新大纲自考《英美文学选读》笔记总结-背完必过

《英美文学选读》笔记背完必过PartOne:EnglishLiteratureAnIntroductiontoOldandMedievalEnglishLiterature=1\*ROMANIUnderstandingandapplication:(理解应用)1.

England’sinhabitantsareCelts.AnditisconqueredbyRomans,AngloSaxonsandNormans.TheAnglo-SaxonsbroughttheGermaniclanguageandculturetoEngland,whileNormansbroughttheMediterraneancivilization,includingGreekculture,RomelawandtheChristianreligion.ItistheculturalinfluenceofthesetwoconqueststhatprovidedthesourcefortheriseandgrowthofEnglishliterature.2.TheoldEnglishliteratureextendsfromabout450to1066,theyearoftheNormanconquestofEngland.3.TheoldEnglishpoetrythathassurvivedcanbedividedintotwogroups:Thereligiousgroupandthesecularone4.Beowulf:atypicalexampleofOldEnglishpoetryisregardedasthenationalepicoftheAnglo-Saxons.Itisanexampleoftheminglingofnaturemythsandheroiclegends.5.AftertheNorman’sconquest,threelanguagesco-existedinEngland.FrenchistheofficiallanguagethatisusedbykingandtheNormanlords.Latinistheprincipaltongueofchurchaffairsandinuniversities.OldEnglishwasspokenonlybythecommonEnglishpeople.6.Inthesecondhalfof14thcentury,EnglishliteraturestartedtoflourishwiththeappearanceofwriterslikeGeoffreyChaucer,WilliamLangland,JohnGower,andothers=2\*ROMANIIRecite:(识记再现)1.Romance:=1\*GB3①Itusesnarrativeverseorprosetosingknightlyadventuresorotherheroicdeedsisapopularliteraryforminthemedievalperiod.=2\*GB3②Ithasdevelopedthecharacteristicmedievalmotifsofthequest,thetest,themeetingwiththeevilgiantandtheencounterwiththebeautifulbeloved.③Theheroisusuallytheknight,whosetsoutonajourneytoaccomplishsomemissions.Thereareoftenmysteriesandfantasiesinromance.④Romanticloveisanimportantpartoftheplotinromance.Characterizationisstandardized,Whilethestructureislooseandepisodic,thelanguageissimpleandstraightforward.⑤Theimportanceoftheromanceitselfcanbeseenasameansofshowingmedievalaristocraticmenandwomeninrelationtotheiridealizedviewoftheworld.2.

Heroiccouplet:Heroiccoupletisarhymedcoupletofiambicpentameter.ItisChaucerwhouseditforthefirsttimeinEnglishinhisworkTheLegendofGoodWoman.3.ThethemeofBeowulf:Thepoempresentsavividpictureofhowtheprimitivepeoplewageheroicstrugglesagainstthehostileforcesofthenaturalworldunderawiseandmightyleader.Thepoemisanexampleoftheminglingofthenaturemythsandheroiclegends.4.

TheWifeofBathinTheCanterburyTales:TheWifeofBathisdepictedasthenewbourgeoiswifeassertingherindependence.Chaucerdevelopshischaracterizationtoahigherartisticlevelbypresentingcharacterswithbothtypicalqualitiesandindividualdispositions.5.Chaucer’sachievement:①Hepresentedacomprehensiverealisticpictureofhisageandcreatedawholegalleryofvividcharactersinhisworks,especiallyinTheCanterburyTales.②Heanticipatedanewear,theRenaissance,tocomeundertheinfluenceoftheItalianwriters.③Hedevelopedhischaracterizationtoahigherlevelbypresentingcharacterswithbothtypicalqualitiesandindividualdispositions.④HegreatlycontributedtothematuringofEnglishpoetry.Today,Chaucer’sreputationhasbeensecurelyestablishedasoneofthebestEnglishpoetsforhiswisdom,humorandhumanity.6.

