoodislinkedtoweatherandassociatedfactorssuchassunshine,cloudydays,temperature,rain

andpollution.Thestudyfoundthatpeoplearemorelikelytoreportmentaltroubleduringshorterdayswithless

sunshine.

Itisgenerallybelievedthathotdays,rainydaysordayswiththickpollutionwouldmakeonefeelmoredown

anddepressed.Butthestudycameupwithasurprisingfinding.Itfoundthatmorethananyotherfactor,reduced

sunhourscouldincreasementaldistress（痛苦）whilesoakingupinsunmakesthingsallright.

Theresultshighlightedthattheduration（时长）ofthedaylightwasmoresignificantininfluencingpeople's

moodsthantheamountofsunraysbeingabsorbed.

“Onarainyday,oramorepollutedday,peopleassumethatthey'dhavemoredistress.Butwedidn'tseethat.

Welookedatsolarirradiance（太阳辐照）,ortheamountofsunlightthatactuallyhitstheground.Wetriedto

takeintoaccountcloudydays,rainydayspollution...buttheywashedout.Theonethingthatwasreallysignificant

wastheamountoftimebetweensunriseandsunsetJsaidprofessorBeckerinapressrelease.

Manystudieshaveattemptedtoexplorethelinkbetweentheweatheranditseffectonone'smood,butthe

resultswerenotconclusive.Forthisstudy,manyimportantreasonweretakenintoaccount-makingtheresearchan

improvementtothepreviousones.

Thestudyconcludedthatpublichealthshouldplanoneffectivestrategiesthatcanpreventemotionaldistress

duringperiodswhenthesuntimeisless,suchasinwintermonths.

12.Whatwillaffectyouremotionmostaccordingtothenewstudy?

A.ThesuiToundings.B.Theamountofsunshine.

C.Theweatherconditions.D.Thedurationofsunlight.

13.Whydoestheauthorthinkthatthenewfindinginparagraph3issuiprising?

A.Becauseitisaconclusionofthreescientists.

B.Becauseitisdifferentfromthegeneralbelief.

C.Becauseitistoodifficulttounderstand.

D.Becauseitisaffectedbysomanyfactors.

14.Whichseasonbenefitspeople'semotionmoreaccordingtothisstudy?

A.Spring.B.Summer.

C.Autumn.D.Winter.

15.Whatisthepurposeofthisnewstudy?

A.Tofindwaystopreventdepression.

B.Toknowmoreabouttheweather.

C.Toprovidestrategiesforpublichealth.

D.Tofindhowtheweatheraffectsmood.

【答案】12.D13.B14.B15.D

【解析】

这是一篇说明文，最新研究表明，日出口落之间的时间长短比各种天气以及人们接收的II照量更能影响人

们的情绪。

【12题详解】

细节理解题。根据第一段中内容和笫二段中“Thestudyfoundthatpeoplearemorelikelytoreportmental

troubleduringshorterdayswithlesssunshine.”“研究发现，人们在日照较少的短时间内更容易出现精神问

题。”以及第四段内容可知，这个新研究发现：日照的时间长短是影响人们心情的主要因素。故选D“

【13题详解】

推理判断题。根据第三段描述，普遍观念认为，炎热天气，阴雨天气，或污染天气使人情绪低沉，感到沮

丧，而新发现令人惊奇，是因为它发现：相对于其他因素而言，日照时间越短越会令人精神苦闷。故选

Bo

【14题详解】

推理判断题。这项研究表明：影响人们精神和情绪的主要是日照时间的长短。根据文中最后一句“…that

canpreventemotionaldistressduringperiodswhenthesuntimeisless,suchasinwintermonths."也可判断

出，夏季对人们的精神和情绪最有好处了。故选B。

【15题详解】

推理判断。根据倒数第二段内容可知，许多研究都想探索天气与情绪之间的关系，这个新研究考虑了许多

重要因素，使得它在以往的基础上有所改进。所以，这个新研究的目的仍然是探索天气对情绪的影响。故

选D。

(4)2020河北省衡水中学招生临考模拟试题英语(二)之C篇

Thecognitivehealthanddevelopmentofboysmaybeaffectedbytheirmothers'bodymassindex(BMI)(体

重指数)whilepregnantwiththem,accordingtoresearchfromColumbiaUniversityandtheUniversityofTexasat

Austin.

Thestudy,whichwaspublishedinthejournalBMCPediatricsonFriday,observed368subjectsfromlow-

incomeAfricanAmericanandDominicanwomenduringthesecondhalfoftheirpregnancies,andthenevaluated

theirchildrenthreeandsevenyearslater.ResearchersfoundthatthesonsofwomenwhoseBMlsindicatedthat

theywereoverweightorobesewhentheybecamepregnantweremorelikelytoshowlessdevelopedathleticskills

as3-year-oldsandlowerintelligenceas7-year-oldscomparedtoboyswhosemotherswereat“normal"weights

duringpregnancy.

Amongboys,thestudyfound,mothers'overweightandobesityconnectedwithIQscoresbetween4.6and

almost9pointslowerthanthoseofboyswhosemothers'weightswereinthe“normal“rangebeforepregnancy.

Researchersdidnotobservethesamephenomenonamongdaughterswhosemothershadbeenobese.

“Thesefindingsaren'tmeanttoshameorscareanyone,“ElizabethWiden,assistantprofessorofnutritional

sciencesatUTAustinandoneofthestudy9sco-authors,saidinapressrelease."Wearejustbeginningto

understandsomeoftheseinteractionsbetweenmothers*weightandthehealthoftheirbabies.^^

Whymothers'obesityappearedtoaffectchildhoodIQwasunclearbutearlierresearchhassuggestedthat

thereisarelationshipbetweenamother'sdietandherchild'slaterIQ,accordingtoColumbiaUniversity.

Researchersdidnotcontrolforwhatthemothersate,thepressreleasenoted.

Thestudy'sauthorswrotethatbecausechildhoodIQhasbeenshowntobeanindicatoroflatersuccessinlife,

studyinghowamother'sobesitycouldaffectth