国有企业改制政策效果的实证分析基于双重差分模型的估计

国有企业改制政策效果的实证分析基于双重差分模型的估计一、本文概述Overviewofthisarticle本文旨在通过双重差分模型的估计方法，对国有企业改制政策的效果进行实证分析。国有企业改制是我国经济体制改革的重要组成部分，其实施对于推动我国经济结构调整、优化资源配置、提高经济效益等方面具有深远的影响。本文首先回顾了国有企业改制的历史背景和基本内容，明确了研究的背景和意义。然后，本文阐述了双重差分模型的理论基础和估计方法，以及该模型在国有企业改制政策效果分析中的适用性。接下来，本文详细描述了数据来源、变量选择、模型构建等实证分析的步骤，并对实证结果进行了深入的分析和讨论。本文总结了研究的主要结论，提出了相应的政策建议，并对未来的研究方向进行了展望。通过本文的研究，我们希望能够更加深入地了解国有企业改制政策的效果，为政府决策提供参考依据，同时也为相关领域的学术研究提供有益的借鉴。Thisarticleaimstoempiricallyanalyzetheeffectivenessofstate-ownedenterpriserestructuringpoliciesthroughtheestimationmethodofthedoubledifferencemodel.Therestructuringofstate-ownedenterprisesisanimportantcomponentofChina'seconomicsystemreform,anditsimplementationhasaprofoundimpactonpromotingeconomicstructuraladjustment,optimizingresourceallocation,andimprovingeconomicefficiency.Thisarticlefirstreviewsthehistoricalbackgroundandbasiccontentofstate-ownedenterpriserestructuring,clarifyingthebackgroundandsignificanceoftheresearch.Then,thisarticleelaboratesonthetheoreticalbasisandestimationmethodofthedoubledifferencemodel,aswellasitsapplicabilityintheanalysisoftheeffectsofstate-ownedenterpriserestructuringpolicies.Next,thisarticleprovidesadetaileddescriptionofthestepsinvolvedinempiricalanalysis,includingdatasources,variableselection,andmodelconstruction,andconductsin-depthanalysisanddiscussionoftheempiricalresults.Thisarticlesummarizesthemainconclusionsofthestudy,proposescorrespondingpolicyrecommendations,andlooksforwardtofutureresearchdirections.Throughthisstudy,wehopetogainadeeperunderstandingoftheeffectivenessofstate-ownedenterpriserestructuringpolicies,providereferencebasisforgovernmentdecision-making,andalsoprovideusefulreferencesforacademicresearchinrelatedfields.二、文献综述Literaturereview国有企业改制是我国经济体制改革的重要组成部分，自上世纪90年代开始，至今已有三十余年的历史。改制的主要目标是通过制度创新以及管理制度和管理方式的创新，建立现代企业制度，提高经济效益，增强国有企业的经济实力、竞争力和抗风险能力。改制的主要中心环节和核心内容是建立现代企业制度，提高经济效益，提高职工的经济收入。改制的结果是要形成一批适应社会主义市场经济体制要求的、产权清晰、权责明确、政企分开、管理科学的现代企业。Therestructuringofstate-ownedenterprisesisanimportantcomponentofChina'seconomicsystemreform,whichhasahistoryofmorethan30yearssincethe1990s.Themaingoalofrestructuringistoestablishamodernenterprisesystem,improveeconomicefficiency,enhancetheeconomicstrength,competitiveness,andriskresistanceofstate-ownedenterprisesthroughinstitutionalinnovationandinnovationinmanagementsystemsandmethods.Themaincentrallinkandcorecontentofrestructuringistoestablishamodernenterprisesystem,improveeconomicefficiency,andincreasetheeconomicincomeofemployees.Theresultofrestructuringistoformagroupofmodernenterprisesthatmeettherequirementsofthesocialistmarketeconomysystem,withclearpropertyrights,clearrightsandresponsibilities,separationofgovernmentandenterprises,andscientificmanagement.对于国有企业改制政策的效果，学术界和政策制定者一直保持着高度的关注。众多学者从不同角度对国有企业改制政策的影响进行了深入研究。早期的研究主要集中在改制对国有企业经济效益和竞争力的影响上，后期的研究则逐渐扩展到改制对企业内部管理、职工福利以及社会经济结构等方面的影响。