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英语阅读(二)年月真题
0059620234
1、【单选题】Insteadofproducinggoodsorservices-thetraditionaleconomic
model“products"-olderpersonsmaycontributea“product"thathasvalueto
society,suchascaringforchildren,caringforotherolderpersons,caringfor
theoldestold,providingcommunityleadership,mentoringorbeinganeffectiverole
model.Butinspiteoftheirsignificanthumanandeconomic
benefits,suchcontributionshavenotbeenfiguredintoaneconomy'sgross
nationalproduct.Andtheyhavenotbeenappropriatelyvalued.Overthepast
severaldecades,mostindustrializedcountrieshaveexperiencedasubstantialdrop
intheaverageageatwhichindividualsretirefromthelabourmarket.Longerlife
expectancyandbetterhealthhavenotbeenaccompaniedbylongerworkinglives.As
aconsequence,thesecountriesarefacingseriousconcernsabouttheviabilityof
socialsecuritysystems.Akeychallengeforthesecountriesistomitigatethe
effectsofadropintheworkingagepopulationbyincreasingandprolongingthe
participationofolderpeopleinthelabourmarket.Socialprotectionisabasic
componentofdecentwork.Theobjectiveofmostsocialprotectionschemesisto
provideaccesstohealthcareandincomesecurity.ButtodaymorethanhaIfthe
world'spopulationisexcludedfromanytypeofsocialsecurityprotection.In
mostdevelopingcountries,nomorethan20percent-andsometimesasfewas5per
cent-ofolderpersonscanexpecttoreceiveapensionoradequate
healthcare.Peopleworkingintheinformaleconomy,predominantlywomen,arelikely
tohaveverylowornoincomeinoldage.Forolderpersons,themainexpenditure
tendstobeonhealth.Healthcareisanessentialpartofsocialprotectioninany
society,andastheglobalpopulationages,itisessentialthathealthservices
adapttonewdemands.Evenincountrieswherethefamilytakesonthe
responsibilityofcaringforfrailolderpeople,globalpressuresandtrends
suggestthattheelderlywillincreasinglybeforcedtorelyonthemselves,as
youngerpeoplemovefromruraltourbanareasforeconomicreasons.Agrowing
sectorofthepopulationthatwillcertainlyrequirecareistheoldestold,those
80yearsofageorolder.Somehavedevelopedstrategiesforcaringforthemselves
andforeachother,andarethusabletoreceiveandgivecareandsupport,to
remainindependentandtohavecontrolovertheirownlives.Butthepercentageof
theoldestoldisgrowingveryrapidly,andthereisanurgentneed,particularlyin
developingcountries,toexpandcareandsecuritynetworks.AccordingtoParagraph
1,olderpersons______.
serveasrolemodelsfortheirgrandchildrenonly
usuallyuserawmaterialstoproducegoodsforthemarket
A:
B:
makecontributionstoaneconomy'sgrossnationalproduct
havevalueswhichareneglectedbythesocietytosomeextent
C:
答D:案:D
2、【单选题】Insteadofproducinggoodsorservices-thetraditionaleconomic
model“products"-olderpersonsmaycontributea“product"thathasvalueto
society,suchascaringforchildren,caringforotherolderpersons,caringfor
theoldestold,providingcommunityleadership,mentoringorbeinganeffectiverole
model.Butinspiteoftheirsignificanthumanandeconomic
benefits,suchcontributionshavenotbeenfiguredintoaneconomy'sgross
nationalproduct.Andtheyhavenotbeenappropriatelyvalued.Overthepast
severaldecades,mostindustrializedcountrieshaveexperiencedasubstantialdrop
intheaverageageatwhichindividualsretirefromthelabourmarket.Longerlife
expectancyandbetterhealthhavenotbeenaccompaniedbylongerworkinglives.As
aconsequence,thesecountriesarefacingseriousconcernsabouttheviabilityof
socialsecuritysystems.Akeychallengeforthesecountriesistomitigatethe
effectsofadropintheworkingagepopulationbyincreasingandprolongingthe
participationofolderpeopleinthelabourmarket.Socialprotectionisabasic
componentofdecentwork.Theobjectiveofmostsocialprotectionschemesisto
provideaccesstohealthcareandincomesecurity.ButtodaymorethanhaIfthe
world'spopulationisexcludedfromanytypeofsocialsecurityprotection.In
mostdevelopingcountries,nomorethan20percent-andsometimesasfewas5per
cent-ofolderpersonscanexpecttoreceiveapensionoradequate
healthcare.Peopleworkingintheinformaleconomy,predominantlywomen,arelikely
tohaveverylowornoincomeinoldage.Forolderpersons,themainexpenditure
tendstobeonhealth.Healthcareisanessentialpartofsocialprotectioninany
society,andastheglobalpopulationages,itisessentialthathealthservices
adapttonewdemands.Evenincountrieswherethefamilytakesonthe
responsibilityofcaringforfrailolderpeople,globalpressuresandtrends
suggestthattheelderlywillincreasinglybeforcedtorelyonthemselves,as
youngerpeoplemovefromruraltourbanareasforeconomicreasons.Agrowing
sectorofthepopulationthatwillcertainlyrequirecareistheoldestold,those
80yearsofageorolder.Somehavedevelopedstrategiesforcaringforthemselves
andforeachother,andarethusabletoreceiveandgivecareandsupport,to
remainindependentandtohavecontrolovertheirownlives.Butthepercentageof
theoldestoldisgrowingveryrapidly,andthereisanurgentneed,particularlyin
developingcountries,toexpandcareandsecuritynetworks.Whatcanwelearnfrom
Paragraph2?
