初中数学教学课件：411-立体图形与平面图形(人教版七年级上)

----ingParticipleThe“–ingparticiple”isusedtoincludeboththetraditional“presentparticiple”andthe“gerund”.----ingParticipleThe“–ing1Collocationof–ingparticiplewithverbsThissectionisconcernedwithtwocollocations:“verb+--ingform”and“verb+object+preposition+--ingform”.1.1verb+--ingform1.２verb+object+preposition+--ingformCollocationof–ingparticiple2verb+--ingformThereareverbsthatcanonlybefollowedbyan–ingformratherthananinfinitiveasobject.Theseverbsinclude:verb+--ingformThereareverb3verb+--ingform

admit,acknowledge,anticipate,advocate,appreciate,avoid,can’thelp,can’tresist,can’tstand,consider,contemplate,defer,delay,deny,direst,dislike,don’tmind,ensure,enjoy,escape,excuse,evade,facilitate,fancy,favor,finish,giveup,imagine,include,keep(on),mind,miss,pardon,postpone,practice,putoff,resent,report,risk,stop,suggest,andetc.verb+--ingformadmit,acknow4verb+--ingformSomeoftheverbslistedabovesuchasadmit,acknowledge,anticipate,advocate,appreciate,canalsotakeacorrespondingthat–clauseasobject.verb+--ingformSomeofthev5verb+object+preposition+--ingformThereareverbsthatcannotbediestlyfollowedbyan–ingformunlessitisinterruptedbyanobjectandapreposition.Theseverbsincludetrick,mislead,shame,surprise,trap,stop,prevent,restrain,hinder,save,etc,andtheprepositionscommonlyusedinthiscollocationareintoandfrom.verb+object+preposition+6verb+object+preposition+--ingforme.g.Asailorsavedhimfromdrowning.Insomeofthesecollocationssuchas“prevent/stopsomebodyfromdoingsomething”,theprepositionfromcanbeomitted,exceptthatthefiniteverboccursinthepassive.Wemustpreventthetroublespreading.Similarcollocationssuchas“thanksb.fordoingsth.,congratulatesb.ondoingsth.andsoon.verb+object+preposition+7Verbsfollowedeitherbyinfinitiveorby­--ingparticiple

Thereareverbsthatbefollowedeitherbyan-ingformorbyaninfinitive.Withsomeofthesevers,thechoicebetweenthetwomakesnodifferenceinmeaning;withothers,however,differentchoicesresultindifferentinterpretations.Eitherinfinitiveor-ingparticiplewithoutchangeofmeaningVerbsfollowedeitherbyinfin8Verbsfollowedeitherbyinfinitiveorby­--ingparticiple

Verbsthatcantakeeitheraninfinitiveoran-ingformasobjectincludeattempt,begin,can’tbear,continue,deserve,dread,hate,intend,like,loathe,love,need,neglect,omit,plan,prefer,require,start,etc.Followingtheseverbs,aninfinitiveoran_ingparticliplecanalternatewithoutchangeinbasicmeaning.Therearecases,however,wherethetransformsarenotinfreevariation.

Verbsfollowedeitherbyinfin9Verbsfollowedeitherbyinfinitiveorby­--ingparticiple

a)Afterprocessverbssuchasbegin,cease,continue,startandemotiveverbssuchascan’tbear,deserve,dread,hateintend,like,loathe,love,need,neglect,omit,plan,prefer,require,theinfinitiveiscommonlyused,omit,plan,prefer,require,theinfinitiveiscommonlyusedtorefertoaspecificactwhilethe-ingparticipleisusedistorefertoageneralact,

Verbsfollowedeitherbyinfin10Verbsfollowedeitherbyinfinitiveorby­--ingparticiple

Ican’tbearlivingalone.Ican’tbeartoseethechildsobadlytreated.Philprefersdoingitthatway.Hepreferstogobytrainthiseverning.Verbsfollowedeitherbyinfin11Verbsfollowedeitherbyinfinitiveorby­--ingparticiple

b)Afterneed,want,require,desire,anactive–ingformcanbeusedtodenoteapassivemeaningwhichcanalsobeexpressedbyapassiveinfinitive.e.g.Thisletterneedstobesignedbythemanager.Thisletterneedssigningbythemanager.Verbsfollowedeitherbyinfin12Verbsfollowedeitherbyinfinitiveorby­--ingparticiple

c)Afterbeginandstart,eitherinfinitiveor–ingformispossible,butwhentheinfinitiveisstativeverb,itnormallygoeswithbegin.e.g.Webegintoseewhathemeans.Shebegantobelievehisstory.Verbsfollowedeitherbyinfin13Verbsfollowedeitherbyinfinitiveorby­--ingparticiple