“TheFatherofEnglishpoetry”:Originally,OldEnglishpoemsaremainlyalliterativeverseswithfewvariations.①ChaucerintroducedfromFrancetherhymedstanzasofvarioustypestoEnglishpoetrytoreplaceit.②InTheRomauntoftheRose(玫瑰传奇),hefirstintroducedtotheEnglishtheoctosyllabiccouplet(八音节对偶句).③InTheLegendofGoodWomen,heusedforthefirsttimeinEnglishheroiccouplet.④Andinhismasterpiece,TheCanterburyTales,heemployedheroiccoupletwithtrueeaseandcharmforthefirsttimeinthehistoryofEnglishliterature.⑤HisartmadehimoneofthegreatestpoetsinEnglish;JohnDrydencalledhim“thefatherofEnglishpoetry”.【例题】Theworkthatpresented,forthefirsttimeinEnglishliterature,acomprehensiverealisticpictureofthemedievalEnglishsocietyandcreatedawholegalleryofvividcharactersfromallwalksoflifeismostlikely______________.(0704)A.WilliamLangland’sPiersPlowmanB.GeoffreyChaucer’sTheCanterburyTalesC.JohnGower’sConfessionAmantisD.SirGawainandtheGreenKnight【答案】B【解析】(P4.para.2)此题考查的是中世纪时期几位诗人作品的创作主题和创作范围。A答案是《农夫皮尔斯》及其作者威廉·兰格伦他在其作品中描述了他那个时期的宗教与社会问题。C《爱人的告白》，D《高文爵士和他的绿衣骑士》都是约翰·高厄的作品，属于时最精美的骑士文学作品;然而只有乔叟，在英国文学史上第一次向我们展示了表现当时英国社会的一幅综合性、现实主义的画卷,在他的代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》中塑造了一系列来自社会各阶层的生动形象的人物。本章小结本章重点：Chaucerandhisachievement本章提示：本局部内容以选择题考查，所以，复习时以识记为主。Chapter1:TheRenaissancePeriodGeneralIntroduction考核要求:1.识记：〔1〕文艺复兴时期的界定〔2〕历史文化背景2.领会:〔1〕文艺复兴运动的意义与影响〔2〕文艺复兴时期的文学特点〔3〕人文主义的主张及对文学的影响3.应用：文艺复兴，人文主义及玄学诗等名词的解释考点串讲:TheRenaissance:TheRenaissancemarksatransitionfromthemedievaltothemodernworld.Generally,itreferstotheperiodbetweenthe14th&17thcenturies.ItfirststartedinItaly,withthefloweringofpainting,sculpture&literature.FromItalythemovementwenttoembracetherestofEurope.TheRenaissance,whichmeans"rebirth"or"revival,"isactuallyamovementstimulatedbyaseriesofhistoricalevents,suchas:①There-discoveryofancientRoman&Greekculture②Thenewdiscoveriesingeography&astrology,thereligiousreformation&theeconomicexpansion.③TheRenaissance,therefore,inessenceisahistoricalperiodinwhichtheEuropeanhumanistthinkers&scholarsmadeattemptstogetridofthoseoldfeudalistideasinmedievalEurope,tointroducenewideasthatexpressedtheinterestsoftherisingbourgeoisie,&torecoverthepurityoftheearlychurchfromthecorruptionoftheRomanCatholicChurch.【例题】TheRenaissanceisactuallyamovementstimulatedbyaseriesofhistoricaleventsEXCEPT_________.(0804)A.therediscoveryofancientRomanandGreekcultureB.thevastexpansionofBritishcoloniesinNorthAmericaC.thenewdiscoveriesingeographyandastrologyD.thereligiousreformationandtheeconomicexpansion【答案】B【解析】(P7.para1)文艺复兴是欧洲中世纪和现代社会的分水岭，它的发生有着深刻的社会历史根源，当时的社会开展刺激了文艺复兴的发生，如地理天文大发现，席卷欧洲的宗教改革以及对古希腊，古罗马文化的开掘等。