高考英语阅读词义猜测

猜词悟义内江市第二中学沈爰汐1精选2021版课件

在语言应用中的“阅读”一项中，要求考生能读懂书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文段以及公告、说明、广告等。并能从中获取相关信息。考生应能：

(1).理解主旨要义；

(2).理解文中具体信息；

(3).根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义；

(4).做出判断和推理；

(5).理解文章的基本结构；

(6).理解作者的意图、观点和态度。2018年高考英语考试大纲2精选2021版课件《考试大纲》解读“单词和短语”则意味着考查的对象可以是学生学习过的“熟词”(熟词生义)，也可以是没有学习过的、《考试大纲》之外的“生词”(生词词义)；可以是“单词”，还可以是“短语”(引申意义)。“词义”(meanings)侧重考查单词的内涵，而“含义”(implications)还考查单词的外延。3精选2021版课件因此对单词或短语的推测不要停留在字面上，而是要根据语境来判断。结论4精选2021版课件常见命题形式1.TheunderlinedwordinPara…means___.Whatdoestheunderlinedword…inPara…mean?Whatdoestheunderlinedword…inPara…referto?5精选2021版课件WhichofthefollowingwordsisclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedwordinPara…?Whichofthefollowingcanreplacetheunderlinedword…inPara…?2.Theunderlinedword…inPara…canbestbereplacedby___.6精选2021版课件3.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase…inPara…mean/referto?4.Theunderlinedword“it/they/…”inthelastsentenceofPara…mean/referto___.7精选2021版课件解题方法1.利用构词法猜词义<1>.合成法<2>.派生法<3>.转化法3.利用语法关系猜词义<1>.下定义<2>.定语从句<3>.同位语<4>.自问自答<5>.举例<6>.标点符号4.利用生活常识和文化背景猜词义5.利用上下文语境猜词义2.利用逻辑关系猜词义<1>.并列关系<2>.转折关系<3>.因果关系8精选2021版课件方法1:利用构词法猜词义Wordbuilding<1>.合成法Composition

合成法是指两个或多个单词按照一定的组合规律组合在一起，形成一个新的单词。一般来说，新的合成词的意思就是各个组成词的意思。

keyboard____bloodtest____breakthrough____ill-treat____widespread____record-holder____键盘记录保持者广泛流传的虐待，折磨突破验血9精选2021版课件<2>.词缀法/派生法Affixation/Derivation

派生法是英语单词的主要构成法，它是通过在基础词根(Root)上添加前缀(Prefix)或者后缀(Suffix)来构造新词。imbalance____overestimate____irregular____pain-killer____approval____止痛片

n.不平衡

n.高估

vt.批准，同意

n.不规律的

adj.10精选2021版课件<3>.转化法Conversion把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法叫做转化法。Theauthoremptiedallhispocketstofindhisticket.Bynoonhehadbaggedthreehares.捕获n.→vt.a.→vt.掏空Hewasaboutthesamebuildashisbrother.vt.→n.体型11精选2021版课件

(2017全国卷ⅠC篇改编)Themusiccan’tbepresentedtodaythewayitwasin1908or1958.Ithastocontinuetomove,becausethewaytheworldworksisnotthesame.n./a.→vt.今天的音乐不能以1908年或者1958年的方式表现出来。展现，表现，呈现

12精选2021版课件方法2：利用逻辑关系猜词义LogicalRelations<1>.并列关系coordinativerelation英语中可以使用and,or,also,as…as…,justas,similarly,likewise等词语表示相同或者相近的意思，这种表示并列的关系中，只要我们认识其中一个单词，就可以推测出另一个单词的意思。Mymotherisshortandfat.Theprincipaloftheschoolisalmostasplumpasmymother,andmuchshorter.a.