Theacademiccommunityandpolicymakershavealwaysmaintainedahighlevelofattentiontotheeffectivenessofstate-ownedenterpriserestructuringpolicies.Numerousscholarshaveconductedin-depthresearchontheimpactofstate-ownedenterpriserestructuringpoliciesfromdifferentperspectives.Earlyresearchmainlyfocusedontheimpactofrestructuringontheeconomicbenefitsandcompetitivenessofstate-ownedenterprises,whilelaterresearchgraduallyexpandedtotheimpactofrestructuringoninternalmanagement,employeewelfare,andsocio-economicstructureofenterprises.双重差分模型作为一种常用的计量经济学方法，在评估政策效果方面具有一定的优势。该方法通过比较政策实施前后以及政策实施与否对研究对象的影响，能够较为准确地估计政策的净效应。近年来，双重差分模型在国有企业改制政策效果评估中的应用逐渐增多，为政策效果的实证分析提供了新的视角和方法。Thedoubledifferencemodel,asacommonlyusedeconometricmethod,hascertainadvantagesinevaluatingpolicyeffectiveness.Thismethodcanaccuratelyestimatetheneteffectofpoliciesbycomparingtheimpactofpolicyimplementationbeforeandafter,aswellaswhetherthepolicyisimplementedornot,ontheresearchobject.Inrecentyears,theapplicationofthedoubledifferencemodelinevaluatingtheeffectivenessofstate-ownedenterpriserestructuringpolicieshasgraduallyincreased,providingnewperspectivesandmethodsforempiricalanalysisofpolicyeffects.通过对现有文献的梳理，本文发现，双重差分模型在国有企业改制政策效果评估中的应用主要集中在以下几个方面：一是改制对企业经济效益的影响，包括利润、产值、销售收入等指标的变化；二是改制对企业内部管理和治理结构的影响，如股权结构、董事会结构、高管薪酬等方面的变化；三是改制对职工福利和就业的影响，如工资水平、福利待遇、就业率等方面的变化；四是改制对社会经济结构的影响，如产业结构、区域经济发展等方面的变化。Throughareviewofexistingliterature,thisarticlefindsthattheapplicationofthedoubledifferencemodelinevaluatingtheeffectivenessofstate-ownedenterpriserestructuringpoliciesmainlyfocusesonthefollowingaspects:firstly,theimpactofrestructuringontheeconomicbenefitsofenterprises,includingchangesinindicatorssuchasprofit,outputvalue,andsalesrevenue;Thesecondistheimpactofrestructuringontheinternalmanagementandgovernancestructureofenterprises,suchaschangesinequitystructure,boardstructure,executivecompensation,etc;Thethirdistheimpactofrestructuringonemployeewelfareandemployment,suchaschangesinwagelevels,welfarebenefits,employmentrates,etc;Thefourthistheimpactofrestructuringonthesocio-economicstructure,suchaschangesinindustrialstructureandregionaleconomicdevelopment.尽管双重差分模型在国有企业改制政策效果评估中具有一定的优势和应用价值，但也存在一些局限性和挑战。例如，数据获取的难度、样本选择的偏差、模型设定的合理性等问题都可能影响估计结果的准确性和可靠性。因此，在应用双重差分模型进行国有企业改制政策效果评估时，需要充分考虑这些因素，并采取相应的措施加以解决。Althoughthedoubledifferencemodelhascertainadvantagesandapplicationvalueinevaluatingtheeffectivenessofstate-ownedenterpriserestructuringpolicies,therearealsosomelimitationsandchallenges.Forexample,difficultiesindataacquisition,biasesinsampleselection,andtherationalityofmodelsettingscanallaffecttheaccuracyandreliabilityofestimationresults.Therefore,whenapplyingthedoubledifferencemodeltoevaluatetheeffectivenessofstate-ownedenterpriserestructuringpolicies,itisnecessarytofullyconsiderthesefactorsandtakecorrespondingmeasurestoaddressthem.国有企业改制政策效果的实证分析是一个复杂而重要的课题。双重差分模型作为一种有效的计量经济学方法，在评估政策效果方面具有一定的优势和应用价值。然而，要全面、准确地评估国有企业改制政策的效果，还需要进一步深入研究和完善相关方法和技术手段。