2.Humanism:HumanismistheessenceoftheRenaissance.ItsprangfromtheendeavortorestoreamedievalreverencefortheancientauthorsandisfrequentlytakenasthebeginningoftheRenaissanceonitsconscious,intellectualside,fortheGreekandRomancivilizationwasbasedonsuchaconceptionthatmanisthemeasureofallthings.Throughthenewlearning,humanistsnotonlysawtheartsofsplendorandenlightenment,butthehumanvaluesrepresentedintheworks.Renaissancehumanistsfoundintheclassicsajustificationtoexalthumannatureandcametoseethathumanbeingsweregloriouscreaturescapableofindividualdevelopmentinthedirectionofperfections,andthattheworldtheyinhabitedwastheirsnottodespisebuttoquestion,explore,andenjoy.Thus,byemphasizingthedignityofhumanbeingsandtheimportanceofthepresentlife,theyvoicedtheirbeliefsthatmandidnotonlyhavetherighttoenjoythebeautyofthislife,buthadtheabilitytoperfecthimselfandtoperformwonders.ThomasMore,ChristopherMarloweandWilliamShakespearearethebestrepresentativesoftheEnglishhumanists.3.TheRenaissanceinEngland:①Thefirst--thebeginning(1485-1558)---imitationandassimilationPoetry:Wyatt&SurreyTheformerintroducedthePetrarchansonnetintoEngland,whilethelatterbroughtinblankverse.②Thesecond--(thepeak)theElizabethAge(1558-1603)---TheElizabethandramaPoetry:Spenser&MarloweSpenserianstanza:SpenserianstanzawasinventedbyEdmundSpenser.Itisastanzaofninelines,withthefirsteightlinesiniambicpentameter&thelastlineiniambichexameter,rhymingababbcbcc.Drama:Marlowe&ShakespeareTheRenaissancehero:ARenaissanceheroreferstoonecreatedbyChristopherMarloweinhisdrama.Suchaheroisalwaysindividualisticandfullofambition,facingbravelythechallengefrombothgodsandmen.HeembodiesMarlowe'shumanisticidesofhumandignityandcapacity.Differentfromthetragicheroinmedievalplays,whoseeksthewaytoheaventhroughsalvationandgod'swill,heisagainstconventionalmoralityandcontrivestoobtainheavenonearththroughhisownefforts.Withtheendlessaspirationforpower,knowledge,andglory,theherointerpretsthetrueRenaissancespirit.BothTamburlaineandFaustusaretypicalinpossessingsuchaspirit.TheElizabethandrama:ItistherealmainstreamofEnglishRenaissance.ItcouldbedatedbacktotheMiddleAges.EnglishmaterialwasputintotheregularformoftheLatincomediesofPlautusandTerence.TragedieswereinthestyleofSenecaThemostfamousdramatistsintheRenaissanceEnglandare:Marlowe,Shakespeare