Whenbegin/startisintheprogressive,itisalsoaninfiitive,notan–ingformthatisnormallyused.e.g.It’sbeginningtorain.I’mstartingtoworkonmyessaynextweek.Verbsfollowedeitherbyinfin14Eitherinfinitiveor–ingformwithdifferentmeaningsTheverbsthatadmitofeitherofaninfinitiveoran-ingformwithdifferentmerningsfallsintofivesub-classes:a)Afterrememberandforget,infinitivereferstoasecondactthatfollowsthefirst,andthe-ingparticipletoapreviousvenet,eg:Eitherinfinitiveor–ingform15Eitherinfinitiveor–ingformwithdifferentmeaningsCan’tyouremembertellingmethestorylastnight?=Youtoldmethestorylastnight.Can’tyourememberit?Youmusttellhimallthat.=Youmusttellhimallthat.Don’tfogetit.Eitherinfinitiveor–ingform16Eitherinfinitiveor–ingformwithdifferentmeaningsTheuseofregretalsopresentssuchacontrast:IregrettellingyouthatJohnstoleit.=IregretthatItoldyou.IregrettotellyouthatJohnstoleit.=I’msorrytotellyou.But“Iregrettellingyou…”canalsobeinterpretedas:IregretthatIamtellingyou…Eitherinfinitiveor–ingform17Eitherinfinitiveor–ingformwithdifferentmeaningsb)Afterstop,leaveoff,goon,

goonwith,goonto,the–ingparticiplefunctionsasobject,whiletheinfinitiveasadverbialofpurpose.TheystoppedwatchingTVat8:00.TheystoppedtowatchTVat8:00.Eitherinfinitiveor–ingform18Eitherinfinitiveor–ingformwithdifferentmeaningsc)Aftertry,mean,can’thelp,thechoicebetweenanifinitiveandan-ingformdependsonthemeaningoftheprecedingverbitself.Ididn’tmeantospendtoomuchmoneyonthatproject.Yourplanwouldmeanspendingalotofmoney.Eitherinfinitiveor–ingform19Eitherinfinitiveor–ingformwithdifferentmeaningsd)Afteragree,decide,thereisachoicebetweentheinfinitiveand“preposition+-ing”Theyagreedtosharetheapples.Theyagreedonsharingtheapples.Eitherinfinitiveor–ingform20Eitherinfinitiveor–ingformwithdifferentmeaningse)Afterencourage,permit,allow,recommend,advise,authorize,eitherthe-ingparticipleortheinfinitivewithanexpressedlogicalsubjectcanbeused.Shedoesn’tallowsmokinghere.Shedoesn’tallowustosmokehere.Eitherinfinitiveor–ingform21Thelogicalsubject１．Aboutthelogicalsubjectofthe–ingparticiple,itneednotbeexpressedifitisthesubjectofthemainclause.e.g.Theydeniedgivinganyinformationtohelpthepolice.Thelogicalsubject１．About22Thelogicalsubjecte.g.Idon’tmindJohnsmovingtoanotherhouse.Idon’tmindhismovingtothenewhouse.Thelogicalsubjecte.g.Id23ThelogicalsubjectIfthe–ingparticiplehasalogicalsubjectofitsown,itmustbeexpressedonewayoranother.Thelogicalsubjectofthe–ingparticiplemaybeanounoragenitivenoun;itmayalsoberealizedbyapronouninobjectivecaseorbyapossessivedeterminer.Butincolloquialspeech,acommomcasenounoranobjectivepronounisfrequentlyfavoured.

ThelogicalsubjectIfthe–24Thelogicalsubject２、动名词的逻辑主语用物主代词表示，置于动名词之前。Theircomingtohelpwasagreatencouragementtous.Shewillbeastonishedatyourcominghomeatsuchamanner.Thelogicalsubject２、动名词的逻辑25Thelogicalsubject３、动名词的逻辑主语用名词所有格表示，置于动名词之前。WhatwefeltuneasywasXiaoLin’shavingtoomuchconfidenceinherself.TheyallthoughtLaoChang’sgoingthereagreatmistake.Thelogicalsubject３、动名词的逻辑26Thelogicalsubject４、如果动名词不在句子开头，逻辑主语可用名词通格、人称代词宾格。Idon’tmindXiaoLin(him)going.IsthereanyhopeofXiaoLinwinningthechampionship.Thelogicalsubject４、如果动名词不27Thelogicalsubject５、如果动名词逻辑主语是无生命的东西，只用普通格，不用所有格。Weareallafraidoftheclassfallingbehindothers.Thelogicalsubject５、如果动名词逻28动名词的完成形式１、一般形式：表示一般动作，不明确过去、现在或者将来；与谓语表示的动作同时发生。WeareallinterestedinstudyingEnglish.Hetookagreatdelightinhelpingothers.２、完成体：表示动名词代表的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生。Hedidnotmentionhavingmetme.Iforgethavinggivenyoumoney.３、在有些动词之后，尽管在谓语动作之前发生，仍用一般式。Excusemeforcominglate.Thewords:rememberforgetregetenjoyapologize动名词的完成形式１、一般形式：表示一般动作，不明确过去、29动名词的被动语态１、当动名词逻辑主语为动作的承受者，通常用被动形式Hisbeingneglectedbythehostaddedtouneasiness.Hewasunconsciousforquitealongtimeafterbeingadmittedtohospital.２、下列动词常用动名词的主动形式表示被动意思Wantrequireneeddeservebeworth动名词的被动语态１、当动名词逻辑主语为动作的承受者，通常用被30worth的用法

worth,worthy,worthwhile都是形容词，意为"值得"。1.worth：beworth+n.当名词为金钱时，表示"……值得……"常见的有It’sworthwhiletodo./It’sworth（someone’s）whiledoingbeworthdoingsth."……某事值得被做"Thequestionisnotworthdiscussingagainandagain.这问题不值得反复讨论。worth的用法worth,worthy,worth31worth的用法