Longerlifeexpectancymeanslongerworkinglives.
Olderpeoplearewillingtoprolongtheirworkinglives.
A:
B:
Peopleretirefromthelabormarketmuchearlierthantheyusedto.
Olderpeoplehavenochoicebuttoparticipateinthelabormarket.
C:
答D:案:C
3、【单选题】Insteadofproducinggoodsorservices-thetraditionaleconomic
model“products"-olderpersonsmaycontributea“product"thathasvalueto
society,suchascaringforchildren,caringforotherolderpersons,caringfor
theoldestold,providingcommunityleadership,mentoringorbeinganeffectiverole
model.Butinspiteoftheirsignificanthumanandeconomic
benefits,suchcontributionshavenotbeenfiguredintoaneconomy'sgross
nationalproduct.Andtheyhavenotbeenappropriatelyvalued.Overthepast
severaldecades,mostindustrializedcountrieshaveexperiencedasubstantialdrop
intheaverageageatwhichindividualsretirefromthelabourmarket.Longerlife
expectancyandbetterhealthhavenotbeenaccompaniedbylongerworkinglives.As
aconsequence,thesecountriesarefacingseriousconcernsabouttheviabilityof
socialsecuritysystems.Akeychallengeforthesecountriesistomitigatethe
effectsofadropintheworkingagepopulationbyincreasingandprolongingthe
participationofolderpeopleinthelabourmarket.Socialprotectionisabasic
componentofdecentwork.Theobjectiveofmostsocialprotectionschemesisto
provideaccesstohealthcareandincomesecurity.ButtodaymorethanhaIfthe
world'spopulationisexcludedfromanytypeofsocialsecurityprotection.In
mostdevelopingcountries,nomorethan20percent-andsometimesasfewas5per
cent-ofolderpersonscanexpecttoreceiveapensionoradequate
healthcare.Peopleworkingintheinformaleconomy,predominantlywomen,arelikely
tohaveverylowornoincomeinoldage.Forolderpersons,themainexpenditure
tendstobeonhealth.Healthcareisanessentialpartofsocialprotectioninany
society,andastheglobalpopulationages,itisessentialthathealthservices
adapttonewdemands.Evenincountrieswherethefamilytakesonthe
responsibilityofcaringforfrailolderpeople,globalpressuresandtrends
suggestthattheelderlywillincreasinglybeforcedtorelyonthemselves,as
youngerpeoplemovefromruraltourbanareasforeconomicreasons.Agrowing
sectorofthepopulationthatwillcertainlyrequirecareistheoldestold,those
80yearsofageorolder.Somehavedevelopedstrategiesforcaringforthemselves
andforeachother,andarethusabletoreceiveandgivecareandsupport,to
remainindependentandtohavecontrolovertheirownlives.Butthepercentageof
theoldestoldisgrowingveryrapidly,andthereisanurgentneed,particularlyin
developingcountries,toexpandcareandsecuritynetworks.Mostolderpeoplein
developingcountries______.
receiveapension
receiveheathcare
A:
B:
havesteadyincome
havenosocialprotection
C:
答D:案:D
4、【单选题】Insteadofproducinggoodsorservices-thetraditionaleconomic
model“products"-olderpersonsmaycontributea“product"thathasvalueto
society,suchascaringforchildren,caringforotherolderpersons,caringfor
theoldestold,providingcommunityleadership,mentoringorbeinganeffectiverole
model.Butinspiteoftheirsignificanthumanandeconomic
benefits,suchcontributionshavenotbeenfiguredintoaneconomy'sgross
nationalproduct.Andtheyhavenotbeenappropriatelyvalued.Overthepast
severaldecades,mostindustrializedcountrieshaveexperiencedasubstantialdrop
intheaverageageatwhichindividualsretirefromthelabourmarket.Longerlife
expectancyandbetterhealthhavenotbeenaccompaniedbylongerworkinglives.As
aconsequence,thesecountriesarefacingseriousconcernsabouttheviabilityof
socialsecuritysystems.Akeychallengeforthesecountriesistomitigatethe
effectsofadropintheworkingagepopulationbyincreasingandprolongingthe
participationofolderpeopleinthelabourmarket.Socialprotectionisabasic
componentofdecentwork.Theobjectiveofmostsocialprotectionschemesisto
provideaccesstohealthcareandincomesecurity.ButtodaymorethanhaIfthe
world'spopulationisexcludedfromanytypeofsocialsecurityprotection.In
mostdevelopingcountries,nomorethan20percent-andsometimesasfewas5per
cent-ofolderpersonscanexpecttoreceiveapensionoradequate
healthcare.Peopleworkingintheinformaleconomy,predominantlywomen,arelikely
tohaveverylowornoincomeinoldage.Forolderpersons,themainexpenditure
tendstobeonhealth.Healthcareisanessentialpartofsocialprotectioninany
society,andastheglobalpopulationages,itisessentialthathealthservices
adapttonewdemands.Evenincountrieswherethefamilytakesonthe
responsibilityofcaringforfrailolderpeople,globalpressuresandtrends
suggestthattheelderlywillincreasinglybeforcedtorelyonthemselves,as
youngerpeoplemovefromruraltourbanareasforeconomicreasons.Agrowing
sectorofthepopulationthatwillcertainlyrequirecareistheoldestold,those
80yearsofageorolder.Somehavedevelopedstrategiesforcaringforthemselves
andforeachother,andarethusabletoreceiveandgivecareandsupport,to
remainindependentandtohavecontrolovertheirownlives.Butthepercentageof
theoldestoldisgrowingveryrapidly,andthereisanurgentneed,particularlyin
developingcountries,toexpandcareandsecuritynetworks.Wecanlearnfrom
Paragraph5thathealthcare_______.
ensuresincomesecurityoftheelderly
providesprotectionfortheelderlyonly
A:
B:
isthemostimportantpartofsocialprotection
definesthefamily'sdutyofcaringfortheelderly
C:
答D:案:C
5、【单选题】Insteadofproducinggoodsorservices-thetraditionaleconomic
model“products"-olderpersonsmaycontributea“product"thathasvalueto
society,suchascaringforchildren,caringforotherolderpersons,caringfor
theoldestold,providingcommunityleadership,mentoringorbeinganeffectiverole
model.Butinspiteoftheirsignificanthumanandeconomic
benefits,suchcontributionshavenotbeenfiguredintoaneconomy'sgross
nationalproduct.Andtheyhavenotbeenappropriatelyvalued.Overthepast
severaldecades,mostindustrializedcountrieshaveexperiencedasubstantialdrop
intheaverageageatwhichindividualsretirefromthelabourmarket.Longerlife
expectancyandbetterhealthhavenotbeenaccompaniedbylongerworkinglives.As
aconsequence,thesecountriesarefacingseriousconcernsabouttheviabilityof
socialsecuritysystems.Akeychallengeforthesecountriesistomitigatethe
effectsofadropintheworkingagepopulationbyincreasingandprolongingthe
participationofolderpeopleinthelabourmarket.Socialprotectionisabasic
componentofdecentwork.Theobjectiveofmostsocialprotectionschemesisto
provideaccesstohealthcareandincomesecurity.ButtodaymorethanhaIfthe
world'spopulationisexcludedfromanytypeofsocialsecurityprotection.In
mostdevelopingcountries,nomorethan20percent-andsometimesasfewas5per
cent-ofolderpersonscanexpecttoreceiveapensionoradequate
healthcare.Peopleworkingintheinformaleconomy,predominantlywomen,arelikely
tohaveverylowornoincomeinoldage.Forolderpersons,themainexpenditure
tendstobeonhealth.Healthcareisanessentialpartofsocialprotectioninany
society,andastheglobalpopulationages,itisessentialthathealthservices
adapttonewdemands.Evenincountrieswherethefamilytakesonthe
responsibilityofcaringforfrailolderpeople,globalpressuresandtrends
suggestthattheelderlywillincreasinglybeforcedtorelyonthemselves,as
youngerpeoplemovefromruraltourbanareasforeconomicreasons.Agrowing
sectorofthepopulationthatwillcertainlyrequirecareistheoldestold,those
80yearsofageorolder.Somehavedevelopedstrategiesforcaringforthemselves
andforeachother,andarethusabletoreceiveandgivecareandsupport,to
remainindependentandtohavecontrolovertheirownlives.Butthepercentageof
theoldestoldisgrowingveryrapidly,andthereisanurgentneed,particularlyin
developingcountries,toexpandcareandsecuritynetworks.Whatcanbeinferred
fromthelastparagraph?
