中国陶瓷文化Porcelain

Unite16Porcelain—CallingCardofChineseCultureInEnglish,thecountryand"porcelain"sharethesamename--"China".ThisprovesthatEuropeanshavelongknownofChina’srelationshiptoporcelain.PorcelainfounditswaytoEuropeinthe15thcentury,occupyinganimportantpositionintheexchangesbetweenChinaandothercountries.TheKeiselRandyMuseuminGermanyhousesablue-and-whitebowldatingbacktotheMingDynasty.Porcelaingarnered(收集)agoodreputationforChinaforitssophisticationandelegance,andplayedanimportantroleinthewaveoftheEuropeanidealizationofChinaduringthe17thand18thcenturies.Intherococo(洛可可式）stylepopularinEuropeofthattime,onecouldsense,fromtimetotime,theinfluenceof"Chinesevogue（时髦）"representedbyChina'sstylesofporcelainandgardens.PorcelainisofgreatsignificanceinthehistoryofChinesecivilization.Potterywasthepredecessor（前任）ofporcelain,whileglazed（上釉的）potterywasthebasisfortheemergenceofporcelain.Aroundthefirstcentury,porcelainproductionfirstemergedinChina,andbytheSongDynastyithadbecomemature.Song-Dynastyporcelainrepresentedtheacme（顶峰）ofChineseporcelaintechnique.Fivefamouskilns（窑）,theJun,Ding,Guan,GeandRu,wereallcreativeandoriginalintheirrespectiveproducts,andtheirporcelainwarehasbeenintimatedbylatergenerationsthroughtouttheages.IntheYuanDynasty,JingdezhenbecamethecenteroftheChineseporcelainindustry.Chineseporcelainischerishedforitsserene（宁静的）color,crystalpaste,gracefuldesigns,andingeniousforms--aquestofgenerationsofcraftspeople.Bronzeware,potteryandporcelainareallpopularwiththeChinesepeople,thoughtheirstylesvarywidely.Potteryissimpleandunsophisiticated,whilebronzewaresuggestssolemnity（庄严）,butporcelainisthemostexquisiteandelegant.PorcelaincanberegardedasthecallingcardofChineseculture.Thiscallingcardrepresentsthecrystallization（结晶）ofChinesecultureandtheembodimentoftheaestheticandpursuitsoftheChinesepeople.Nature'sCraftAnyonefamiliarwithChineseporcelainknowsthatthesurfaceofsomeporcelainwareiscoveredwithirregularcracks.Thecracksoccurredduringkilningduetoflawedworkmanship,butastimewentoncracklewarebecameacraze（时尚）duringtheSongDynasty,andwaspasseddowntotoday.CracklewaretodayisoneofthetypicalChineseporcelainstyles.Chinesepeoplelovecracklewarebecausetheylovenature'suniquecraft.Porcelainisanartificialart,butwhatitmostdefinesisnothingmorethanartificiality.Anyman-madecrackleswouldbemechanicalandunnaturalandbetrayacertainartifice（欺骗）,definitelynomatchfornaturallycraftedcrackles.哥窑鱼耳炉元TheTaipei"PalaceMuseum"hasapieceofcracklewareproducedintheGeKilnoftheYuanDynasty.Itisanincense（香）burnerwithfish-shapedhandles.Thinandfinecracklesonthecream-coloredglazeareevocativeofatreeleaf,witharteriesandveinsstretching,intertwinedfreelyandvibrantlyinit.PureBlue-and-whitePorcelain

Blue-and-whiteporcelainisatypicalartifactofporcelaininChina.AmongtheporcelainexportedduringtheMingandQingDynasties,80percentwasblue-and-white.Chinese-madeblue-and-whiteporcelainwareemergedlongbeforetheTangDynasty,butitwasnotuntiltheYuanDynastythatthistypeofporcelaincametobeproducedinquantity,withtheattendantmasterpieces.TheMingDynastywitnessedthematurityoftheart,andalargenumberofvaluablepieceswereproducedinthisperiod.Jingdezhen,asmalltownthatcreatedtheenchantingblue-and-whiteporcelainoftheYuanDynasty,becameitsporcelain-producingcenter;andinthesubsequentMingDynasty,theimperialkilnswereestablishedhere.Blue-and-whiteporcelainisnowthemostrepresentativeofChineseporcelain.IntheTaipei“PalaceMuseum”,thereisabowlwithbranch-and-flowerpattern,producedintheXuandereign(1426-1435)oftheMingDynasty.Itsshapedemonstratesaprimitivesimplicity,whileitsfinetextureiswhitewithatouchofblue.Inawell-balancedcomposition,theflowersarevividlydrawnwithsoftandserenelines,whiletheblueintermingles(混合)withthewhite,producingaharmonious,effervescent(欢腾的)effect.