&BenJackson③Thethird–furtherdevelopment(1603---1660)Poetry:JohnDonne&JohnMiltonMetaphysicalpoetry:Theterm"metaphysicalpoetry"iscommonlyusedtonametheworkofthe17thcenturywriterswhowroteundertheinfluenceofJohnDonne.Witharebelliousspirit,themetaphysicalpoetstriedtobreakawayfromtheconventionalfashionoftheElizabethanlovepoetry.ThedictionissimpleascomparedwiththatoftheElizabethanortheNeoclassicperiods,andechoesthewordsandcadencesofcommonspeech.Theimageryisdrawnfromtheactuallife.Theformisfrequentlythatofanargumentwiththepoet'sbeloved,withGod,orwithhimself.Drama:BenJacksonEssay:FrancisBaconHeisthefirstimportantEnglishessayist,isknownforhisessayswhichgreatlyinfluencedthedevelopmentofthisliteraryform.HeisalsothefounderofmodernscienceinEngland.HiswritingspavedthewayfortheuseofscientificmethodThetypicalauthorsduringthisperiod考核要求:1.一般识记：重要作家的文学生涯2.识记：重要作品及主要内容3.领会：重要作家的创作思想，艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构，人物塑造，语言风格，艺术手法，社会意义等。4.应用：〔1〕莎士比亚诗歌的主题，意象〔2〕喜剧《威尼斯商人》的主题和主要人物性格分析〔3〕哈姆雷特的性格分析〔4〕史诗《失乐园》的结构，人物性格，语言特点等的分析考点串讲:Ⅰ.WilliamShakespeare1.ThebibliographyWilliamShakespeareisoneofthemostremarkableplaywrightsandpoetstheworldhaseverknown.2.ViewpointsViewpointsonpolitics:necessityofmightyandjustsovereign,andthecondemntotheanti-natureandanti-humanismofthefeudalwars—anti-feudalismViewpointsonreligion:againstthereligiouspersecutionandracialdiscrimination,againstthesocialinequalityandthecorruptinginfluenceofthegoldandmoney---anti-CatholicismViewpointonliterature:literatureshouldbeacombinationofbeauty,kindnessandtruth,andshouldreflectnatureandreality---humanism3.Themajorcontributions①38plays(historicalplays,tragediesandcomedies)②2narrativepoems:Venus,TheRapeofLucrece③154sonnets4.fourstagesforhisplay-creation①Thefirststage:hisdramaticcareerisoneoftheapprenticeshipsfivehistoricalplays:HenryIV,partI,II,andIII;RichardIII;andTitusAndronicus〔泰特斯,提图斯〕.fourComedies,including:TheComedyofErrors;TheTwoGentlemenofVerona〔维罗纳〕;TheTamingoftheShrew〔泼妇的驯服〕,andLove’sLabor’sLost②Thesecondstage,hisstylebecamehighlyindividualized,Fivehistorical:RichardII,KingJohn,HenryIV,partI,II,HenryVSixcomedies:AMidsummerNight’sDream,TheMerchantofVenice,MuchAdoAboutNothing,AsYoulike(皆大欢喜),TwelfthNight,andtheMerryWivesofWindsor〔温莎公爵的快乐情妇〕Twotragedies:RomeoandJuliet,JuliusCaesar③TheThirdstageisthepeakofhiscreation,includedhisgreatesttragediesandhisso-calleddarkcomedies:Seventragedies:Hamlet,Othello,KingLear,Macbeth,AntonyandCleopatra〔克利奥帕特拉〕,TroilusandCressida〔特洛伊罗斯和克雷西达〕,Coriolanus〔科里奥兰纳斯〕Twocomedies:All’sWellThatEndsWell,MeasureforMeasure④ThelastperiodofShakespeare’sincludeshisprincipalromantictragicomedies:Pericles,Cymbeline,TheWinter’sTale,andTheTempestTwofinalplays:HenryIII,andTheTwoNobleKinsmen5.Abouthisdramas①historicalplaysShakespeare’shistoryplaysaremainlywrittenundertheprinciplethatnationalunityunderamightyandjustsovereignisanecessity.ThethreehistoryplaysinthereignofHenryVIarethebeginningofShakespeare’sepictreatmentofEnglishhistory.②RomanticComediesInhisromanticcomedies,Shakespearetakesanoptimisticattitudetowardloveandyouth,andtheromanticelementsarebroughtintofullplay.TheyareTheMerchantofVenice,AMidsummerNight’sDream,AsYoulike,TwelfthNight,butthemostimportantoneisTheMerchantofVenice.③TragediesThesuccessfulromantictragedyisRomeoandJuliet,whicheulogizesthefaithfulnessofloveandthespiritofpursuinghappiness.Shakespeare’sgreatesttragediesareHamlet,--thefirstofgreatesttragedies,Othello,KingLear,Macbeth(麦克白.)TheyhavesomecharacteristicsincommonWilliamShakespeare’sfourgreattragediesareHamlet,Othello,KingLearandMacbeth.Theyhavesomecharacteristicsincommon.Eachportrayssomenoblehero,whofacestheinjusticeofhumanlifeandiscaughtinadifficultsituationandwhosefateiscloselyconnectedwiththefateofthewholenation.Eachherohashisweaknessofnature:Hamlet,themelancholicscholarprince,facesthedilemmabetweenactionandmind;Othello'sinnerweaknessismadeuseofbytheoutsideevilforce;theoldkingLearwhoisunwillingtototallygiveuphispowermakeshimselfsufferfromtreacheryandinfidelity;andMacbeth'slustforpowerstirsuphisambitionleadshimtoincessantcrimes.④RomantictragicomediesTheTempestisatypicalexampleofhispessimisticviewtowardshumanlifeandsocietyinhislateyear6.Abouthissonnets①Lyric:Apoem,usuallyashortone,whichexpressesaspeaker’spersonalthoughtsorfeelings.Theelegy,ode,andsonnetareallformsofthelyric②Thetheme:mostofthesonnetsconcernswiththeflyingofthetime,andtheyouth,beauty,beliefandthelovearealsogone.7.Shakespeare’swritingcharacteristicsTheprogressivesignificanceofthetheme--humanismThesuccessfulcharacterportrayal—women’scharactersThemasterhandinconstructingtheplotTheingenuityofhispoetryThemasteryofhislanguage8.Aboutselectedreading①aboutsonnet18Sonnet18isoneofthemostbeautifulsonnetswrittenbyShakespeare,inwhichhehasaprofoundmeditationonthedestructivepoweroftimeandtheeternalbeautybroughtforthbypoetrytotheoneheloves.Typicallines:Shall