2.worthy：beworthyof+n.当名词为抽象名词时表示"……值得……"beworthytobedone"某事值得被做"Thequestionisnotworthytobediscussedagainandagain.worth的用法2.worthy：beworthy32worth的用法

3.worthwhile：beworthwhiletodosth"值得做某事"Itisworthwhiletoaskhimtojointheclub.值得邀请他加入俱乐部。典型例题Itisnot____todiscussthequestionagainandagain.A.worthB.worthyC.worthwhileD.worthwhile答案C.由worth的用法可知，此句只适合词组beworthwhiletodosth.。选C。worth的用法3.worthwhile：bewo33stopdoing/todo

stoptodo停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事，stopdoing停止做某事。例如：Theystoptosmokeacigarette.他们停下来，抽了根烟。Imuststopsmoking.我必须戒烟了。stopdoing/todostoptodo停止34stopdoing/todo

典型例题Shereachedthetopofthehillandstopped___onabigrockbythesideofthepath.A.tohaverestedB.restingC.torestD.rest答案：C。由题意可知，她到了山顶，停下来在一个路边的大石头上休息。因此，应选择"stoptodosth.停下来去做另一件事"。而不仅仅是爬山动作的终止，所以stopdoingsth.不正确。stopdoing/todo典型例题35forgetdoing/todo

forgettodo忘记要去做某事，forgetdoing忘记做过某事。例如：Thelightintheofficeisstilon.Heforgottoturnitoff.办公室的灯还在亮着，他忘记关了。（没有做关灯的动作）Heforgotturningthelightoff.他忘记他已经关了灯了。（已做过关灯的动作）forgetdoing/todoforgettod36forgetdoing/todo

典型例题----Thelightintheofficeisstillon.----Oh，Iforgot___.A.turningitoffB.turnitoffC.toturnitoffD.havingturneditoff答案：C。由thelightisstillon可知灯亮着，即关灯的动作没有发生，因此用forgettodosth.而forgetdoingsth表示灯已经关上了，而忘记了这一事实。此处不符合题意。forgetdoing/todo典型例题37rememberdoing/todo

remembertodo记得去做某事，rememberdoing记得做过某事。例如：Remembertogotothepostofficeafterschool.记着放学后去趟邮局。Don'tyourememberseeingthemanbefore?你不记得以前见过那个人吗?rememberdoing/todo

rememb38regretdoing/todoregrettodo对将要做的事遗憾，regretdoing对做过的事遗憾、后悔。例如：Iregrettohavetodothis,butIhavenochoice.我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没有办法。Idon'tregrettellingherwhatIthought.我不为告诉她我的想法而后悔。regretdoing/todoregrettod39ceasedoing/todo

ceasetodo长时间，甚至永远停做某事，ceasedoing短时停止做某事，以后还会接着做。例如：Thatdepartmenthasceasedtoexistforever.那个系已不复存在。Thegirlsceasedchattingforamomentwhentheirteacherpassedby.姑娘们在老师走过时，停了会聊天。

ceasedoing/todoceasetodo40trydoing/todotrytodo努力，企图做某事，trydoing试验，试着做某事。例如：Youmusttrytobemorecareful.你可要多加小心。Itriedgardeningbutdidn'tsucceed.我试着种果木花卉，但未成功。

trydoing/todotrytodo努力41

goondoing/todogoontodo做了一件事后，接着做另一件事，goondoing继续做原来做的事。例如：Afterhehadfinishedhismaths，hewentontodohisphysics.做完数学后，他接着去做物理。Goondoingtheotherexerciseafteryouhavefinishedthisone.作完这个练习后，接着做其他的练习goondoing/todogoontod42beafraiddoing/todobeafraidtodo不敢，胆怯去做某事，是主观上的原因不去做，意为"怕"，beafraidofdoing担心出现doing的状况、结果。doing是客观上造成的，意为"生怕，恐怕"。例如：Shewasafraidtostepfurtheringrassbecauseshewasafraidofbeingbittenbyasnake.她生怕被蛇咬着，不敢在草丛中再走一步。Shewasafraidtowakeherhusband.她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。Shewasafraidofwakingherhusband.她生怕吵醒她丈夫。beafraiddoing/todobeafraid43beinteresteddoing/todointerestedtodo对做某事感兴趣，想了解某事，interestedindoing对某种想法感兴趣，doing通常为想法。例如：Ishallbeinterestedtoknowwhathappens.我很想知道发生了什么事。（想了解）I'minterestedinworkinginSwitzerland.Doyouhaveanyideaaboutthat?我对在瑞士工作感兴趣。你想过这事吗?（一种想法）beinteresteddoing/todointe44meantodoing/todomeantodo打算、想，meandoing意味着。例如：Imeantogo,butmyfath