宏观经济学MBA课件2

宏观经济学MBA课件2宏观经济学MBA课件2宏观经济学MBA课件2

TheCircularFlow2020/12/182通过阅读文学作品，我们能提高文学鉴赏水平，培养文学情趣；宏观经济学MBA课件2宏观经济学MBA课件2宏观经济学MBA1

TheCircularFlow

Households

GovernmentFirms

MarketsforFactorofProduction

FinancialMarketsMarketsforGoodsandServices

ForeignCountryFirmRevenueIncomeFactorPaymentsPrivateSavingTaxesGovernmentDeficitConsumptionGovernmentPurchasesInvestmentImportExportInternationalCapitalFlow2020/12/182

TheCircularFlowHouseholdRichardStone(理查德·斯通)1984年获诺贝尔经济学奖。二战期间，完成《战争财源分析及1938和1940国民收入和支出估计》白皮书。时任英国财政部顾问的凯恩斯感动地说：“我们在一个通过统计的快乐时代中”。1945年任剑桥大学新成立的应用经济学系的第一任主任。1950年，受联合国统计委员会委托，出版《国民帐户体系》（SNA），1968年修订后正式出版。1975年出版《社会和人口统计系统》（SSDS,Towardsasystemofsocialanddemographicstatistics）。2020/12/183RichardStone(理查德·斯通)1984年获诺贝尔WassilyLeontief(沃西里·里昂惕夫)1973年获诺贝尔经济学奖。1906年出生在圣彼得堡，1929年任中国铁道部顾问，1931年进入美国国民经济研究局（NBER），1946年哈佛大学经济学教授。1941年出版《美国经济结构：1919-1929》，第一次用投入产出法进行经济结构分析。1966年出版《投入产出经济学》。2020/12/184WassilyLeontief(沃西里·里昂惕夫)1973

●国民收入帐户●投入产出表●资金循环表●国际收支表●国民资产负债表国民帐户体系ASYSTEMOFNATIONALACCOUNTS2020/12/185国民帐户体系2020/12/185Grossdomesticproduct(GDP)isameasureoftheincomeandexpendituresofaneconomy.Itisthetotalmarketvalueofallfinalgoodsandservicesproducedwithinacountryinagiventimeperiod.GrossDomesticProduct2020/12/186Grossdomesticproduct(GDP)iImportantFeaturesofGDPOutputisvaluedatmarketprices.Itrecordsonlythevalueoffinalgoods,notintermediategoods(thevalueiscountedonlyonce).Itincludesbothtangiblegoods(food,clothing,cars)andintangibleservices(haircuts,housecleaning,doctorvisits).2020/12/187ImportantFeaturesofGDPOutpuImportantFeaturesofGDPItincludesgoodsandservicescurrentlyproduced,nottransactionsinvolvinggoodsproducedinthepast.Itmeasuresthevalueofproductionwithinthegeographicconfinesofacountry.

2020/12/188ImportantFeaturesofGDPItinImportantFeaturesofGDPItmeasuresthevalueofproductionthattakesplacewithinaspecificintervaloftime,usuallyayearoraquarter(threemonths).2020/12/189ImportantFeaturesofGDPItmeWhatIsCountedinGDP?GDPincludesallitemsproducedintheeconomyandsoldlegallyinmarkets.2020/12/1810WhatIsCountedinGDP?GDPincWhatIsNotCountedinGDP?GDPexcludesmostitemsthatareproducedandconsumedathomeandthatneverenterthemarketplace.Itexcludesitemsproducedandsoldillicitly,suchasillegaldrugs.2020/12/1811WhatIsNotCountedinGDP?GDPGrossNationalProductGrossnationalproduct(GNP)isthetotalmarketvalueofallfinalgoodsandservicesproducedwithinagivenperiodoftimebyanation’spermanentresidents,regardlessofwheretheyare.2020/12/1812GrossNationalProductGrossnaThreeOtherMeasuresofIncomeNetNationalProduct(NNP)PersonalIncomeDisposablePersonalIncome2020/12/1813ThreeOtherMeasuresofIncomeNetNationalProduct(NNP)Thetotalincomeoftheresidentsofanationaftersubtractinglossesfromdepreciation.2020/12/1814NetNationalProduct(NNP)ThePersonalIncomeTheincomethathouseholdsandnoncorporatebusinessesreceive.2020/12/1815PersonalIncomeTheincomethatDisposablePersonalIncomeTheincomethathouseholdandnoncorporatebusinesseshaveleftaftersatisfyingtheirobligationstothegovernment.2020/12/1816DisposablePersonalIncomeTheGrossNationalProductFromStatisticalAbstractoftheUnitedStates2020/12/1817GrossNationalProductFromStaGNP—NationalandPerCapitaIncomeFromStatisticalAbstractoftheUnitedStates2020/12/1818GNP—NationalandPerCapitaNationalIncomeFromStatisticalAbstractoftheUnitedStates2020/12/1819NationalIncomeFromStatisticaTheFourComponentsofGDPGDP(Y)isthesumofthefollowing: äConsumption(C) äInvestment(I) äGovernmentPurchases(G) äNetExports(NX)Y=C+I+G+NX2020/12/1820TheFourComponentsofGDPGDPTheFourComponentsofGDPConsumption(C): äThespendingbyhouseholdsongoods andservices,withtheexceptionof purchasesofnewhousing.Investment(I): äThespendingoncapitalequipment, inventories,andstructures,including newhousing.2020/12/1821TheFourComponentsofGDPConTheFourComponentsofGDPGovernmentPurchases(G): äThespendingongoodsandservicesby local,state,andfederalgovernments. äDoesnotincludetransferpayments becausetheyarenotmadeinexchangefor currentlyproducedgoodsorservices.NetExports