把莲花卉四季纹盘明宣德Platewithflowers-of-four-seasonsdesign,Xuandereign,MingDynastyBlue-and-whiteporcelainoccupiesaprominentpositionintheChineseporcelainindustry,foritaccordswellwiththecultureandaestheticspiritChinesepeoplehavelongpursued—ofsimplicity,unaffectednessandease.(朴素，不矫揉造作，闲适)Chinesepeoplebelievethatultimatebeautyissimpleandnatural;anythingthatisaffectedandover-polishedrunscontradictorytothisphilosophy.AsrepresentativeofChineseporcelain,blue-and-whiteporcelaindisplaysaworldofconcisenessandelegance,serenityandpurity.Blueandwhiteformasingle-colorpainting,whichmayappearmonotonous(单调的)

butthisistheexactfeatureofblue-and-whiteporcelain,freeofexcessivedecorationorexaggeration.Blue-and-whiteporcelainalsoseeksaneffectoftransparency,whichwasachievedintheproductsmadeintheofficialkilnsoftheYuanandMingdynasties.Theseproductsboastathin,transparentwhitepastesetoffbybluedesigns,whicharecleanandclearandconveyasenseofloftinessandunearthliness.(崇高，神秘)ASubtleandReservedWorldMostChineseporcelainwareembodiesthecharacteristicsofConfucianaesthetics.Initspursuitofgentlenessandrefinementonesensestheaestheticpropensities(倾向)ofConfucianism;throughitsimplicitandreservedartisticstyleonediscoversthereservednatureofConfucianaesthetics.TheSongDynastywasarenaissanceperiodforConfucianism,andalsoaperiodofmaturityinporcelainproduction.Thiswasmuchmorethanasimplecoincidence.TheincreasedpopularityofConfucianismadvancedtheremarkabledevelopmentofsong-dynastyporcelaincraftspeople.ThetraditionofSong-dynastyporcelain—emphasizinginternal

beauty—hasbeenobservedbygenerationaftergeneration,anditsreservedstylehasmadetheartofChineseporcelainthought-provokingwhilepleasingtotheeye.Anotherrepresentativeofareservedstyleisunderglazered(釉里红)porcelain,oneofthetwotypesofporcelaindevelopedtoitsmaturityinJingdezhenduringtheYuanDynasty.Difficulttoproduce,underglazeredisnotaspopularasblue-and-whiteporcelain,thoughitdisplaysahighartistictaste.釉里红芍药纹赏瓶釉里红云龙纹钵缸Apreciousundergrazeredvase,producedduringtheHongwureign(1368-1398)oftheMingDynasty,isnowhousedintheTaipei“palacemuseum”.Itsdesignisdrawninunderglazered,andatthelowersectionisacirculardesignoflotuspetals.Palmtrees,rocksandgrovesofbamboo,drawnonthebellyofthevase,produceagracefullandscapepaintingwithprofoundallusions.釉里红缠枝莲纹执壶明洪武Underglazereddecanter,Hongwureign,MingDynastyQuestion:Ifyourforeignfriendwanttocollectanantique(especiallyporcelain),whichoneyou’dliketorecommend,underglazered(釉里红)porcelainorblue-and-whiteporcelainoretc,why?青花釉里红

Blueandwhitewithcopperredcolors

porcelain青花釉里红瓷不仅在工艺上体现它的名贵与成就，而且具有丰富的文化内涵。青花釉里红艺术瓷是素雅与艳丽的和谐统一。它的色调比重具有广泛的可变性，或浓汝淡抹，或写实写意，都意境深远，巧夺天工，这正是中国儒、释、道以及伊斯兰等各大文化融合的自然体现。ShapeandImageryPorcelainisacomprehensiveart,andformisasimportanttoagoodpieceofporcelainasitistoafinepieceofsculpture.Forporcelainwareofartisticvalue,anintriguingshapecancaptureinstantattentionfromviewers.AmongChineseporcelain,thereisatypeofwhiteporcelaindecoratedwithfloralpatternsofthesamecolor,whichsuggestsafeelingofreliefsculpture.ThemostfamouswhiteporcelainwasproducedintheDingKiln(定窑)oftheSongDynasty,whichexertedagreatinfluenceonlaterwhiteporcelainproducts.AsmallwhiteporcelaincontainerproducedduringtheQingDynasty’sDaoguangreign(1821-1850)issuchapieceinthewhiteseries,Fromtheexterior,itlooksnodifferentfromanordinarycontainerforholdinggo(aboardgame)pieces,butontheinteriorarerelief-likeflowerswithfive-colorpetalsconciselyandelegantlyoutlined.Itmusthavebeenagreatdelighttoenjoythisexquisitelymadeartworkwhileplayinggo!Chineseporcelainalsopursuespaintingeffects.Porcelainwareusuallycontainsimagesfromlandscapesaswellasbird-and–flowerpaintings.Mostporcelaincraftspeoplewerealsoadept(擅长的)atpainting.ForMing-andQing-dynastyporcelainware,eleganceinshape,intriguinguseofcolor,finetexture,andvividimage