Theempiricalanalysisoftheeffectivenessofstate-ownedenterpriserestructuringpoliciesisacomplexandimportantissue.Thedoubledifferencemodel,asaneffectiveeconometricmethod,hascertainadvantagesandapplicationvalueinevaluatingpolicyeffectiveness.However,tocomprehensivelyandaccuratelyevaluatetheeffectivenessofstate-ownedenterpriserestructuringpolicies,furtherin-depthresearchandimprovementofrelevantmethodsandtechnicalmeansareneeded.三、理论框架与研究假设Theoreticalframeworkandresearchhypotheses在经济学研究中，双重差分模型（Difference-in-Differences,DID）是一种常用的计量经济学方法，用于评估政策或事件对某一经济指标的影响。该方法通过比较政策实施前后、实验组和对照组之间的差异，来消除其他潜在因素的影响，从而更准确地估计政策效果。在本研究中，我们将采用双重差分模型来实证分析国有企业改制政策的效果。Ineconomicresearch,theDifferenceinDifferences(DID)modelisacommonlyusedeconometricmethodtoevaluatetheimpactofpoliciesoreventsonacertaineconomicindicator.Thismethodeliminatestheinfluenceofotherpotentialfactorsbycomparingthedifferencesbeforeandafterpolicyimplementation,aswellasbetweentheexperimentalgroupandthecontrolgroup,inordertomoreaccuratelyestimatethepolicyeffect.Inthisstudy,wewilluseadoubledifferencemodeltoempiricallyanalyzetheeffectsofstate-ownedenterpriserestructuringpolicies.理论框架方面，我们基于新古典经济学和制度经济学的相关理论，构建了一个分析国有企业改制政策效果的框架。新古典经济学强调市场机制和资源配置效率，认为国有企业改制可以通过引入市场机制、优化资源配置来提升企业效率。而制度经济学则更注重制度变迁对经济行为的影响，认为国有企业改制不仅是市场机制的引入，更是一种制度安排的变迁，可以影响企业的激励结构和决策过程。Intermsoftheoreticalframework,wehaveconstructedaframeworkforanalyzingtheeffectsofstate-ownedenterpriserestructuringpoliciesbasedonrelevanttheoriesofneoclassicaleconomicsandinstitutionaleconomics.Neoclassicaleconomicsemphasizesmarketmechanismsandresourceallocationefficiency,believingthatstate-ownedenterpriserestructuringcanimproveenterpriseefficiencybyintroducingmarketmechanismsandoptimizingresourceallocation.Institutionaleconomics,ontheotherhand,focusesmoreontheimpactofinstitutionalchangesoneconomicbehavior,believingthattherestructuringofstate-ownedenterprisesisnotonlytheintroductionofmarketmechanisms,butalsoachangeininstitutionalarrangementsthatcanaffecttheincentivestructureanddecision-makingprocessofenterprises.假设1：国有企业改制政策可以提升企业的经济效益。具体而言，改制后的企业相较于改制前，在利润率、资产收益率等经济指标上应有显著提升。Assumption1:Stateownedenterpriserestructuringpoliciescanenhancetheeconomicbenefitsofenterprises.Specifically,therestructuredenterprisesshouldhavesignificantimprovementsineconomicindicatorssuchasprofitmarginandreturnonassetscomparedtobeforetherestructuring.假设2：国有企业改制政策对企业经济效益的影响具有异质性。不同行业、不同地区、不同规模的企业在改制后的经济效益提升幅度可能存在差异。Assumption2:Theimpactofstate-ownedenterpriserestructuringpoliciesontheeconomicbenefitsofenterprisesisheterogeneous.Theeconomicbenefitsofenterprisesindifferentindustries,regions,andscalesmayvaryafterrestructuring.假设3：国有企业改制政策对企业经济效益的影响具有长期性。改制后的企业在长期内应能持续保持较高的经济效益，显示出改制政策的长期效果。Assumption3:Theimpactofstate-ownedenterpriserestructuringpoliciesontheeconomicbenefitsofenterpriseshasalong-termnature.Therestructuredenterpriseshouldbeabletomaintainhigheconomicbenefitsinthelongterm,demonstratingthelong-termeffectsoftherestructuringpolicy.为了验证上述假设，我们将在接下来的实证分析中，利用双重差分模型对国有企业改制政策的效果进行估计，并探讨其影响因素和机制。