I

compare

thee

to

a

summer’s

day?Thou

art

more

lovely

and

more

temperate:Thetheme:Immortality,Beautyandlove②aboutTheMerchantofVeniceMajorcharacters:Bassanio:--ayoungVenetiancourtPortia,acceptedAntonio:--amerchantofVenice,allmoneyinventedinships,atsea,returnnotontimeShylock:--theJewishusurer(放高利贷者)Portia:--standingforthegreatbeauty,witandloyaltyMainplot:Bassanio,ayoungVenetian,wouldliketotraveltoBelmonttowoothebeautifulandwealthyheiressPortia.HeapproacheshisfriendAntonio,amerchant,forthreethousandducatsneededtosubsidizehistravelingexpendituresasasuitorforthreemonths.AsallofAntonio'sshipsandmerchandisearebusyatsea,AntonioapproachestheJewishmoneylenderShylockforaloan,andtherewardofbreakingthereturningoathisapoundoffreshfromAntonio’sbody.Courthappening:unsuccessfulpersuading,nomoreandnolessthanonepoundofflesh,spillingnodropofbloodTheanalysistothepersonalities:Antonio:--faithfultofriend,Shylock:--greedy,brutalandinhumanPortia:--beautiful,wittyandloyalTheme:traditionalthemeoftheplayistopraisethefriendshipbetweenAntonioandBassanio,toidealizePortiaasaheroineofthegreatbeauty,witandloyalty,andtoexposethegreedandbrutalityoftheJew.Typicallines:"Superfluitycomessoonerbywhitehairs,butcompetencyliveslonger."(Acti.Sc.2.)"ThedevilcanciteScriptureforhispurpose."(Acti.Sc.3.)"Mislikemenotformycomplexion,theshadow’dliveryoftheburnish’dsun."(Actii.Sc.1.)"Inthetwinklingofaneye."(Actii.Sc.2.)"Allthatglistersisnotgold."(Actii.Sc.7.)③aboutHamletTheMajorcharacters:Hamlet:thetitlecharacter,isthesonofthelateking,forwhomhewasnamed.HehasreturnedtoElsinoreCastlefromWittenberg,wherehewasauniversitystudent.Claudius:istheKingofDenmark,electedtothethroneafterthedeathofhisbrother,KingHamlet.ClaudiushasmarriedGertrude,hisbrother'swidow.Gertrude:istheQueenofDenmark,andKingHamlet'swidow,nowmarriedtoClaudius.theGhost:appearsintheexactimageofHamlet'sfather,thelateKingHamlet.Majorplot:Hamletfeelsaresponsibilitytoavengehisfather’smurderbyhisuncleClaudius,butClaudiusisnowthekingandthuswellprotected.Moreover,HamletstruggleswithhisdoubtsaboutwhetherhecantrusttheghostandwhetherkillingClaudiusistheappropriatethingtodo.ThepersonalityofHamlet:Brave,justifiedandcleverbutindecisiveViewsofHamletPerhapsthemoststraightforwardviewseesHamletasseekingtruthinordertobecertainthatheisjustifiedincarryingouttherevengecalledforbyaghostthatclaimstobethespiritofhisfather.ThemoststandardviewisthatHamletishighlyindecisive,OthersseeHamletasapersonchargedwithadutythatheknowsandfeelsisright,yetisunwillingtocarryout.Inthisview,allofhiseffortstosatisfyhimselfofKingClaudius'guilt,orhisfailuretoactwhenhecan,areevidenceofthisunwillingness,andHamletberateshimselfforhisinabilitytocarryouthistask.Theme:Theimpossibilityofcertainty;thecomplexityofaction;themysteryofdeath;thenationasadiseasedbodymotifs:Incestandincestuousdesire;earsandhearing;deathandsuicide;darknessandthesupernatural;misogynySymbols:Theghost(thespiritualconsequencesofdeath);Yorick’sskull(thephysicalconsequencesofdeath)TypicalLines:“Tobeornottobe,thatisaquestion”Whatarethequestions:Whetherbelievetheghost’swordsornotWhetherkillhisuncleornotWhatshouldhedo,dieorliveⅡ.JohnMilton1.Personalintroduction①Milton’slifeBorninpuritanfamilyinLondon,Motherinterestedinreligionandlocalcharity,Fatherawell-to-doscrivenerandmusician②EducatedatCambridgeGraduated:studyandwritingofpoetryBegantravelingabroadin1638,returnedLondontowritepamphletsandtractstosupporttherevolution③In1649Latinsecretarycorrespondingforeigngovernment④In1652wentblindcompletelyandincurablyat43duetohardworkdayandnight⑤KingCharlesIIrestoration:KeepingwritingagainstkingshipArrestedandfinedandreleasedLeftinpeacetoproducehispoeticworksIn1674diedpeacefullyinasmallhouseThegreatestEnglishpoetafterShakespeare,polemicist(辩论家)2.LiteratureachievementsMilton'sliteraryachievementscanbedividedintothreegroups:theearlypoeticworks,themiddleprosepamphlets&thelastgreatpoems.①EarlyPoetryLycidas〔利西达斯〕isacollectionofelegiesdedicatedtoEdwardking,afellowundergraduateofMilton'satCambridge,whowasdrownedintheIrishSea.Thepoembeginswithgrief&afeelingofimmaturity;thenthegriefisdeepenedbythesenseofirrecoverablelossinthesilencingofayoungpoet.Withthisbittersenseofloss,Miltonaskswhythejust&goodshouldsuffer.Theseemotionsswelltoapassionatecallfortheconsolationofart.Thepoemmovesfromasadapprehensionofdeath,throughregret,topassionatequestioning,rage,sorrow&acceptance.Thefeelingsbegininalowkeybutmoveontothelargequestionsofdivinejustice&humanaccountability.Theclimaxofthepoemistheblisteringattackontheclergy,i.e.the"Shepherds,"whoarecorruptedbyself-interest.②MiddlePeriod&ProsePamphlets③LaterYears&MajorPoetryAftertheRestorationin1660,Miltonwasimprisoned.Hisreleasewasbroughtaboutmainlythroughtheeffortsofhisfriends,notablythepoetAndrewMarwell,afterthattimehedevotedhimselftohis3majorpoeticalworks:ParadiseLost(1667),ParadiseRegained(1671),&SamsonAgonistes(1671).Amongthethree,thefirstisthegreatest,indeedtheonlygenerallyacknowledgedepicinEnglishliteraturesinceBeowulf;&thelastoneisthemostperfectexampleoftheversedramaaftertheGreekstyleinEnglish.ParadiseRegainedMainplot:showhowmankind,inthepersonofChrist,withstandsthetempterandisestablishedoncemoreinthedivinefavor.Theme:Christ’stemptationinthewildernessSamsonAgonistesMilton'slastimportantworkwasthemagnificentpoeticdramaSamsonAgonistes,whichpresentstheBiblicalstoryofSamsonintheformofaGreektragedy.Theblind&sufferingSamsonisstronglyreminiscentofMiltonhimself.ThethemeofSamsonAgonistesisamorevital&personalone.ThepictureofIsrael'smightychampion,blind,alone,afflictedbythoughtlessenemiesbutpreservinganobleidealtotheend,isafittingclosetothelifeworkofthepoethimself.Thepoet'saimwastopresentinEnglishapuretragedy,withallthepassion&restraintwhichmarkedtheoldGreekdramas.ThewholepoemstronglysuggestsMilton'spassionatelongingthathetoocouldbringdestructiondownupontheenemyatthecostofhisownlife.Inthissense,SamsonisMilton.3.AboutselectedreadingThegreatestworkofMilton,Milton’smasterpiece.TheonlygenerallyacknowledgedepicinEnglishliteraturesinceBeowulf;Alongepicdividedinto12books.ThestoryistakenfromtheOldTestamentThethemeisthe“FallofMan”.Mainplot:Inheaven,SatanledarebellionagainstGod.Defeated,heandhisrebelangelswerecastintoHell.However,Satanrefusedtoaccepthisfailure,vowingthat“allwasnotlost”.ThepoemgoesontotellhowSatantookrevengebytemptingAdamandEve,thefirsthumanbeingscreatedbyGod,toeatfruitfromthetreeofknowledgeagainstGod’sinstructions.Fortheirdisobedience,AdamandEveweredrivenoutof