Mostolderpeoplecantakecareofthemselves.
Itisessentialthatsocialprotectionmeetnewrequirements.
A:
B:
Olderpeoplehavebeenaheavyburdenforthewholesociety.
Itisurgentforyoungerpeopletoprovidefinancefortheelderly.
C:
答D:案:B
6、【单选题】Inlife,onceonapath,wetendtofollowit,forbetteror
worse.What'ssadisthatevenifit'sthelatter,weoftenacceptitanywaybecause
wearesoaccustomedtothewaythingsarethatwedon'tevenrecognizethatthey
couldbedifferent.Thisisaphenomenonpsychologistscallfunctionalfixedness.
Thisclassicexperimentwillgiveyouanideaofhowitworksandasense
ofwhetheryoumayhavefallenintothesametrap:Peoplearegivenaboxof
tacksandsomematchesandaskedtofindawaytoattachacandletoawallso
thatitburnsproperly.Typically,thesubjectstrytackingthecandletothewall
orlightingittoaffixitwithmeltedwax.Thepsychologistshad,of
course,arrangeditsothatneitheroftheseobviousapproacheswouldwork.The
tacksaretooshort,andtheparaffindoesn'tbindtothewall.Sohowcan
youaccomplishthetask?Thesuccessfultechniqueistousethetackboxas
acandle-holder.Youemptyit,tackittothewall,andstandthecandleinsideit.To
thinkofthat,youhavetolookbeyondthebox'susualroleasa_receptacle_just
fortacksandre-imagineitservinganentirelynewpurpose.Thatisdifficult
becauseweallsuffertoonedegreeoranotherfromfunctionalfixedness.The
inabilitytothinkinnewwaysaffectspeopleineverycomerofsociety.The
politicaltheoristHannahArendtcoinedthephrasefrozenthoughtstodescribe
deeplyheldideasthatwenolongerquestionbutshould.InArendt'seyes,the
complacentrelianceonsuchaccepted"truths"alsomadepeopleblindtoideasthat
didn'tfittheirworldview,evenwhentherewasampleevidenceforthem.Frozen
thinkinghasnothingtodowithintelligence,shesaid."Itcanbefoundinhighly
intelligentpeople."Arendtwasparticularlyinterestedintheoriginsofevil,and
sheconsideredcriticalthinkingtobeamoralimperative-initsabsence,asociety
couldgothewayofNaziGermany.Fortunately,psychologistshavefoundthat
anyonecanunfreezehisorherthinking.Oneofthemosteffectivewaysisto
introducealittlediscordtoone'sintellectualinteractions.Whatthisallmeans
isthat,asdifficultasitcansometimesbe,talkingtopeoplewhodisagreewith
youisgoodforyourbrain.Soifyouhateconspiracytheoriesandrunintosomeone
whobelievesthatwefakedthemoonlanding,don'twalkaway.Haveteawithhimor
her.Itcanbroadenyourthinkingincountlessways.InParagraph1,bysaying
"functionaIfixedness"theauthormeansthat________.
wealwaysfollowtheworsepathinlife
itisessentialforustoleadadifferentkindoflife
A:
itisdifficultforustoadapttosomethingdifferent
B:
weseldommakechangestothewaysthatthingsare
C:
D:
答案:D
7、【单选题】Inlife,onceonapath,wetendtofollowit,forbetteror
worse.What'ssadisthatevenifit'sthelatter,weoftenacceptitanywaybecause
wearesoaccustomedtothewaythingsarethatwedon'tevenrecognizethatthey
couldbedifferent.Thisisaphenomenonpsychologistscallfunctionalfixedness.
