托福阅读教学大纲

托福阅读I.要求学生在作业要求之外每天一篇阅读练习，长期坚持。II.分析选项改写的思路III.考试时间策略BASICSKILLS:SKIMMINGSCANNINGINFERENCEQUICKRESPONDINGENIMILATINGOPERATINGPCUnderstandingfactsanddetails F&DIdentifyingnegativefacts NEGUnderstandingvocabularyincontext VOCABMakinginferences INFDeterminingpurpose PRPRecognizingparaphrases PRPHRecognizingcoherence COHSummarizingimportantideas SMOrganizinginformation OI阅读根本原那么：文章结构观念,为总结题做准备小定位，有目的阅读原那么读懂前后句，上下文原那么选项“关键点”验证原那么最正确答案原那么，可能都不确信，但是选择对不疑心的。“两利相权取其重，两害相权取其轻。”陷阱类型主被动因果倒置先后颠倒正话反说After1815,...→priorto1815单词题构词法以及单词题 内容:根本构词法17页图片前缀解题原那么exceptional-extraordinary;illuminate-light;heterogeneous-varied;proliferation-growth;superseded-replaced构词法：440题;官方核心词汇400；近义词总结归纳“正负向”分析，前缀归类最终只是解题线索，辅助手段70%是根本含义，可以直接选；但是30%要依赖语境；所以保险的策略C语境优先原那么：把单词带回文章，自己给出一个最接近的近义词；然后用自己的理解词对应选项；绝对不要先看选项，很可能“先入为主”，掉进陷阱；即使自己对5个单词绝对有把握也一定要带回原文验证。原文语境很可能有一个词语对应正确选项，这取决于文章逻辑照应的思路，例如：正确答案很可能是我们不熟悉的第二第三义项Contextclues:BEAsupernovaisa...ORTheinclinationortiltoftheearth...Askyscraper,orbuildingmorethantwentystorieshigh,...APPOSITIVEThermalpowerstationsaredesignedtopassasmuchenergyaspossiblefromthefueltotheturbines,machineswhosebladesareturnedbythemovementofthesteam.AdjectiveclauseorphraseThesuncrossestheequatortwiceayearattheequinoxes，whendayandnightsarenearlyequalinlength．Prescribedfire，ignitedbyforestrangersundercontrolledconditionstorestorebalanceintheforest，isasafewaytomimicnaturalfireconditions．Theradiatingsurfaceofthesuniscalledthephotosphere，andjustaboveitisthechromosphere，whichisvisibletothenakedeyeonlyduringtotalsolareclipses，appearingthentobeapinkish——violetlayer．LISTorSERIESBecauseoftheirsimilarteeth，sealsandwalrusesarebelievedtohaveevolvedfromthesameancestralgroupsastheweasels，badgers，andothermustelids．Ifsomeoneissaidtohave“achiponhisshoulder,”heisangry,pugnacious，sullen，andlookingfortrouble．EXAMPLEForexample,forinstance,like,suchas Severalpersonnelmanagerscomplainaboutthelagofbusinesscollegesineliminatingobsoleteskills．Forinstance，shorthandisstilltaughtinmanysecretarialprogramsalthoughitisrarelyused．Intangibleassets，suchasacompany'srecognizednameanditsgoodwill，areneitherphysicalnorfinancialinnature． CONTRASTalternatively differentinsteadrather but howeverneverthelessunlikeconverselyincontrastonthecontrarywhereasdespiteinspiteofontheotherhandwhileForexample1.Twilightraysarenearlyparallel，butbecauseoftheobserver'sperspective，theyappeartodiverge．2.Songbirdsareearlyrisersandremainactivethroughouttheday,exceptduringthewarmesthoursinsummer．Owls，onthe0theFhand，areprimarilynocturnal．Unlikesunpillars，whicharecausedbyreflectionoflight，arcsandhaloesarecausedbyrefractionoflightthroughicecrystals．标点符号；并列：-，___，双逗号之间,(),解释Example Crepuscularrays--alternatingbrightanddarkraysinthesky―appeartoradiatefromthesun．