丰腴的，微胖的

13精选2021版课件

(2017全国卷ⅡD篇)

…..Someplantspumpoutsmellychemicalstokeepinsectsaway.Butothersdodoubleduty.Theypumpoutperfumesdesignedtoattractdifferentinsectswhoarenaturalenemiestotheattackers.Oncetheyarrive,thetablesareturned.Theattackerwhowaslunchingnowbecomeslunch.Q:Whatdoestheauthormeanby“thetablesareturned”inPara3?()A.Theattackersgetattacked.B.Theinsectsgatherunderthetable.C.Theplantsgetreadytofightback.D.Theperfumesattractnaturalenemies.A14精选2021版课件<2>.转折关系adversativerelationincontrast,onthecontrary,unlike,however,but,despite,while等词汇常常会被用来表示前后关系的转折，其前后表示相反的意思。同样，我们也可以根据其中一个词汇来推知另一个表示相反意思的词汇。UnliketheUnitedStateswheremanydifferentnationalitiesmakeupthepopulation,Japan’spopulationisquitehomogeneous.(ofthesamenationalities)

单一民族的

15精选2021版课件AndrewisoneofthemostsuperciliousmenIknow.Hisbrother,incontrast,isquitemodest.a.

傲慢的，高傲的16精选2021版课件<3>.因果关系causalrelation英语中使用because,since,as,for,so,thus,therefore,asaresult等词汇表达因果关系，因为因与果具有直接联系，所以也可以用来猜测词义。Tomisconsideredanautocraticadministratorbecausehemakesdecisionswithoutseekingtheopinionsofothers.a.

独断专行的17精选2021版课件(2016课标全国卷ⅢC篇)…Therearealsovarietiesdevelopedtosuitspecificlocalconditions.OneoftheverybestvarietiesforeatingqualityisOrleansReinette,butyou’llneedawarm,shelteredplacewithperfectsoiltogrowit,soit’sapipedreamformostappleloverswhofallforit….Q:Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“apipedream”inPara3mean?()A.Apracticalidea.B.Avainhope.C.Abrilliantplan.D.Aselfishdesire.B18精选2021版课件方法3：利用语法关系猜词义

Grammaticalrelations<1>.下定义definitionIs,mean,referto,thatis,namely,becalled等后的内容往往是对前面进行注解性说明的，可以帮助猜测词义。Doyouknowwhata“territory”is?Aterritoryisanareathatananimal,usuallythemale,claimsasitsown.n.

动物的地盘/领地

19精选2021版课件Pantomimereferstoashortplayinwhichnowordsarespoken.n.

哑剧<2>.定语从句attributiveclauseJackisnowaflorist,whokeepsashopforsellingflowersinourdistrict.n.

花商20精选2021版课件(福建福州一中2017届高考英语第二次模拟试卷A篇)…•EatingCustomsBeingearlyorontimeisviewedasbeingrude,tooeagerorevengreedyinVenezuela.Ifyouareinvitedtosomeone’shomeforameal,it’srecommendedthatyouarrive10minuteslaterthantheappointedtime.WhenhavingamealinEgypt,don’tusethesaltshaker(盐瓶).It’sinsultingtoyourhosttospreadsaltonyourfood,whichmeansthatyoufindthemealterrible.…Q:Whatdoestheunderlinedwork“insulting”inPara3referto?()A.RespectfulB.ChallengingC.IndifferentD.OffensiveDa.冒犯的，无理的21精选2021版课件<3>.同位语appositive同位语是对其前的内容进行解释说明的，所以，同位语也是猜测单词词义的一个好办法。构成同位关系的两部分之间通常用连接词连接，有时也直接用逗号分隔开。常用的连接词有that,or,orother,say,thatistosay,namely,similarly等。Semantics,thestudyofthemeaningofwords,isnecessaryifyouaretospeakandreadintelligently.n.

语义学22精选2021版课件(2017陕西省黄陵中学高三上学期期末考试A篇)Alongweekendisagreatopportunitytodosomethingalittledifferent.Manypeopleusealongweekendforagetaway,ashorttriptoleavethestressoftheireverydaylivesbehindandexplore,learnorrelax.Q:Theunderlinedword“getaway”inthispassagemostprobablymeans____.A.anexcitingexplorationB.aninterestinglocationC.ashortvacationD.anunforgettableexperienceC23精选2021版课件<4>.自问自答self-questioning&self-answeringWhatisplagiarism?Itisusingothers’ideasandwordswithoutclearlymentioningwheretheinformationisfrom.n.