(NX): äExportsminusimports.2020/12/1822TheFourComponentsofGDPGoveBreakdownofU.S.GDP:20002020/12/1823BreakdownofU.S.GDP:2000202BreakdownofU.S.GDP:2000Consumption69%2020/12/1824BreakdownofU.S.GDP:2000ConInvestment15%BreakdownofU.S.GDP:2000Consumption68%2020/12/1825InvestmentBreakdownofU.S.GDConsumption68%GovernmentPurchases19%BreakdownofU.S.GDP:2000Investment15%2020/12/1826ConsumptionGovernmentBreakdowNetExports-1%BreakdownofU.S.GDP:2000Consumption68%Investment15%GovernmentPurchases19%2020/12/1827NetExportsBreakdownofU.S.GRealversusNominalGDPNominalGDPvaluestheproductionofgoodsandservicesatcurrentprices.RealGDPvaluestheproductionofgoodsandservicesatconstantprices.

2020/12/1828RealversusNominalGDPNominalRealversusNominalGDPAnaccurateviewoftheeconomyrequiresadjustingnominaltorealGDPbyusingtheGDPdeflator.2020/12/1829RealversusNominalGDPAnaccu价格指数(PriceIndex)拉斯佩雷斯(Laspeyres)指数：帕斯卡(Pascke)指数：2020/12/1830价格指数(PriceIndex)拉斯佩雷斯(LaspeyrGDPDeflatorTheGDP

deflator

measuresthecurrentlevelofpricesrelativetothelevelofpricesinthebaseyear.IttellsustheriseinnominalGDPthatisattributabletoariseinpricesratherthanariseinthequantitiesproduced.2020/12/1831GDPDeflatorTheGDPdeflatormGDPDeflatorTheGDPdeflatoriscalculatedasfollows:2020/12/1832GDPDeflatorTheGDPdeflatoriGDPDeflatorTheGDPdeflatoriscalculatedasfollows:2020/12/1833GDPDeflatorTheGDPdeflatoriConvertingNominalGDPtoRealGDPNominalGDPisconvertedtorealGDPasfollows:2020/12/1834ConvertingNominalGDPtoRealConvertingNominalGDPtoRealGDPNominalGDPisconvertedtorealGDPasfollows:2020/12/1835ConvertingNominalGDPtoRealConsumerPriceIndexTheconsumerpriceindex

(CPI)isameasureoftheoverallcostofthegoodsandservicesboughtbyatypicalconsumer.Itisusedtomonitorchangesinthecostoflivingovertime.Itreportsthemovementofpricesusinganindexnumber.

2020/12/1836ConsumerPriceIndexTheconsumConsumerPriceIndexWhentheCPIrises,thetypicalfamilyhastospendmoredollarstomaintainthesamestandardofliving.2020/12/1837ConsumerPriceIndexWhentheCTheConsumerPriceIndex

versustheGDPDeflatorEconomistsandpolicymakersuseboththeGDPdeflatorandtheconsumerpriceindextogaugehowquicklypricesarerising.Thereareimportantdifferencesbetweenthetwo.2020/12/1838TheConsumerPriceIndex

verTheConsumerPriceIndex

versustheGDPDeflatorTheCPI... ...includesonlyconsumergoods. ...includesimports. ...ismeasuredusingafixedbasketofgoodsandservices.2020/12/1839TheConsumerPriceIndex

verTheConsumerPriceIndex

versustheGDPDeflatorTheGDPPriceDeflator... ...includesallgoodsandservicesproduceddomestically. ...excludesimports. ...ismeasuredusingcurrentlyproducedgoodsandservices.2020/12/1840TheConsumerPriceIndex

verGDPandEconomicWell-BeingGDPisthebestsinglemeasureoftheeconomicwell-beingofasociety.GDPperperson

tellsustheincomeandexpenditureoftheaveragepersonintheeconomy.2020/12/1841GDPandEconomicWell-BeingGDPGDPandEconomicWell-BeingHigherGDPperpersonindicatesahigherstandardofliving.GDPisnotaperfectmeasureofthe happinessorqualityoflife,however.2020/12/1842GDPandEconomicWell-BeingH