越轨社会学 第12版 课件 第3、4章 Constructionist Theories、Physical Violence

DeviantBehaviorTwelfthEditionChapter3ConstructionistTheoriesLearningObjectives3.1:Outlinethesymbolicinteractionsthatoccurwhenapersonislabeleddeviant3.2:Describephenomenologicalapproachestodeviance3.3:Explainhownarrativesimpactourunderstandingofdeviance3.4:RelateconflicttheoriestocrimeIntroductionLabelingTheory(1of6)Objective:OutlinethesymbolicinteractionsthatoccurwhenapersonislabeleddeviantAversionofsymbolicinteractionism;emphasizesimportanceoflabelingTwocentralideasInteractionSymbolicLabelingTheory(2of6)Wholabelswhom?Labelersrepresent

manythingsLabelingTheory(3of6)ConsequencesoflabelingDeviancelabelsproducenegativeconsequencesforthosereceivinglabelTannenbaum:becomingacriminalLabelingTheory(4of6)EdwinLemertmadeexplicitthedistinctionbetweenthesetwoformsofbehaviorPrimarySecondaryLabelingTheory(5of6)ConsequencesforthelabelerEriksonLabelingTheory(6of6)EvaluatinglabelingtheoryHasdrawnalotofcriticismPhenomenologicalTheory(1of4)Objective:DescribephenomenologicalapproachestodevianceDelvesintopeople'ssubjectivityCritiqueofpositivistsPhenomenologicalTheory(2of4)Tophenomenologists,whatdeviancemeansisfundamentallyproblematicThemeaningsthatpositivistsascribetodevianceareabstractinnaturePhenomenologicalTheory(3of4)Useofethnography(appliedphenomenology)HaroldGarfinkelJackKatzPhenomenologicalTheory(4of4)EvaluatingphenomenologicaltheoryPositivistscannotgetattheessenceofdeviantrealityDevianceasDramaandWarrior