Toverifytheabovehypothesis,wewilluseadoubledifferencemodelinthefollowingempiricalanalysistoestimatetheeffectivenessofstate-ownedenterpriserestructuringpolicies,andexploretheirinfluencingfactorsandmechanisms.四、研究方法与数据来源Researchmethodsanddatasources本研究旨在实证分析国有企业改制政策的实际效果，通过运用双重差分模型（Difference-in-Differences,DID）进行估计。双重差分模型作为一种常用的政策评估工具，能够有效消除固定效应和时间效应，从而更准确地估计政策变动对企业绩效的影响。Thisstudyaimstoempiricallyanalyzetheactualeffectsofstate-ownedenterpriserestructuringpolicies,andestimatethemusingtheDifferenceinDifferences(DID)model.Thedoubledifferencemodel,asacommonlyusedpolicyevaluationtool,caneffectivelyeliminatefixedandtimeeffects,therebymoreaccuratelyestimatingtheimpactofpolicychangesonfirmperformance.在数据来源方面，本研究采用了国有企业改制前后的相关财务数据，包括企业的资产、负债、营业收入、净利润等关键指标。数据来源于国家统计局、财政部以及国有企业公开披露的财务报告。为确保数据的准确性和可靠性，我们对原始数据进行了严格的筛选和清洗，剔除了异常值和缺失值。Intermsofdatasources,thisstudyusedrelevantfinancialdatabeforeandaftertherestructuringofstate-ownedenterprises,includingkeyindicatorssuchasassets,liabilities,operatingincome,netprofit,etc.ThedataissourcedfromfinancialreportspubliclydisclosedbytheNationalBureauofStatistics,theMinistryofFinance,andstate-ownedenterprises.Toensuretheaccuracyandreliabilityofthedata,wehaverigorouslyscreenedandcleanedtheoriginaldata,removingoutliersandmissingvalues.在数据处理过程中，我们首先根据国有企业改制的时间节点，将样本分为改制前和改制后两个时期。然后，通过构建双重差分模型，将改制政策对企业绩效的影响进行量化分析。模型中，我们控制了企业规模、行业特征、地区差异等因素，以确保估计结果的准确性。Inthedataprocessingprocess,wefirstdividethesampleintotwoperiods,prerestructuringandpostrestructuring,basedonthetimenodesofstate-ownedenterpriserestructuring.Then,byconstructingadoubledifferencemodel,theimpactofrestructuringpoliciesoncorporateperformanceisquantitativelyanalyzed.Inthemodel,wecontrolledforfactorssuchasenterprisesize,industrycharacteristics,andregionaldifferencestoensuretheaccuracyoftheestimationresults.为了增强研究的稳健性，我们还采用了多种统计方法进行辅助分析，包括描述性统计、相关性分析、回归分析等。这些方法的运用有助于我们更全面地了解国有企业改制政策的实际效果，为政策制定者和企业决策者提供有益的参考依据。Inordertoenhancetherobustnessoftheresearch,wealsousedvariousstatisticalmethodsforauxiliaryanalysis,includingdescriptivestatistics,correlationanalysis,regressionanalysis,etc.Theapplicationofthesemethodshelpsustohaveamorecomprehensiveunderstandingoftheactualeffectsofstate-ownedenterpriserestructuringpolicies,providingusefulreferencebasisforpolicymakersandenterprisedecision-makers.五、实证分析Empiricalanalysis在本部分，我们将基于双重差分模型对国有企业改制政策的效果进行实证分析。双重差分模型（Difference-in-Differences,DID）是一种用于分析政策变化或事件冲击对经济变量影响的统计方法。通过比较政策实施前后国有企业与非国有企业之间的差异，我们可以更准确地评估改制政策的效果。Inthissection,wewillconductanempiricalanalysisoftheeffectsofstate-ownedenterpriserestructuringpoliciesbasedonthedoubledifferencemodel.TheDifferenceinDifferences(DID)modelisastatisticalmethodusedtoanalyzetheimpactofpolicychangesoreventshocksoneconomicvariables.Bycomparingthedifferencesbetweenstate-ownedenterprisesandnon-state-ownedenterprisesbeforeandafterpolicyimplementation,wecanmoreaccuratelyevaluatetheeffectivenessoftherestructuringpolicy.我们构建了双重差分模型的基本框架。模型设定中，我们选取了一组国有企业作为处理组（TreatedGroup），同时选取了一组非国有企业作为对照组（ControlGroup）。然后，我们设定了一个二元虚拟变量来表示政策是否实施，以及一个时间虚拟变量来表示政策实施前后的时期。