Virtuallyeverycommunitycollegenowofferscontracteducation：short-termprograms，rangingfromafewhourstoseveraldays,foremployeesofspecificcompanies,whichpaysashareofthecost.Folatesupplementationbeforeandduringpregnancycanpreventcertaindefectsofthebrainandspine，suchasanacephaly(absenceofamajorpartofthebrain)．KEYWORDScluefornewwordsAccessoriesaddinteresttoaroom．Theycanaccentorhighlightanareaandgivearoom,beautyandpersonality．Lightoutput，measuredinlumens，dependsontheamountofelectricityusedbyabulb．排除法“相同全舍”原那么相对概念，文中一般有对应表达AbuHureyrawasfoundedabout9500B.C.,asmallvillagesettlementofcrampedpitdwellings(housesdugpartiallyinthesoil)withreedroofssupportedbywoodenuprights.Q6Theword“cramped”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto○primitive○secure○extended○confined作业：TPO18-24里面的单词题遇到生词，老是“卡壳”1.不要纠结，实在不认识，先跳过，不重要不看-科技型词汇2.如果特别重要，结合前后单词理解3.理解到哪类事物，正负态度即可句子改写题-recognizingparaphrases长难句以及句子改写题出题理念:快速抓住关键信息，理顺逻辑关系表达特征：paraphrasingwithsynonyms,sentencestructure,synonymsclues,pronouncluesOriginalSentenceCultureconsistsofthelanguage,values，norms，andartifactsthatdefineanduniteasociety．ThesecanbespreadfromonesocietytoanotherthroughculturecontactParaphraseContactwithotherculturesisawayofspreadinglanguage，values，norms，andartifacts．OriginalSentenceInl889．anAustrianPhysicistnamedErnstMachcreatedasystemofnumbersformeasuring‘'supersonic”speeds．Thisiswhy,whenaplanetravelsataspeedfasterthanthespeedofsound,itsspeedisreferredtoasMachlParaphraseAplanemovingfasterthanthespeedofsoundhasaspeedofMach1，aftertheinventorofthenumberingsystem．长难句思路和练习题〔自己的资料〕该题型思路总结：只看本句语法结构分析阅读法长句分层次，短句找主干，抓住关键信息点使用符号图解法：ABC重视标点符号，：—〔〕理清关键信息之间的逻辑关系，例如因果，列举，转折，递进等,关注关联词和从句标志正确选项：原文关键信息不能省略掉，但可以概括；信息点之间的逻辑关系必须与原文一致；近义词替代错误选项：忽略关键信息；关键信息错误(F)；关键信息原文未提及〔NG〕适当运用排除法，尤其针对原文又长又乱的题目细节信息可以省略Ifthewatertableintersectsthelandsurface,groundwaterwillflowoutontothesurfaceatsprings,eithertobecollectedthereortosubsequentlyflowfartheralongadrainage.Wherethewatertablemeetsthelandsurface,groundwaterflowsoutthroughsurfacesprings.内容及作业：自己的资料TPO18-24里面的句子改写题事实细节题A.题目问道文章中的一个细节，事实：真实发生-正在发生、已经发生、正确、有时是一个支持细节细节：比拟具体的信息，例如事例，原因，统计数字，一段描写，一副插图表达形式：B.USEFULSKILLS:SKIMMINGSCANNINGSCROLLINGC.TRANSITIONSD.PARAPHRASING分析选项改写的思路改写方法例子同义词Asameteorologicalterm,“eye”describesacircularregionatthecenterofaseverewindstorm.Asameteorologicalconcept“eye”referstoaroundareainthemiddleofanextremewinddisturbance.语态主动/被动Intheeyeofahurricane,youmayexperiencelight,variablewinds.Intheeyeofahurricane,light,variablewindsmaybeexperienced.词形或句子结构Becausethisareaissosmallandirregular,itisdifficulttoobserve.Peoplehavedifficultyobservingthissmallandirregulararea.