化学专业英语命名(学生参考资料)

NamingofChemicalProfessionalEnglishIntroductionEnglishexpressionofcommonelementnamesEnglishexpressionofcommoncompoundnamesComplexcompoundsandcomplexnomenclatureofcompoundsSummarycontents目录01IntroductionToprovideaunifiedlanguagefortheglobalchemicalindustryTofacilitatecommunicationandunderstandingamonginspectionsTostandardizethenamingofchemicalsubstancesandprocessesPurposeandbackground02030401TheSignificanceofNamingChemicalProfessionalEnglishEnhancestheaccuracyofscientificcommunicationImprovetheefficiencyofresearchanddevelopmentFacilitiestheexchangeofideasandinformationamongchemistsPromotesthedevelopmentofthechemicalindustry02EnglishexpressionofcommonelementnamesMetallicelementsarethosethataresolidatstandardtemperatureandpressure,havehighelectricalconductivity,andarecomposedofatomsthatareofteninformInEnglish,metallicelementsarenamedbasedontheirLatinorGreeknamesForexample,ironisnamed"iron"afteritsLatinname"ferrum,"andcopperisnamed"copper"afteritsLatinname"cuprum."Otherexamplesincludegold(au),silver(ag),andplatinum(pt)MetallicelementTheending"-ium"isoftenusedtoindicateametallicelementForexample,lithium(Li),sodium(Na),andpotassium(K)allendin"-ium."Somemetallicelementshavenamesthatdonotendin"-ium."TheseelementsarenamedbasedontheirspecifichistoricalnamesortheiruniquepropertiesForexample,mercury(Hg)isnamedaftertheRomangodofthesamename,andosmium(Os)isnamedaftertheGreekword"osmos,"whichmeans"odor."MetallicelementNonmetallicelementsNonmetallicelementsarethosethataregenerallylesselectricallyactivethanmetalsTheyhavelowelectricalconductivityandareeithergasesorsolidsunderstandardtemperatureandpressureInEnglish,nonmetallicelementsarealsonamedbasedontheirLatinorGreeknamesForexample,chlorine(Cl)isnamedaftertheGreekword"chlorine,"meaning"green,"andbromine(Br)isnamedaftertheGreekword"bromos,"meaning"stench."Theending"-ine"isoftenusedtoindicateanonmetallicelementForexample,nitrogen(N),oxygen(O),andsulfur(S)allendin"-one."Somenonmetallicelementshavenamesthatdonotendin"-one."TheseelementsarealsonamedbasedontheirspecifichistoricalnamesortheiruniquepropertiesForexample,argon(Ar)isnamedaftertheGreekword"argos,"meaning"lazy,"andKrypton(Kr)isnamedaftertheGreekword"kryptos,"meaning"hidden."NonmetallicelementsSemimetallicelementsarethosethathavepropertiesintermediatebetweenmetalsandnonmetalsTheyaretoobrightatstandardtemperatureandpressure,havemodeledelectricalconductivity,andformvalidbondsInEnglish,semimetallicelementsarenamedbasedontheirspecifichistoricalnamesortheiruniquepropertiesForexample,silicon(Si)isnamedaftertheLatinword"silicon,"meaning"flint,"andgermanium(Ge)isnamedaftertheLatinword"germania,"meaning"hardstone."Semimetallicelements03EnglishexpressionofcommoncompoundnamesAcidsSulfuricacid:SulfuricacidHydraulicacid:hydraulicacidNitricacid:NitricacidPhotosphoricacid:PhotosphoricacidSodiumhydroxide:SodiumhydroxideAmmonia:ammoniaPotassiumhydroxide:PotassiumhydroxideCalciumhydroxide:Calciumhydroxide01020304ThealkalinesSaltMagnesiumsulfonate:magnesiumsulfonateZincsulfonate:ZincsulfonateSodiumchloride:SodiumchlorideCoppersulfonate:CoppersulfonateOrganiccompounds01Metal:metal02Ethane:ethane03Propane:Propane04Butane:Butane04ComplexcompoundsandcomplexnomenclatureofcompoundsNamingofcomplexcompoundsIUPACrules:TheInternationalUnionofPureandAppliedChemistry(IUPAC)hasdevelopedasetofrulesfornamingcomplexorganicandinorganiccompoundsTheserulesarebasedonthestructureandcompositionofthecompound,consideringitsfunctionalgroups,substituents,andconnectivityNamingconventions:InadditiontotheIUPACrules,therearealsoNamingconventionsthathavebeenestablishedbyconventionandpracticeinthechemicalcommunityTheseconventionsconsiderthesystematicnamingoffamiliesofcompoundsbasedontheirstructureandpropertiesNamingdatabases:ManychemicaldatabasesprovidestandardizednamesforcomplexcompoundsbasedontheIUPACrulesandNamingconventionsThesedatabasesareavaluableresourceforpromisesandresearcherstoaccessthenamesofknowncompoundsComplexcompoundsofcontainingringsystems,suchascycloalkanesorheterocyclesNamingthesecompoundsrequiresconsideringthenumberandtypeofrings,aswellasthesubstituentsattachedtothemComplexcompoundsmaycontainfunctionalgroupsthatrequirespecialconsiderationwhennamingthemThesefunctionalgroupscansignificantlyaffectthepropertiesandreactivityofthecompoundSubstancesareatomsorgroupsofatomsthatreplacehydrogenatomsinaparenthydrocarbonNamingcomplexcompoundswithmultiplesubstituentsrequirementsconsideringtheirpositionandconfigurationrelatedtotheparenthydrocarbonRingsystemsFunctionalgroupsSubstancesComplexNamingofCompounds05SummaryRulesandTechniquesforNamingChemicalProfessionalEnglishUseIUPACRecommendations:TheInternationalUnionofPureandAppliedChemistry(IUPAC)haspublishedguidelinesfornamingorganicandinorganiccompoundsItisessentialtofollowtheserecommendationstoensureaccuracyandconsistencyAdvisortheNumberofValenceelectrons:ValenceelectronsaretheelectronsthatareresponsibleforchemicalbondingUnderstandingthenumberofvalenceelectronsinacompoundiscrucialforpropernamingAdvisortoElectronegativity:ElectronegativityreferstotheattractionofelectronsbyanatominachemicalbondItisimportanttoconsiderelectronegativitywhennamingcompoundstoensurethatthenamesreflecttheactualstructureUsesystemicnames:SystematicnamesarebasedonthechemicalstructureofacompoundandfollowasetofrulesUsingsystematicnamessafeguardsthatthenamesareuniqueandaccurateSuggestionsforImprovingtheNamingAbilityofChemistryMajorsinEnglishPracticemakesperfect:TheonlywaytoimproveyourNamingabilityisthroughpracticeFrequentpracticesessionswillhelpyoufamiliarizeyourselfwiththerulesandtechniquesfornamingcompoundsAttendingworkshopsandseminars:Attendingworkshopsandseminarsonchemicalnomenclaturec