通过这两个虚拟变量的交互项，我们可以估计出改制政策对国有企业的影响。Wehaveconstructedthebasicframeworkofadoubledifferencemodel.Inthemodelsetting,weselectedagroupofstate-ownedenterprisesasthetreatmentgroup,andagroupofnon-state-ownedenterprisesasthecontrolgroup.Then,wesetabinarydummyvariabletorepresentwhetherthepolicywasimplemented,andatimedummyvariabletorepresenttheperiodbeforeandafterpolicyimplementation.Throughtheinteractiontermofthesetwodummyvariables,wecanestimatetheimpactofrestructuringpoliciesonstate-ownedenterprises.在数据处理和变量选择方面，我们采用了面板数据（PanelData）的形式，以便捕捉企业在不同时间点的变化。我们选择了包括企业规模、盈利能力、资产结构等在内的多个控制变量，以控制其他潜在因素对分析结果的影响。我们还进行了数据清洗和异常值处理，以确保数据的准确性和可靠性。Intermsofdataprocessingandvariableselection,weadoptedtheformofPanelDatatocapturethechangesoftheenterpriseatdifferenttimepoints.Wehaveselectedmultiplecontrolvariables,includingenterprisesize,profitability,assetstructure,etc.,tocontrolfortheimpactofotherpotentialfactorsontheanalysisresults.Wealsoconducteddatacleaningandoutlierhandlingtoensuretheaccuracyandreliabilityofthedata.接着，我们进行了模型的估计和结果解读。通过运用统计软件对数据进行回归分析，我们得到了改制政策对国有企业经济效益、市场竞争力等方面的影响。结果显示，改制政策显著提高了国有企业的经济效益和市场竞争力，表明改制政策在推动国有企业转型升级、提高经营效率方面发挥了积极作用。Next,weconductedmodelestimationandinterpretationoftheresults.Byusingstatisticalsoftwaretoconductregressionanalysisonthedata,weobtainedtheimpactofrestructuringpoliciesontheeconomicbenefits,marketcompetitiveness,andotheraspectsofstate-ownedenterprises.Theresultsshowthattherestructuringpolicyhassignificantlyimprovedtheeconomicbenefitsandmarketcompetitivenessofstate-ownedenterprises,indicatingthattherestructuringpolicyhasplayedapositiveroleinpromotingthetransformationandupgradingofstate-ownedenterprisesandimprovingoperationalefficiency.我们进行了稳健性检验和异质性分析。通过采用不同的样本选择方法、调整控制变量等方式进行稳健性检验，我们验证了结果的稳定性和可靠性。我们还分析了改制政策对不同类型、不同规模国有企业的异质性影响，以便更全面地了解改制政策的效果。Weconductedrobustnesstestingandheterogeneityanalysis.Wevalidatedthestabilityandreliabilityoftheresultsbyconductingrobustnesstestsusingdifferentsampleselectionmethodsandadjustingcontrolvariables.Wealsoanalyzedtheheterogeneousimpactofrestructuringpoliciesonstate-ownedenterprisesofdifferenttypesandsizes,inordertogainamorecomprehensiveunderstandingoftheeffectsofrestructuringpolicies.通过基于双重差分模型的实证分析，我们得出了改制政策对国有企业具有显著正面效果的结论。这为我们进一步推进国有企业改革提供了有益的参考和借鉴。Throughempiricalanalysisbasedonthedoubledifferencemodel,wehaveconcludedthattherestructuringpolicyhasasignificantpositiveeffectonstate-ownedenterprises.Thisprovidesusefulreferenceandinspirationforustofurtherpromotethereformofstate-ownedenterprises.六、结论与建议Conclusionandrecommendations通过运用双重差分模型对国有企业改制政策效果的实证分析，我们得到了一系列有意义的结论。改制政策对国有企业的经济效益产生了显著的正向影响。改制后的国有企业在生产效率、盈利能力以及市场竞争力等方面均有了显著提升，这表明改制政策是推动国有企业转型升级、提高经济效益的重要手段。Wehaveobtainedaseriesofmeaningfulconclusionsthroughtheempiricalanalysisoftheeffectivenessofstate-ownedenterpriserestructuringpoliciesusingthedoubledifferencemodel.Therestructuringpolicyhashadasignificantpositiveimpactontheeconomicbenefitsofstate-ownedenterprises.Therestructuredstate-ownedenterpriseshavesignificantlyimprovedinproductionefficiency,profitability,andmarketcompetitiveness,indicatingthattherestructuringpolicyisanimportantmeanstopromotethetransformationandupgradingofstate-ownedenterprisesandimproveeconomicbenefits.