从旅游文本翻译中探究中西文化差异

OntheCulturalDifferencesintheTranslationofTouristTextsAbstractWiththeglobalizationoftourismbecomingmoreandmoreobvious,China,asacivilizedcountrywithahistoryof5,000years,hasunlimitedpotentialintourism.TheexistenceofdifferentculturalbackgroundsandlanguagebarriersmakesitdifficultforforeigntouriststounderstandChinesecultureintourismactivities,whichhasbecomeacommonphenomenon.Therefore,howtobetterpublicizeChina'stourismresourcestoforeigntouristshasbecomeatopicworthstudying.Howtoovercomeculturaldifferencesandachieveeffectivetranslationhasbecomeaproblemthatmustbesolvedintourismtranslation.ThispaperprobesintotheculturaldifferencesbetweenChinaandthewestfromthetranslationoftourismtexts,aimingatfindingouttheculturaldifferencesandputtingforwardsuggestionsandmethodstoimprovethetranslationoftourismtexts:addingexplanatorytextsandrelatedculturalbackgrounds,deletingornatetextsandpursuingobjectificationoftranslation,changingwordorderarrangementandrestructuringsentencestructureandculturalanalogy,etc.,inordertoimprovethetranslationqualityoftourismtexts,andtomaketheworldbetterunderstandChinaandtheChinesenation,thuspromotingthedevelopmentofChina'stourismindustry,thespreadofChinesecultureandtheexchangeofChineseandwesterncultures.Keywords：Englishtranslationoftouristtexts;culturaldifference;problems;solutions从旅游文本翻译中探究中西文化差异内容摘要随着旅游业全球化的趋势越来越明显，中国作为一个有着五千年历史文化的文明大国，旅游业具有无限的潜力。由于不同文化背景和语言障碍的存在，使得外国游客在旅游活动中对中国文化的理解出现困难，这成为一种常见的现象。因此，如何向外国游客更好地宣传中国旅游资源，成为一项值得研究的议题，如何克服文化差异而达到有效的翻译成为旅游翻译必须解决的问题。本文从从旅游文本翻译中探究中西文化差异，旨在找出其中的文化差异，并对完善旅游文本翻译工作提出建议和方法：增加解释性的文字和相关文化背景、删减华丽的文字和追求译文客观化、改变词序排列和重组句式结构和文化类比法等，以期使旅游文本的翻译质量得以提高，让世界更好地了解中国和中华民族，从而促进中国旅游业的发展，中华文化的传播和中西方文化的交流。关键词：旅游文本的英译；文化差异；问题；建议与方法Contents1.Introduction .Introduction1.1BackgroundofResearchInChina,asaresultofreformandopeningup,cross-bordercooperationandexchangesareincreasingdaybyday,becomingmoreandmoreimportant.ThishascreatedopportunitiesforthedevelopmentofChina’stourismindustry.Chinaisagreateasterncountry,withnotonlymanypicturesquelandscapes,butalsonumeroushistoricalheritagesandculturalrelics.Alltheseareveryattractivetoforeigntourists.NowmoreandmoreforeigntouristscometovisitChina.AccordingtoChina’stourismstatisticsbulletinfor2014,theChinaNationalTourismAdministrationannouncedthatthenumberofforeigntouristsinChinasince2014hasexceeded128million,generatingabout105billionUSdollarsinforeignexchange.TourismhasbroughtgreateconomicbenefitstoChinaandplayedanimportantroleinspreadingChinesecivilizationandculture.Therefore,howtoshowtheworldChina’stourismresourcesisoneoftheimportantstepstodevelopourtourismindustry.Theprosperityoftourismmakesitnecessarytotranslatetourismtexts.English,asagenerallyacceptedinternationalcommunicationtool,isthemainlanguageforChinesetourismtotranslateChinesetourismtexts.MostforeignerscaneasilyacceptEnglishtraveltexts.However,duetosomeculturaldifferencesbetweenChinaandtheWestinthetranslationoftouristtexts,itisdifficultforforeignerstounderstandthetranslationofChinesetouristtexts.Whenwetransferthesourcetexttothetargettext,culturaldifferenceshavebecomeabigproblem.InorderforforeignerstohaveabetterunderstandingofChina’shistoricalheritageandculturalrelics,translatorscannotignoreculturalfactorsintheprocessoftranslation.IftranslatorsignoretheculturaldifferencesbetweenChinaandothercountries,theymaytranslatethetextmechanically,regardlessofwhetherforeignerscanreallyunderstandandacceptthetranslation.Thetranslatorshouldadjustthetranslationandpayattentiontotheacceptabilityofthetargettextreaders.Therefore,itisveryimportanttoanalyzetheculturaldifferencesinthetranslationoftourismtexts,andtoputforwardcorrespondingsolutionstotheseChineseandwesternculturalreferencessoastorealizeeffectiveinternationalexchanges.Tourismtextscanhelppeopletobetterunderstandacountry’sscenicspotsandculture.However,althoughtherearemanysuccessfulexamplesofEnglishtranslationofChinesetouristtexts,therearestillmanyproblemsandmistakesintranslation.ManyEnglishversionsoftraveltextsaretautological,poorlystructuredandconfusing.ThetranslationqualityoftourismtextswilldirectlyaffectChina’sinternationalimageandthedevelopmentofChina’stourismindustry.Inaddition,differentculturalbackgroundsanddifferentlanguagesmakeitmoredifficultforforeignerstoobtaincommoditiesandunderstandChinesetourismculture.1.2SignificanceofResearchTourismisasunriseindustryinthe21stcenturyandhasbecomeoneofthepillarindustriesofChina'seconomicdevelopment.Withtheglobalizationoftourismbecomingmoreandmoreobvious,cross-culturalcommunicationhasbecomeafeatureofthetimes.Chinaisacivilizedcountrywithahistoryof5000years.Therearemanynaturallandscapesinthemagnificentmountainsandrivers,alargepartofwhichcontainsprofoundculturallandscape.Theyareoftenrelatedtospecialhistoricalevents,allusions,legendsorfolkcustomsandhaveuniquenationalcharacteristics.Fivethousandyearsofancientcivilization,longhistoryandculture,andmagnificentmountainsandriversallhavegreatattractiontoforeigntouristsandofferunlimitedpotentialforthedevelopmentoftourism.Tourismtextscontainalotofculturalinformation.TheexistenceofculturaldifferencesbetweenChinaandtheWestmakesitimpossibleforforeigntouriststohaveagoodunderstandingofChina’shistoryandculture.Therefore,itisurgenttoanalyzetheculturaldifferencesintourismtexttranslation.HowtoovercomethedifferencesbetweenChineseandwesternculturesandrealizeeffectivetranslationhasbecomeaproblemthatmustbesolvedintourismtranslation.ThetranslationqualityoftourismtextswillaffectthedevelopmentofChina’stourismindustry.Startingfromthetranslationoftouristtexts,thispaperanalyzesseveralculturaldifferencesinthetranslationofChineseandwesterntouristtexts,andputsforwardcorrespondingsolutions,whichhavepracticalguidingsignificanceforimprovingthetranslationabilityofforeigntourismprofessionals,thusmakingiteasierforforeigntouriststounderstandtheculturalconnotationoftouristattractions,improvingtheimageoftouristattractions,enablingtheworldtobetterunderstandChinaandtheChinesenation,spreadingChineseculturemoreaccurately,andpromotingculturalexchangesbetweenChinaandthewest.2.AReviewonTouristTextsInordertorealizeeffectivetranslationoftouristtexts,translatorsneedtohaveagoodunderstandingoftheconceptsandfunctionsoftouristtexts.Ofcourse,themajortranslationproblemsintourismtextsarealsoworthstudyingandanalyzing.2.1DefinitionofTouristTextsTouristtextsareakindofexternalpublicitymaterials.Itconjuresuptoomanyculturalconnotationswhichinvolvehistoricalallusions,religion,gardenarchitectures,customs,habitsandsoon.Touristtextsrefertothetextadoptedin,usedfor,andrelatedtotourism,includingguidance,schedules,commissionsletters,intentionletters,contract,advertisements,maps,notices,touristslogans,andintroductionofnaturalsceneriesandculturalattractions,etc.