短语/分词结构However,theeyeofahurricaneandtheeyeofatornadodifferinvariouswaysbasedonsizeandspeed.However,theyofahurricaneandtheeyeofatornadodifferinvariouswaysbasedonhowbigtheyareandhowfasttheygo.P:TonyaskedRosetogoshoppingQ:TonywasaskedtogoshoppingE.WRONGANSWERCHOICESRightbutnotansweringquestionsFALSEINACURATENGF.PROCEDURE:SPIinQ-CHOICESTUDY-LOCATING-JUDGING&ELIMINATINGG.RELATEDEXPAGES20-28选非题-NEG-identifyingnegativeinformation一篇文章一道题，或没有难度较低，考察能力：快速定位，简单分析理解题干定位大多针对列举类信息，例如：事物列举:WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedin...asadisadvantageofthe...?Allofthefollowingarementioned...EXCEPT...allofthefollowingcouldbeseen...EXCEPT性质/特征：...whichofthefollowingisNOTtrueofallofthefollowingcharacterize...EXCEPT起因: ...isaffectedbyallofthefollowingEXCEPT...eachofthefollowingcontributesto...EXCEPT...believesthatallofthefollowingcontributed(positively)to...EXCEPT...allofthefollowingarereasonswhy...EXCEPT结果影响:...allofthefollowingareproblemsthat...ToovercomeEXCEPT...providesallofthefollowingessentialfunctionsfor...EXCEPT解决方案:...allofthefollowingarementionedin...aswaysthat...EXCEPT...whichofthefollowingwasNOTnecessaryfor...EXCEPT分布位置...inallofthefollowinggeographicareasEXCEPT?结合细节：...answersallofthefollowingquestionsabout...EXCEPT...allofthefollowingstatementscomparedthecaravelwiththegalleyaretrueEXCEPTContradictory/notmentioned/givenD-A逆序排除法，排除正确信息,有同学容易“晕”直接矛盾；NG内容及作业：TPO18-24里面的细节题和反选题推理题Paragraph3supportswhichofthefollowingstatementsabout…?Itcanbeinferredthatpartofthereason...isthat...TPO19Q11Imply,infer,suggest,assume,mean,mostlikelytrueabout...Probablyoccur,mostaccuratelyreflect...第二，我们在解答这类题目的时候，要注意以下特征：正确选项不能是文章中的直接表达，这是暗示推理题的第一项重要要求，同学们往往无视；正确选项的思维逻辑归类如下：总结归纳型，具体/笼统型，推论型，条件/因果/目的推定型，时间先后型，数量比拟型，反向表达型，正话反说型该题型具备其他选择题的普遍特征：选项信息不能和原文不一致，逻辑关系不能和原文矛盾，文章未提及的信息点不能作为正确答案；常识的使用以不和原文矛盾为限；在这种题型里，“陷阱”选项的特征往往是：极端表达，过于笼统，原文无法支持或未提及.写作目的题完整阅读关键词所在句“回头看”信号词:Notice,notify,define,explain,compare,criticizeetc.主题句，首尾句目的表达：argue defineillustrate prove caution describeintroduceshowclassifyemphasize persuadesummarize compareexplainpointoutsupportcontrastgiveexamples praise trace criticizeidentifypredictwarnWhydotheauthormention“…”?Theauthormentions“343menatonefortengagedontaskslikeshoemaking,buildingabathhouse,operatingkilns,diggingclay,andworkinglead'inordertoPossibleDistractions:FALSE:InaccurateorcontradictoryToogeneralNG内容及作业：TPO18-24里面的对应题型阅读思考练习Whydoestheauthorwritethearticle?Whatattitudesdoesheholdforthetopicspresented?Howdoesofeachparagraphservethewholearticle?Whatdetailsservefortheauthor’sintention?Whatvocabularywordsareemployedforthispurpose?文本插入题-recognizingcoherenceReorderthefollowingsentencesThetrunk'sinnercoreconsistsofverticallyorientedcellsthatarecloselypackedtogetherinparallelrow．Millionsuponmillionsofsuchcellsformtheheartwood--thenonlivingcentralpillaronwhichthelivingtreehoistsitselfskyward．Themostdistinguishingcharacteristicofamaturetreeisitsself-supportingwoodyspine，ortrunk．