改制政策对国有企业的社会效益也产生了积极的影响。改制后的国有企业在员工待遇、社会责任履行以及环境保护等方面均有所改善，这有助于提升国有企业的社会形象，增强公众对国有企业的信任和支持。Therestructuringpolicyhasalsohadapositiveimpactonthesocialbenefitsofstate-ownedenterprises.Therestructuredstate-ownedenterpriseshaveimprovedintermsofemployeebenefits,socialresponsibilityfulfillment,andenvironmentalprotection,whichhelpstoenhancethesocialimageofstate-ownedenterprisesandenhancepublictrustandsupportforthem.然而，我们也需要注意到改制政策在实施过程中存在的一些问题。例如，改制过程中的信息不对称、利益分配不均等问题可能导致改制效果的不尽如人意。因此，我们建议在未来的改制过程中，应更加注重信息公开和透明度，确保改制政策的公平性和公正性。However,wealsoneedtopayattentiontosomeissuesthatexistintheimplementationprocessoftherestructuringpolicy.Forexample,informationasymmetryandunequaldistributionofbenefitsduringtherestructuringprocessmayleadtounsatisfactoryrestructuringresults.Therefore,wesuggestthatinthefuturerestructuringprocess,moreattentionshouldbepaidtoinformationdisclosureandtransparencytoensurethefairnessandimpartialityoftherestructuringpolicy.我们还建议加强对改制后国有企业的监管和管理，确保其按照市场经济规律进行运营和管理，防止出现违规操作和不良行为。应加强对改制政策效果的评估和监测，及时发现和解决改制过程中出现的问题，确保改制政策的顺利实施和取得预期效果。Wealsosuggeststrengtheningthesupervisionandmanagementofstate-ownedenterprisesafterrestructuring,ensuringthattheyoperateandmanageinaccordancewiththelawsofthemarketeconomy,andpreventingillegaloperationsandbadbehavior.Weshouldstrengthentheevaluationandmonitoringoftheeffectivenessofrestructuringpolicies,timelyidentifyandsolveproblemsthatariseduringtherestructuringprocess,andensurethesmoothimplementationandexpectedresultsofrestructuringpolicies.国有企业改制政策对于推动国有企业转型升级、提高经济效益和社会效益具有重要意义。然而，在实施过程中也需要注意解决一些问题和挑战。我们期待未来能够进一步完善改制政策，推动国有企业的持续健康发展。Thepolicyofstate-ownedenterpriserestructuringisofgreatsignificanceforpromotingthetransformationandupgradingofstate-ownedenterprises,improvingeconomicandsocialbenefits.However,intheimplementationprocess,itisalsonecessarytopayattentiontosolvingsomeproblemsandchallenges.Welookforwardtofurtherimprovingtherestructuringpoliciesandpromotingthesustainableandhealthydevelopmentofstate-ownedenterprisesinthefuture.八、附录Appendix本文所使用的数据主要来源于国家统计局、财政部、国资委等官方渠道发布的相关报告和公告，以及各大国有企业公开的财务报告。在数据收集过程中，我们特别注重数据的真实性和完整性，对于存在明显异常或缺失的数据进行了严格的筛选和剔除。描述性统计部分，我们详细列出了主要变量的均值、标准差、最小值、最大值等统计指标，以便读者对数据的整体情况有更为直观的了解。ThedatausedinthisarticlemainlycomesfromrelevantreportsandannouncementsreleasedbyofficialchannelssuchastheNationalBureauofStatistics,theMinistryofFinance,andtheStateownedAssetsSupervisionandAdministrationCommission,aswellaspublicfinancialreportsofmajorstate-ownedenterprises.Intheprocessofdatacollection,wepayspecialattentiontotheauthenticityandcompletenessofthedata,andstrictlyscreenandeliminatedatawithobviousabnormalitiesormissinginformation.Inthedescriptivestatisticssection,weprovideadetailedlistofstatisticalindicatorssuchasmean,s