剽窃，抄袭

24精选2021版课件<5>.举例illustration

(2014江西卷D篇)Withthecommunicationgadgets,suchasmobilephonesandipads,peopleoftendonottaketheefforttovisitoneanotherpersonally.n.

电子产品某些冷僻的词汇后会举一个例子，使词汇具体易懂suchas,like,forexample,forinstance等连接性词语往往用来列举说明前面较难理解的名词。25精选2021版课件ManyUnitedNationsemployeesarepolyglots:Mr.Simpson,forexample,speaksfivelanguagesfluently.a.

通晓多国语言

26精选2021版课件<6>.标点符号punctuation冒号(colon)、破折号(dash)和括号(brackets)等标点符号也可以表示解释，能帮助我们猜测词义。Newhouses,largeschools,modernfactories,morehorsesandsheep—everywherewesawsignsofprosperity.n.

繁荣27精选2021版课件方法4：利用生活常识和文化背景猜词义

Commonsense&Culturalbackground

在阅读有关日常生活或大家比较熟悉的事物的文章时，即使存在一些生词，我们也可以根据生活经验和常识以及文化背景来猜测单词的意思。Whenadoctorperformsanoperationonapatient,heusuallygivesananesthetictomakehimunconscious,becausehedoesnotwanthispatienttofeelpainortoknowwhatishappeningtohim.n.麻醉药

28精选2021版课件(2017河北省石家庄市高三第一次质量检测C篇)…Asyearspassed,themetalcoveringonthepipeeroded,leavingbehindaholethatthousandsofworkerantsaccidentallyslipintoeachdayastheygoabouttheirdailychores.…Q:Whatdoestheunderlinedword“eroded”inPara2mean?()A.ExpandedB.RottedC.ExplodedD.MeltedBvi.腐烂，腐蚀29精选2021版课件方法5：利用上下文语境猜词义Context

在文章中，任何一个单词都不是孤立存在的，它总要通过上下文和其他单词有这紧密的联系，通过这些联系也可以猜测出单词的意思，尤其是代词的指代含义。(2016全国卷B篇)“Myfriendssaid:‘Nowwebelieveyourstories,’”Weltyadded.“AndIsaid:‘Nowyouknow.Thesearethepeoplethatmakemewritethem’”stories30精选2021版课件(2016课标全国卷ⅠC篇)IamPeterHodes,avolunteerstemcellcourier.SinceMarch2012,I’vedone89trips—ofthose,51havebeenabroad.Ihave42hourstocarrystemcells(干细胞)inmylittleboxbecauseI’vegottwoicepacksandthat’showlongtheylast.Inall,fromthetimethestemcellsareharvestedfromadonor(捐献者)tothetimetheycanbeimplantedinthepatient,we’vegot72hoursatmost.SoIamalwaysconsciousoftime.…Q:Whichofthefollowingcanreplacetheunderlinedword“courier”inPara1?()A.providerB.deliverymanC.collectorD.medicaldoctorB31精选2021版课件解题方法1.利用构词法猜词义<1>.合成法<2>.派生法<3>.转化法3.利用语法关系猜词义<1>.下定义<2>.定语从句<3>.同位语<4>.自问自答<5>.举例<6>.标点符号4.利用生活常识和文化背景猜词义5.利用上下文语境猜词义2.利用逻辑关系猜词义<1>.并列关系<2>.转折关系<3>.因果关系32精选2021版课件Improvement33精选2021版课件