InsertthefollowingsentenceintoyourshortparagraphAlltreessharecertaingrowthcharacteristicsthatdistinguishthemfromothermembersoftheplantkingdom．扑捉信号词：指示词：代词指代this,that,it,these,those，名词指代回头看An,athe…/thesame固定搭配：Ontheonehand,ontheotherhand,either…or,Anotherpossibilityis…关联词：因果并列转折连词while，whereas，whist；逻辑介副词〔ratherthan,insteadof,onthecontrary,however，non/nevertheless，indeed，infact，〕;过度副词〔first,second,then,atlast,tostartwith,tokickoff,forstarters,initially,additionally,toadd,ontopofthat,intheend,tosumup,towrapup〕However,but,whereas,ratherthan,instead,OntheotherhandAsaresultof/resultin/from,accordingly,thisgivesrisetoAgain,withoutadoubtInaddition,similarlyObviously,onthewhole,thereforeA.Clues:语境：itisverylikelythat…Therearegreatchancesthat…前后都要衔接：duringtheseperiods,…句子之间的不可分性承上启下：buttheevidenceofpastorganiclifeisnotlimitedtopetrification.CoherencepurposeofwritingTworeasonsforgovernmentregulationofindustrystandout．First，economistshavetraditionallystressedtheimportanceofcontainingmarketpower．Asecondreason,derivingfrompublic—choicetheories,isthattheregulatorsarecapturedbytheregulated．PurposetolistthecausesofgovernmentadministrationGoodmanagersadjustplanswhennecessary．Flexibleplansallowforseveralcontingencies．Contingenciesareeventsthatmightaffectwhatyouplantodo，butrarelyareoutofyourcontrol．Forexample，rainisacontingencythatmightaffectthesuccessofanoutdoorevent，soplansforanoutdooreventshouldincludea“rainplan.”“Beyondthepracticalneedtomakeorderoutofchaos,theriseofdictionariesisassociatedwiththeriseofthemiddleclasses.”“Analternativetothisnotionofgeneticprogrammingistoseetheteachersubjects’actionsasresultofthesocialenvironmentunderwhichtheexperimentwascarriedout.”Butitisnotonlyintechnologyandcommercethatglasshaswideneditshorizons,theuseofglassasart,atraditiongoingbackatleasttoRomantimes,isalsobooming.”“butnotalltheglasstechnologythattouchesourlivesisultra-modern.Considerthesimplelightbulb;…traditional/conventional”“Despitetheextensivecoverageinthepopularmediaofthedestructionofrain-forests,littleformalinformationisavailableabout”B.PronouncluesEverysocietyhasafavoriteimaginedfigurethatisseeninthesurfacemarkingsofthefullmoon．InAsiaandEurope，itiscommonlyahare，whileNorthAmericansseethe“maninthemoon．”Becauseshewasessentiallyarealist，WillaCathermadehumannaturethesubjectofhernovels．Manyofhercharacterswerebasedonrealpeoplethatsheknewandloved．Thebrainofacomputerisitscentralprocessingunit．Inthecaseofamicrocomputer,thisisachipcalledthemicroprocessor，whichisconnectedtotheotherunitsbygroupsofwires．Drivingwhileintoxicatedisillegal．However,thisisnottheonlyreasontoavoiddrinkinganddriving．Threecommonherbsareeffectiveremediesforasorethroat：angelica，sage，andvervain.All，areavailableinhealthfoodstores．Onlytwoelementsareliquidsatnormaltemperatures．Oneismercuryandtheotherisbromine．