Paradise.TheyweresorryforwhattheyhaddoneandprayedtoGod.Inthelastbooktheyweregiventhehopeforredemption.ThepoemendedwithAdamandEvewalkingawayfromParadise,handinhand,andthegatesofEdenwereclosedbehindthem.【例题】ParadiseLostisactuallyastorytakenfrom______________.(0704)A.theRenaissanceB.theOldTestamentC.GreekMythologyD.theNewTestament【答案】B【解析】(P73.Selectedreading)此题考查的是《失乐园》的取材问题。如果对《圣经》略有了解，就会知道，《圣经》分为新约和旧约，弥尔顿的《失乐园》就是取材于旧约中的《创世记》本章小结本章重点：1.文艺复兴时期的历史文化背景2.莎士比亚和弥尔顿的作品和写作特点本章提示：本章中有关莎士比亚的文学成就可以以论述题的形式来考察，值得注意。Chapter2:TheNeoclassicalPeriodGeneralIntroduction考核要求:1.识记：〔1〕新古典主义时期的界定〔2〕政治经济背景〔3〕启蒙运动的意义与影响2.领会：〔1〕启蒙运动的主张与文学的特点〔2〕新古典主义时期文学的艺术特点3.应用：启蒙运动，新古典主义，英雄双行诗，英国现实主义小说等名词的解释考点串讲:1.Duration:NeoclassicalperiodistheoneinEnglishliteraturebetweenthereturnofStuartstotheEnglishthronein1660andthefullassertionofRomanticismwhichcamewiththepublicationofLyricalBalladsbyWordsworthandColeridgein1978.It’sinfactaturbulentperiod.2.PoliticalBackground:Themarkingevents:TherestorationofCharlesIIin1660TheGloriousRevolutionin1689ConstantstrifebetweenthemonarchandtheparliamentConstantstrifebetweenbigparties—theToriesandWhigsConstantstrifebetweenrulingclassandthelaboringpoorConstantstrifebetweenreligioussects,suchastheRomanCatholicismandprotestants(churchofEngland)TheeighteenthcenturysawthefastdevelopmentofEnglandasanation3.SocialBackground:TheeighteenthcenturysawthefastdevelopmentofEnglandasanation.Abroad,avastexpansionofBritishcoloniesinNorthAmerica,India,theWestIndies,andacontinuousincreaseofcolonialwealthandtradeprovidedEnglandwithamarketforwhichthesmall-scalehandproductionmethodsofthehomeindustrywerehardlyadequate,towardsthemiddleoftheeighteenthcentury;Englandhadbecomethefirstpowerfulcapitalistcountryintheworld.TheBritishbourgeoisormiddleclassalsogrewrapidly.ItwasthemajorforceoftheRevolutionandwasmainlycomposedofcitypeople.TheBritishbourgeoisormiddleclassbelievedinself–reliance,self–restraintandhardwork.Themarkingevents:IndustrialrevolutionAvastexpansionofBritishcoloniesAcontinuousincreaseofcolonialwealth4.CulturalBackground::(Enlightenment)The18th-centuryEnglandisknownastheAgeofEnlightenmentortheAgeofReason.Definition:TheEnlightenmentMovementwasaprogressiveintellectualmovementwhichflourishedinFrance&sweptthroughthewholeWesternEuropeatthetime.ThemovementwasafurtheranceoftheRenaissanceofthe15th&16thcenturies.(Function)Itspurposewastoenlightenthewholeworldwiththelightofmodemphilosophical&artisticideas.Theenlightenerscelebratedreasonorrationality,equality&science.Theycalledforareferencetoorder,reason&rules&advocateduniversaleducation.FamousamongthegreatenlightenersinEnglandwerethosegreatwriterslikeJohnDryden,Alexanderpope&soon.Inthefieldofliterature,theEnlightenmentMovementbroughtaboutarevivalofinterestintheoldclassicalworks.Thistendencyisknownasneoclassicism.5.Viewpointsonliterature:Accordingtotheneoclassicists:①AllformsofliteratureweretobemodeledaftertheclassicalworksoftheancientGreekandRomanwriters(Homer,Virgil,Horace,Ovid,etc.)②Theybelievedthattheartisticidealsshouldbeorder,logic,restrainedemotionandaccuracy,③Literatureshouldbejudgedintermsofitsservicetohumanity.Thisbeliefledthemtoseekproportion,unity,harmonyandgraceinliteraryexpressions,④Inanefforttodelight,instructandcorrecthumanbeings,primarilyassocialanimals.Thusapoliteurbane,witty,andintellectualartdeveloped.6.Fixedlawsandruleonliterature:Neoclassicistshadsomefixedlawsandrulesforalmosteverygenreofliterature.Proseshouldbeprecise,direct,smoothandflexible.②Poetryshouldbelyrical,epical,didactic,satiricordramatic,andeachclassshouldbeguidedbyitsownprinciples.③DramashouldbewrittenintheHeroicCouplets.7.Theliteratureformsandstreamsduringthisperiod:essay:AlexanderPopeJohnBunyanDanielDefoeRealismnovelJonathanSwiftHenryFieldingSamuelJohnson