1.(2018山东滨州月考)DaniellaWridewasbrushingherdaughter’slongbrownhairwhenshenoticedthatwitheachcomb,clumps(束)ofitwerecomingout.ThatwasJanuary1,2017,andwithin20days,seven-year-oldGianessaWride’shairandeyebrowswerecompletelygone,andherdoctorsaidtheywouldnevergrowback.Gianessabecameoneofthe6.8millionAmericanswithalopecia(秃头症),anautoimmunediseasethatcauseshairloss.Alopeciaisn’tpainful,butforkidswhosufferfromit,theagonycomesfromstandingoutinthecrowd.Forthemostpart,thestudentsinGianessa’sfirst-gradeclassinSalem,Utah,couldunderstandthat.Buttheoccasionaltaunt(嘲笑)of“Baldy”madeherfeellikeanoutcase…34精选2021版课件Q:Whichofthefollowingcanreplacetheunderlinedword“agony”inPara2?()A.WorryB.DelightC.PainD.Pride解析：秃头症本身并不令人痛苦，但是对于患病的小孩来说，痛苦来自于在人群中很显眼。句中的转折连词but表明下文描述的是“真正的痛苦”，所以“agony”的意思是“痛苦”。C转折关系35精选2021版课件2.Pleasestayonpermittedpaths.Otherwiseyoumaydestroydesertplants.Packoutwhatyoupackin,soyouleavenosignsofyourvisit.Itisimportanttokeepinmindthatyouareinanationalparkwherewildlifeexists.Q:Whatdotheunderlinedwords“Packoutwhatyoupackin”probablymean?()A.keepeverythingoutofcampgroundsB.takeawayeverythingyoubringinC.carryallthenecessaryfoodD.lookafteryourpersonalbelongsB因果关系36精选2021版课件3.Thelowtestscore,theythink,willmakeitimpossibleforthemtogetintoagoodcollege.Andwithoutadegreefromaprestigiousuniversity,theyfearthatmanyoftheirlife’sdoorswillremainforeverclosed.a.有威望的，声誉高的并列关系+因果关系37精选2021版课件4.Capacitance,ortheabilitytostoreanelectricalcharge,isoneofthemostcommoncharacteristicsofelectroniccircuits.n.

电容(贮存电荷的能力)同位语38精选2021版课件5.Childrenarealwaysboasting.Theysaythingslike“Mydad’scarisbiggerthanyourdad’s.”“Mymomissmarterthanyours.”and“Myfamilyhasmoremoneythanyours.”v.

自夸，吹嘘举例39精选2021版课件解题方法1.利用构词法猜词义<1>.合成法<2>.派生法<3>.转化法3.利用语法关系猜词义<1>.下定义<2>.定语从句<3>.同位语<4>.自问自答<5>.举例<6>.标点符号4.利用生活常识和文化背景猜词义5.利用上下文语境猜词义2.利用逻辑关系猜词义<1>.并列关系<2>.转折关系<3>.因果关系40精选2021版课件41精选2021版课件Homework42精选2021版课件6.Youmayborrowfromthelibraryanyperiodicals:NewsWeekly,Reader’sDigest,TheNewYorkers.n.

期刊标点符号43精选2021版课件7.Fastfoodandfriedfoodsellbestamongstudents,whichhasledtoariseinobesityamongchildren.快餐和油炸食品通常会导致n.肥胖生活常识44精选2021版课件8.(2016课标全国卷ⅡB篇)…..Encouragingthiskindofthinkinghasadownside.Irantheriskoflosingthosestudentswhohadadifferentstyleofthinking.Withoutfailonewoulddeclare,“ButI’mjustnotcreative.”…..B合成法我冒着失去那些有不同思维方式的学生的危险，说明鼓励这种思维方式有不足之处。Q:Whatdoestheunderlinedwork“downside”inPara4probablymean?()A.MistakeB.DrawbackC.DifficultyD.Burden45精选2021版课件9.(2018安徽合肥市期中改编)Theonlinebookswillberenewedandenrichedgraduallyaccordingtoreaders’borrowinghabitsandpreferences.根据读者的借阅习惯和偏好，网上图书将会逐渐更新和充实。派生法+转化法46精选2021版课件10.TheagingofthepopulationwillaffectAmericansocietyinmayways—education,medicine,andbusiness.Q:Whatdoestheunderlinedwordreferto?A.countingthenumberofyearssomeonelivesB.thenumbersofyearssomeonelivesC.becomingolderD.makin