(Chen,2004).Touristtextscanbedividedintotwocategories:writtentext(suchasbook,picturealbum,tourmap,notice,brochure,etc.)andinterpretationtext(suchassiteinterpretation,video,TVshow,documentaryfilm,etc).2.2FunctionsofTouristTextsThemainpurposeoftouristtextsareenlargingpeople’sknowledgeandinspiringtourists’interestsintravelingbytheintroductionandpublicityofthenaturalsceneriesandculturalattractions(Yao,1998).Sotouristtextshavetwofunctions:oneistotransmitinformation,andtheotheristoattracttourists.Alltextscanbedividesintothreetypesaccordingtothefollowingthreefunctions:“(1)theexpressivefunction,whichfocusesonthemindofthespeaker,thewriter,andtheoriginatoroftheutterance;(2)theinformativefunction,whichconcentratesontheexternalsituation,thefactsofatopicconcerned,realityoutsidelanguage;(3)thevocativefunction,whichpaysattentionontherelationshipoftheaddressee.”(Newmark,2001)Ingeneral,mosttextsarebasedononeleadingfunctionandaresupplementedbytheothertwofunctions.AccordingtoNewmark’sclassificationoftexts,theleadingfunctionoftouristtextsisvocativefunction.Becausethepurposeoftouristtextsistoattracttourists,arousetheirinteresttovisitthetourismdestinationandstrengthentheirunderstandingofChineseculture.Buttouristsarewillingtoobtainthebackgroundinformationabouttouristdestinationsbeforetheyvisitthere.Byreadingtouristtexts,theycangetrelevantknowledgeaboutthenature,geography,cultureandcustomsofthedestination.Sotouristtextsarealsoinformative.Asweallknow,westerncountriesandChinafallintotwodifferentculturalsystems.Theyhavemanydifferencesingeographicalenvironment,historicalconditions,thinkingpatterns,socialstructures,etc.,whichisalsoembodiedintheirtouristtexts.Thus,culturaldifferencesbecomeonebigissueforforeignerstounderstandthetranslationofChinesetouristtexts.Tobetterrealizethetwobasicfunctionsoftouristtextsdiscussedabove,itisveryimportanttodealwiththeculturaldifferencesintouristtextscarefully.2.3MajorTranslationProblemsofTouristTextsDifferentcultureshavedifferentlanguagecodesandthenproducedifferentlanguagefeatures.Throughin-depthunderstandingofculturaldifferencesbetweenChinaandtheWestintourismtexttranslation,wecanbetterhandleculturaldifferencesandrealizeeffectiveinformationtransmission.Generallyspeaking,thetranslationproblemsintourismtextsaremainlyduetothefactthatChinesetourismtextspaymoreattentiontoparallellanguagestructureandgorgeouslanguage,pursuingneat,symmetricalandrhythmiceffects,whileEnglishtourismtextsaremorestraightforwardandrational.Inaddition,four-characterphrasesandfiguresofspeechareoftenusedinChinesetourismtexts.However,Englishtourismtextsfocusonfacts,logicalthinkingandorganization,conciseandnaturalwordinganddirectperceptionoftheirdescriptionstoensuretheaccuracyofinformation.Asweallknow,apartfromdifferencesinlanguageandstyle,Chinesetourismtextsalwayscontainawiderangeofculturalinformation,fromreligiontophilosophy,fromgardenarchitecturetonationalcustoms,fromhistoricalallusionstoancientstories,etc.ThisisquitedifferentfromEnglishtraveltexts.Inaddition,China’stourismtextsalsoreflectChina'suniqueethniccharacteristics,whichmaybeeasilyunderstoodbyChinesereadersbecausetheyhavethesameculturalbackground,butitmaybequitedifficultforforeigners.Therefore,scholarsshouldpayattentiontothesetranslationproblemsintourismtexts.3.CulturalDifferencesBetweenChinaandWestinTouristTextTranslationThischapterwilldiscusstheproblemscausedbytheculturaldifferencesbetweenChinaandthewestinthecurrenttourismtexttranslation,andthengiveexamplestoanalyzetheculturaldifferencesbetweenChinaandthewestinthetourismtexttranslation.InordertobetterunderstandtheEnglishtranslationoftouristtexts,theauthorconductedaquestionnairesurveyontheEnglishtranslationoftouristtexts.Atotalof35respondentsparticipatedinthesurvey,includingcollegestudentsandsocialelites.TheyareallproficientinEnglish.ThepurposeofthisstudyistosortoutthecurrentsituationofEnglishtranslationoftouristtexts,findouttheculturaldifferencesinthetranslationoftouristtexts,thenanalyzetheseculturaldifferencesandfindouttheinfluenceoftheseculturaldifferencesonthetranslationoftouristtexts.Thesurveyresultsshowthat68.57%oftheintervieweessometimesfindsomeculturaldifferencesinthetranslationoftourismtexts,while25.71%oftheintervieweeshaveneverfoundanyculturaldifferencesinthetranslationoftourismtexts.Inaddition,5.71%oftheintervieweesalwaysfindthatculturaldifferencesintourismtexttranslationwillleadtosomeproblems.ThisshowsthatthereareculturaldifferencesinEnglishtranslationoftourismtexts,andthetranslationqualityoftourismtextsneedstobeimproved.ThesurveyshowsthattherearemanyculturaldifferencesinthetranslationoftouristtextsfromChinesetoEnglish,mostofwhichareduetodifferentculturalbackgrounds,accountingfor91.43%.Atthesametime,74.29%ofthetouristtextsaretranslatedwithdifferentculturaldifferencesinthinkingpatterns.Sometranslationsarenotfaithfultotheactualcustomsandhabits,accountingfor60%,ofcourse,thereareotherculturaldifferences.Thischapterwilldiscussculturaldifferencesintourismtexttranslation.Eachculturehasitsownhabits,normsandpractices.Translatorsneedtounderstandthecultureofthesourcetextsoastobettertranslatethesourcetextintothetargettext.However,sometranslatorsareunabletobetterdealwithculturaldifferencesinthetranslationprocess,whichmakesthetargetreadersconfusedabouttheinformation.3.1DifferentCustomsDuetothetranslator’smisunderstandingortranslationofthesourcelanguageculture,thetargetreaderscannotunderstandtheculturalinformationofthesourcelanguage.InsomeEnglishversionsofChinesetourismtexts,somewordshavethesameliteralmeaningasthesourcelanguage,buthavedifferentorevenconflictingculturalconnotations.Wordsindifferentlanguageshavedifferentculturalconnotationsduetodifferentpoliticalandculturalbackgrounds.Forexample,inChina,dragonisoneoftheimagesoftotemworship.Chinesebelievedragoncanbringthemprotectionandgoodluck.Chinesedragonshavemagicpower.Itcanchangethelengthofthebodyatwill.Itcanfly,swimandevenbringrain.InChineseculture,dragonisasymbolofgenerosityandwisdom.TheyaredeeplyrootedinChineseculture,andtheChineseoftenthinkofthemselvesas“descendantsofdragons.”IthasbecomethespiritualbondconnectingtheChinesenation.However,inwesterncountries,dragonsareevilanimalsfromhell.Theyusuallyhavewingsandcanemitflamesfromtheirmouths.Therefore,whentranslatorstranslatethingsaboutdragonstoforeigntourists,theymustintroduceChina’sculturalbackground.Otherwise,“descendantsofdragons”willbecome“descendantsofdemons.”Therearemanyotherexamples.Forexample,theChinesedespisedogs.Badpeopleareusuallyregardedasdogs.Onthecontrary,westernersappreciatethedog’scharacter:courageandloyalty.Therefore,translatorsshouldovercomethedifficultiescausedbydifferentpolitical,historicalandculturalbackgrounds,avoidmistakesinthetranslationoftouristtexts,andmakethetranslationmoreacceptabletoforeigners.3.2DifferentThinkingPatternsTherearedifferentthinkingmodesbetweenChinaandtheWest.Differentthinkingmodeswillleadtodifferenttermsusedbytranslatorsintranslation.Forexample,thefollowingexample1:Example1:西湖风景区位于杭州市区，沿湖绿茵环保，山色葱茏，画桥烟柳，云树笼纱。