Thebassoonandtheoboearemembersofthewoodwindfamily.Theformerisalow-pitcheddouble-reedinstrumentthatcanproducehighanddelicatelegatosounds，aswellaslowandloudstaccatonotes．C.TransitioncluesAdditionContrastExample/illustrateCause/ResultexplaincomparelimitalsoalthoughforexampleasaresultAtthispointbothcertainlyanotherhoweverforinstancebecauseInfactlikeindeed0therincontrastincludingconsequentlyhowsimilarlyMostimportantlyfirst，second...insteadoneexampleishenceInthiscaseEquallyimportantclearlymoreoverRatherthansuchasthereforeThesameInfacttooWhile/whereastoillustratethusSimilartosurelyfurthermoreratherOnereasonisfinallyconverselyDuetoNotonly...butalsoneverthelesssinceAswellasunlikeaccordinglyOnthecontraryconsequentlyIncontrastotherwiseOntheotherhandHowever,but,whereas,ratherthan,instead(of),notonly…butalso,Aaswellasb,AkiraKurosawa'smasterfulworksburstontheinternationalfilmsceneinthe1950swiththesoundoffireworksandepicbattles．Incontrast，thequietdignityandunobtrusivetechniquesofSatyajitRay'sfilmsalsoplacedhimamongtheworld'sgreatdirectors．并列且比照，决定语序 ofcourse,alakemaybeneither…nor…，nevertheless,stillthesame,allthesame,still(I'mafraidhe'scrazy.Still,he'sharmless)D.Answerchoices相邻语句逻辑性被打乱指代混乱过渡词无法正确表意E.Eg.TPO28-(2)EarlySaharanpastoralistsThisknowledgeenablesthehunterstoadoptadifferentapproachtohunting.③Smithbelievesthatthehunterswerewellawareofthemoredisciplinedwaysinwhichtheirpreybehaved.■Insteadoffollowingthecattleontheirannualmigrations,thehuntersbegantopreventtheherdfrommovingfromonespottoanother.■Atfirst,theycontrolledthemovementoftheherdwhileensuringcontinuanceoftheirmeatdiet.■Butsoontheyalsogainedgeneticcontroloftheanimals,whichledtorapidphysicalchangesintheherd.■SouthAfricanfarmerswhomaintainherdsofwildeland(largeAfricanantelopeswithshort,twistedhorns)reportthattheoffspringsoondiminishinsize,unlesswildbullsareintroducedconstantlyfromoutside.Referenceanswer■1Thisknowledgeenablesthehunterstoadoptadifferentapproachtohunting.AB③SmithbelievesthatthehunterswerewellawareofthemoredisciplinedwaysinwhichtheirpreyAbehaved.■Insteadoffollowingthecattleontheirannualmigrations,thehuntersbegantopreventtheBherdfrommovingfromonespottoanother.TPO28-(3)BuckRubsandBuckScrapesThisprocesscantakeafewhourstoseveraldays.①Aconspicuoussignindicatingthepresenceofwhite-taileddeerinawoodlotisabuckrub.■Amaledeermakesabuckrubbystrippingthebark(outerlayer)ofasmalltreewithitsantlers.■Whencompleted,thebuckrubisanobviousvisualsignaltousandpresumablytootherdeerinthearea.■Arubisusuallylocatedattheshoulderheightofadeer(onemeterorlessabovetheground)onasmooth-barked,small-diameter(16-25millimeters)tree.■Thesmoothbarkofsmallredmaplesmakesthisspeciesidealforbuckrubsintheforestsofthemid-easternUnitedStates.ReferenceanswerThisprocesscantakeafewhourstoseveraldays.AB①Aconspicuoussignindicatingthepresenceofwhite-taile