NarrativesObjective:ExplainhownarrativesimpactourunderstandingofdevianceDramaturgyandStigmaGoffmanWarriorNarrativesJordanandCowanCriticalTheory(1of9)Modernsocietyispluralistic,diverse,andfullofconflictsSocialconflictCulturalconflictCriticalTheory(2of9)Chambliss:identifiedthedifferencebetweenlawonthebooks&lawinactionQuinney:blamesunjustlawonthecapitalistsystemCriticalTheory(3of9)CriticalTheory(4of9)ConflicttheoryMarxisttheoristsCapitalismCriticalTheory(5of9)CriticaltheoryVictimizationOldercriminologistsstilluse“conflicttheory”ZerotoleranceCriticalTheory(6of9)FeministtheoryAlltheoriesaremeanttoapplytobothsexesWhatdoyouthinkFeministtheoristsbelieve?CriticalTheory(7of9)PowertheoryPowerfularemorelikelytogetinvolvedinprofitabledeviancethanthepowerlessPowercanalsobeanimportantcauseofdevianceCriticalTheory(8of9)PostmodernisttheoryEmergedinphilosophicalmovementinFrancethatquestionedthebasicvaluesofmodernismNewideasCriticalTheory(9of9)EvaluatingcriticalandconflicttheoryCan’texplaincommon-lawcrimesandvicesWronginassumingthatautopian,socialistsocietywouldbefreeofdeviantbehaviorTable3.1ConstructionistTheoriesofDeviance(1of2)LabelingTheory:Relativelypowerfulpersonsaremorelikelytolabelthelesspowerfulasdeviantthanviceversa,andbeinglabeleddeviantbysocietyleadspeopletoseethemselvesasdeviantandliveuptothisself-imagebyengaginginmoredeviancy.PhenomenologicalTheory:Lookingintopeople’ssubjectiveinterpretationoftheirownexperiencesiskeytounderstandingtheirdeviantbehavior.Table3.1ConstructionistTheoriesofDeviance(2of2)ConflictTheory:LegalReality:Lawenforcementfavorstherichandpowerfuloverthepoorandweak.SocialReality:Thedominantclassproducescrimebymakinglaws,enforcinglaws,oppressingsubordinateclasses,andspreadingcrimeideology.Marxist:Devianceandcrimestemfromtheexploitativenatureofcapitalism.Feminist:Conventionaltheoriesofdeviancemightbeinapplicabletowomen,andthestatusofwomenasvictimsandoffendersreflectsthecontinuingsubordinationofwomeninpatriarchalsociety.Usinggenderasalenstostudysocietyrevealsmuchaboutbothmenandwomen,asdoesintegratingclassandraceintoanalyses.Power:Becauseofstrongdeviantmotivation,greaterdeviantopportunity,andweakersocialcontrol,thepowerfularemorelikelytoengageinprofitabledeviancythanarethepowerlesstoengageinrelativelyunprofitabledeviancy.Postmodernist:“Privileged”languageofthepowerfuldominatesthe“marginalized”languageandthusthelivesoftheweakasdeviants.CopyrightDeviantBehaviorTwelfthEditionChapter4PhysicalViolenceLearningObjectives(1of2)4.1:Comparemurderwithformsofassault4.2:Explainthedifferencesinmurderdemographics4.3:Differentiatehomicidepatternsbysocioeconomicclass4.4:Characterizedifferentformsofhomicide4.5:Differentiatebetweenmassandserialmurders4.6:Describethesocialprofileofserialkillers4.7:IdentifysocialinfluencesonhomicidebasedonglobalstatisticsLearningObjectives(2of2)4.8:Evaluatefactorsforcontributiontoschoolviolence4.9:Identifycommoncharacteristicsofstalkers4.10:Summarizethemotivationsofhatekillers4.11:Describethesocialfactorsassociatedwithgenocide4.12:Analyzethemotivationsassociatedwithterrorism4.13:Evaluatepositivisttheoriesonthecausesofhomicide4.14:OutlinereasonswhythedeathpenaltyisnotadeterrenttomurderIntroductionAssaultandAggravatedAssaultObjective:ComparemurderwithformsofassaultAssault:unlawfuluseofphysicalforceagainstanotherpersonAggravatedassaultinvolvesintenttokillortheuseofadeadlyweaponHowdoesassaultdifferfromhomicide?WhoIsMoreLikelytoKill?(1of3)Objective:ExplainthedifferencesinmurderdemographicsClassandraceVariousstudieshaveclearlyindicatedthathomicidesareconcentratedheavilyinthelowerclassWhoIsMoreLikelytoKill?(2of3)Regions,LargeCities,andRuralAreasLargecitieshaveasignificantlyhighermurderratethansmallcities/ruralareasWhoIsMoreLikelytoKill?(3of3)GenderandAgeMorementhanwomenkill,andkillothermenTable4.1HowUrbanandRuralMurderRatesDifferWherePeopleLiveMurderRatein2015(per100,000population)Largecitieswithpopulationof250,000ormore100,000to249,99950,000to99,99910.16.23.7Ruralareas3.6Smallcitieswithpopulationof25,000to49,99910,000to24,999Fewerthan10,0003.42.92.8PatternsofKilling(1of3)Objective:DifferentiatehomicidepatternsbysocioeconomicclassTimeofkillingMostmurdersarecommittedintheheatofpassion;theredoesseemtobesomeconnectionbetweenseasonoftheyearandmurderHigherclassmurdersaremorepremeditated;shownovariationbytimeofyearorweekPatternsofKilling(2of3)PlaceofkillingMenWomenPatternsofKilling(3of3)MethodofkillingResearchoftenshowsthatthereisnothingspecialaboutthemethodsofkillingKillinginothercountriesCharacteristicsofHomicide(1of2)Objective:CharacterizedifferentformsofhomicideWarm-bloodedmurderManypeopleareapparentlyafraidofgettingattackedandkilledbystrangersDoingthevictimafavorCharacteristicsofHomicide(2of2)WinningatrivialargumentMurderisapparentlyaquickandeffectivewayforthepoortowinanargumentovertriflesHomicidefollowedbysuicideHomicide–suicideoffendersfirstkillanotherpersonandthenthemselvesMassandSerialMurderObjective:DifferentiatebetweenmassandserialmurdersMassmurder:killinganumberofpeopleataboutthesametimeandplaceDisgruntledemployeesHeadsoffamilyPseudocommandosSerialmurder:involveskillinganumberofpeopleoneatatimeFigure4.1MostVictimsKnowTheirKillers,WhereWeKnowtheRelationshipTheSocialProfileofSerialKillersObjective:DescribethesocialprofileofserialkillersMythsaboutserialkillersMonstersLady-killerBrilliantGlobalPerspectiveonHomicideObjective:IdentifysocialinfluencesonhomicidebasedonglobalstatisticsDevelopingcountriessuchasthoseinLatinAmerica,Asia,andAfricahavehigherhomicideratesthandodevelopedcountriessuchasthoseinNorthAmericaandWesternEuropeHighesthomiciderateintheworldindevelopedandundevelopedcountriesSchoolViolenceObjective:EvaluatefactorsforcontributiontoschoolviolenceSincethelate1990s,boysasyoungaselevengunneddownclassmatesorteachersinthepublicschoolsMentalillnessStalkingObjective:IdentifycommoncharacteristicsofstalkersStalkingMoststalkersknowtheirvictimsMostcasesaremenstalkingwomenNoracialdifferencesMostcommonformofstalkingHateKillingObjective:Summarizethemotivationsofhatekillers7,000+Americansperyearexperiencehatecrimes Why?MostlikelygrouptobetargetedTypesofkillersGenocide(1of2)Objective:Describethesocialfa