它以秀丽的西湖为中心，三面环山，一面濒城，两岸卧波，三岛浮水。TheaboveChinesetouristtextsoftenusefour-characterphrasestogivetouristsaharmoniousaestheticfeelingandshowthebeautyoftheWestLake.Inaddition,manykindsofmetaphorsareusedtodescribetheWestLake,suchasparallelism,metaphorandexaggeration.ItreflectstheparallellanguagestructureandgorgeouslanguageofChineseandhasarousedpeople’sinterestinvisiting.However,thethinkingmodeofforeigntranslatorsisnotsocomplicated,asshowninExample2below:Example2:YellowstoneNationalParkishavebeenerodedover-themillenniabyglaciationandstreamflowcomprisedprimarilyofhigh,forested,volcanicplateausthatandthatareflankedonthenorth,east,andsouthbymountains.ThisispartofthetouristtextthatintroducesYellowstoneNationalPark.Throughrareembellishments,thethinkingmodeofforeigntranslatorsisnotsocomplicated.Thetextusessimplewordstointroducethebasicinformationoftheparksothatreaderscanhaveageneralunderstandingofthepark.ItfocusesonfactsandreflectsthestyleofEnglishtourismtexts.Example3:Tolkien’sMiddle-earth--hat’swhatphotographerFransLantingcallsFiordland，NewZealand’slargestnationalpark.Websofcascadingwater,veilsofcloudandstandsofsilveibeechlendmysterytothissecludedsouthwesternedgeoftheSouthIsland.Example4清宫看海上月出，别有一番情趣。当万籁俱寂之时，光洁的月亮被一团金辉托出海面，溶溶月色倾洒海面，浮光潋滟，玉壶冰镜。岸边清风掠竹，细浪轻拍，景色幽奇绝伦。这便是崂山十二景中的“太清水月”。清代文人林绍言有诗赞曰:“相约访仙界，今宵宿太清。烟澄山月小，夜静海潮平。微雨五更冷，新秋一叶惊。悄然成独坐，细数晓钟声。”ComparingtheabovetwoEnglishandChineseintroductionsofscenicspots,itisnotdifficulttofindthattheEnglishtextissimpleandconcisewithpreciouswords.AfewwordsdirectlyandconcretelyintroducethebeautifulsceneryofNewZealandNationalPark,leavingpeopleampleroomforimagination.Ontheotherhand,theChinesetextusesanumberoffour-characterphrasesandidioms,whichareneatlymatchedandcombinedwithactualandactualsituations.Itisfullofbeautyofartisticconception,rhymeandemotion.Itmakespeoplethinkandyearnforit.ItisinlinewiththeaestheticpsychologyandappreciationhabitsoftheChinesenation,becausetheChinesepeoplehavebeenaccustomedto“peopletravelinthetext”-beingpersonallypresentandmovingwiththescenesincechildhood.3.3DifferentNationalPsychologyTheEnglishtranslationofsomeChinesetourismtextshasnotdeliveredsufficientinformationduetotheomissionofsomeethnicculturalinformationinthesourcetext.Thiskindoftranslationoftouristtextswillhinderthetargetreaders’understandingandexperienceofChinesenationalculture.Moreover,theChinesepeopleusuallyhaveanationalmentalityandanationalspiritatalltimes,whilewesterntranslatorsdonot.TheydonotunderstandthetruemeaningoftheChinesenation.Forexample,SuDongpo(SuDongpo)andLiBai(LiBai)arefamousandfamiliartotheChinese.Inotherwords,theChinesenationalpsychology“forces”allChinesetoknowthesecelebrities,butforeignersmaynotknowwhotheyare.Example5而自秦朝统一中国，从秦始皇、汉武帝到清代康熙、乾隆，计有12位皇帝30余次或亲临封禅，或遣官告祭。自上古时期的无怀氏、伏羲氏、黄帝、炎帝到周成王，前后共有72位帝王登封泰山。TwelveemperorshavecomethemselvesordispatchedofficialstoTaishantoshowrespecttotheHeavenandtheEarthSeventy-twolegendaryemperorsaresaidtohavecometoTaishanMountainandsinceChinawasunitedbytheQinDynasty,(ChinaandTheWorldCulturalExchange,2005:p9).Intheabovetranslation,wecanseethattheemperor’snames“WuHuaiShi,FuXishi,HuangDi,YanDi,ZhouChengwang”havebeenignored.Althoughitiseasierforthetargetreaderstounderstandthetext,thenamesofsomeveryimportantfamousemperorsinChinesehistorywillbeomittedfromtheEnglishtranslationoftourismtexts.Therefore,foreigntranslatorslosetheChinesenation’spsychologyinthetranslationoftouristtexts,whichwillmakethetargetreaderslosethechancetoexperiencemoreChinesecultureandcannotmeettherequirementsofculturalfax.3.4DifferentPoliticsandHistoriesExample6:苏堤春晓苏堤全长2.8公里，为北宋苏东坡1089年任杭州知府时疏浚西湖后用湖中淤泥堆积而成。SpringDawnatSuCausewaywhenhewasgovernorofHangzhouSuCausewayis2.8KMlong,whichwasbuiltofclaydredgedfromtheWestLakein1089bySuDongpo.(HangzhouTourismCommission,2008)SuDiChunxiaoWhenhewasgovernorofHangzhou,SuDiwas2.8kilometerslongandwasbuiltofclayexcavatedfromtheWestLakebySuDongpoin1089.(HangzhouTourismBureau,2008)InChina’stourismtexts,theChinesecaneasilyfindtheimpliedassociativemeaningofSuDi.However,intheEnglishversion,thereisnopoliticalandhistoricalbackgroundforSuDongpo,thetargetreader.Therefore,ifthehistoricalinformationofSuDongpoisnotconveyed,theabovetranslationmayconfuseforeigners.Inotherwords,foreignerswhodonotunderstandChinesehistoryandculturemaynotknowthestorybehindSuti.Thefunctionoftraveltextmaynotberealized.4.CountermeasuresinTouristTextTranslationThroughtheaboveanalysisandresearchontheculturaldifferencesintourismtexttranslation,wecanseethatthedifficultiesintourismtexttranslationmainlylieinthetreatmentofculturalfactors.Therefore,thestrategiesproposedinthispapermainlyfocusonhowtodealwithculturaldifferencesintranslation.4.1AdditionofNewInformationAddingadditionalinformationreferstoaddingadditionalinformationtonamesofpeopleandplaces,historicaleventsandallusionstoconveyculturalsignificancesoastopromotetheunderstandingoftargetreaders.Withsufficientbackgroundknowledge,ChinesereadersmaynotneedtoexplainintheChinesetourismtext,butforforeignreaders,theymaynotknowtheculturalbackground,soitisnecessarytoaddsomewordstohelpthembetterunderstandthetext.Therefore,inorderforforeigntouriststogetclearinformation,thenewinformationiseffectiveforimprovingtranslation.Thisrequiresthetranslatortodothefollowingthings:first,findoutandunderstandtheinformationignoredbytheauthor;Second,accordingtotheresultofunderstanding,theignoredinformationissupplemented.Finally,helpreadersunderstandthemeaningandinformationtheywant.Example7路左有一巨石，石上有苏东坡手书“云外流春”四个大字。ThemostversatilepoetoftheNorthernSongDynasty(960-1127).TotheleftisanotherrockformerlyengravedwithfourbigChinesecharactersYunWaiLiuChun(Beyondcloudsflowsspring)writtenbySuDongpo(1037-1101),（Pu,1992）SuDongpoisveryfamousinChina,whichistrue,butheisverystrangetoforeigners.Inthissentence,thetranslatoradded“informationaboutSuDongpo’sdateofbirthandhispositionintheNorthernSongDynasty”toexplainSuDongpo,whichhelpsforeignersgetinformationandknowwhoSuDongpois.Inaddition,italsoprovides“anEnglishexplanationofthespringofcloudoutflow”,soculturalinformationismaintained.Ifthereisnonewinformation,foreignerswillbeconfusedwiththename“SuDongpo”.Whenforeignersgetadditionalinformation,theywillbetterunderstandtheculturalmeaning.4.2OmissionofExtraInformationTheomissionofadditionalinformationismainlyusedtodealwithornatedescriptionsandreferences.ManyChinesetourismtextsarecharacterizedbyexaggeratedwording,excessiveuseofadjectivesandfour-characterphrases.However,duetothedifferentnarrativehabitsofChineseandforeigners,foreignreadersmayfinditdifficulttoappreciatesuchbeautyandmayrejectsuchwritingasunrealistic.Therefore,whentranslatingChinesetouristtextsintoEnglish,translatorsshouldnottranslatethemmechanically.Onthecontrary,theyshouldomitthoseredundantinformationandconvertthemintoconciseandclearwordsaccordingtotheexpressionrulesofforeignreaders.Otherwise,redundantdescriptionswillmaketranslationboringandunbelievable.Therefore,theexpectedresultscannotbeobtained.InChinesetouristtexts,theuseofparallelstructuresorelegantwordscanenhancepeople'simaginationoftouristdestinations,thusarousingreaders’attentionandinterestintouristdestinations.However,duetoculturaldifferences,itissometimesdifferentforforeigners.Foreignersmaynotunderstandandloseinterestinreadingthetext.Example8景色奇妙处要数巫山十二峰，而尤以神女峰独具神韵。巡游于此恍若漫步于大自然的艺术长廊，美不胜收。巫峡两岸，群山相拥，云遮雾绕，奇峰异岭隐没其间，宛如仙境。Themostmarvelousscenehereisthetwelvemountains’peaks,andinparticular,OnthebankoftheWuGorgearemist-coveredfairy-land-likemountainsandgrotesquepeaks.GoddessMountpeak.Tocruisehereinlikeswanderinginanaturalartgallery(Jia,2004).Four-characterphrasesaregreatlyusedinChinesetouristtexts,especiallydescriptionsofscenery.Withdifferentculturalbackground,itisdifficultforforeignerstounderstand.Lookattheexample,thisversionisnotaword-for-wordtranslation.ThetranslatormakestheversionplainandconciseinlinewithEnglishexpressingrules,transmittingthebasicinformationoftheWuGorgetoforeigners,helpingthemhaveabasicunderstandingofWuGorge.Besides,thelastphrase“美不胜收”insourcetextisakindofcomment.Thetranslatordeletesthephrasetokeepthetranslationpreciseandclear.Example9岛上植被丰茂，种类繁多，有“海岛植物园”之称。普陀山属亚热带海洋性季风气候，夏无酷暑，冬无严寒，温和湿润，四季宜人。Itisknownasa“botanicalgardenonthesealand”,forvariouskindsofvegetationontheislandareplentifulandluxuriant.MountPutuobelongstothesubtropicalmarinemonsoonclimate.Itiscoolinsummerandwarminwinter,mildanddamp,andpleasinginfourseasons.Inthisexample,thetextistranslatedword-for-wordwithoutgrammaticalmistakes.However,itisnotinaccordancewithEnglishexpressingrules.ForEnglishreaders,touristtextsshouldbeplainandconcise.Flowerydescriptionandquotationsseemtobeunrealisticforthem.Infact,theyprefersomebasicinformationaboutthetouristdestinations.Sosomeflowerywordsshouldbeomittedtomakethetargettextsinaccordancewithtargetlanguageexpressingrules.4.3ReorganizationofTextInformationReorganizationreferstomakinggreateradjustmentsaccordingtotheidiomsofthetargetlanguagetoimprovethereadabilityofthetargettext.ReorganizationisnecessarybecauseEnglishandChinesebelongtodifferentlanguagesystems,andChinesewritingisdifferentfromEnglishwriting.IntheprocessoftranslatingChinesetouristtexts,influencedbythemothertonguesystem,translatorsareeasytotranslateinappropriateexpressionsthatarenoteasilyacceptedbythetargetreadersintoEnglish.Therefore,touristtextscannotbetranslatedintoEnglishwordforword.Duetoculturaldifferences,literaltranslationcannotachieveaestheticeffectsamongforeignreaders.Intheprocessoftranslation,thetranslatorshouldgiveprioritytothehiddenculturalconnotationinthetext.Beforetranslation,thetranslatormustbeawareoftheinherentorimpliedmeaningandreorg