Thisclassicexperimentwillgiveyouanideaofhowitworksandasense
ofwhetheryoumayhavefallenintothesametrap:Peoplearegivenaboxof
tacksandsomematchesandaskedtofindawaytoattachacandletoawallso
thatitburnsproperly.Typically,thesubjectstrytackingthecandletothewall
orlightingittoaffixitwithmeltedwax.Thepsychologistshad,of
course,arrangeditsothatneitheroftheseobviousapproacheswouldwork.The
tacksaretooshort,andtheparaffindoesn'tbindtothewall.Sohowcan
youaccomplishthetask?Thesuccessfultechniqueistousethetackboxas
acandle-holder.Youemptyit,tackittothewall,andstandthecandleinsideit.To
thinkofthat,youhavetolookbeyondthebox'susualroleasa_receptacle_just
fortacksandre-imagineitservinganentirelynewpurpose.Thatisdifficult
becauseweallsuffertoonedegreeoranotherfromfunctionalfixedness.The
inabilitytothinkinnewwaysaffectspeopleineverycomerofsociety.The
politicaltheoristHannahArendtcoinedthephrasefrozenthoughtstodescribe
deeplyheldideasthatwenolongerquestionbutshould.InArendt'seyes,the
complacentrelianceonsuchaccepted"truths"alsomadepeopleblindtoideasthat
didn'tfittheirworldview,evenwhentherewasampleevidenceforthem.Frozen
thinkinghasnothingtodowithintelligence,shesaid."Itcanbefoundinhighly
intelligentpeople."Arendtwasparticularlyinterestedintheoriginsofevil,and
sheconsideredcriticalthinkingtobeamoralimperative-initsabsence,asociety
couldgothewayofNaziGermany.Fortunately,psychologistshavefoundthat
anyonecanunfreezehisorherthinking.Oneofthemosteffectivewaysisto
introducealittlediscordtoone'sintellectualinteractions.Whatthisallmeans
isthat,asdifficultasitcansometimesbe,talkingtopeoplewhodisagreewith
youisgoodforyourbrain.Soifyouhateconspiracytheoriesandrunintosomeone
whobelievesthatwefakedthemoonlanding,don'twalkaway.Haveteawithhimor
her.Itcanbroadenyourthinkingincountlessways.TheexperimentinParagraph2
tellsusthat_______.
theparaffincanattachthecandletothewall
functionalfixednessleadstothefailureofsomesubjects
A:
psychologistshopethatthesubjectssticktofunctionalfixedness
B:
tackingthecandletothewallistheonlywaytocompletethetask
C:
答D:案:B
8、【单选题】Inlife,onceonapath,wetendtofollowit,forbetteror
worse.What'ssadisthatevenifit'sthelatter,weoftenacceptitanywaybecause
wearesoaccustomedtothewaythingsarethatwedon'tevenrecognizethatthey
couldbedifferent.Thisisaphenomenonpsychologistscallfunctionalfixedness.
Thisclassicexperimentwillgiveyouanideaofhowitworksandasense
ofwhetheryoumayhavefallenintothesametrap:Peoplearegivenaboxof
tacksandsomematchesandaskedtofindawaytoattachacandletoawallso
thatitburnsproperly.Typically,thesubjectstrytackingthecandletothewall
orlightingittoaffixitwithmeltedwax.Thepsychologistshad,of
course,arrangeditsothatneitheroftheseobviousapproacheswouldwork.The
tacksaretooshort,andtheparaffindoesn'tbindtothewall.Sohowcan
youaccomplishthetask?Thesuccessfultechniqueistousethetackboxas
acandle-holder.Youemptyit,tackittothewall,andstandthecandleinsideit.To
thinkofthat,youhavetolookbeyondthebox'susualroleasa_receptacle_just
fortacksandre-imagineitservinganentirelynewpurpose.Thatisdifficult
becauseweallsuffertoonedegreeoranotherfromfunctionalfixedness.The
inabilitytothinkinnewwaysaffectspeopleineverycomerofsociety.The
politicaltheoristHannahArendtcoinedthephrasefrozenthoughtstodescribe
deeplyheldideasthatwenolongerquestionbutshould.InArendt'seyes,the
complacentrelianceonsuchaccepted"truths"alsomadepeopleblindtoideasthat
didn'tfittheirworldview,evenwhentherewasampleevidenceforthem.Frozen
thinkinghasnothingtodowithintelligence,shesaid."Itcanbefoundinhighly
intelligentpeople."Arendtwasparticularlyinterestedintheoriginsofevil,and
sheconsideredcriticalthinkingtobeamoralimperative-initsabsence,asociety
couldgothewayofNaziGermany.Fortunately,psychologistshavefoundthat
anyonecanunfreezehisorherthinking.Oneofthemosteffectivewaysisto
introducealittlediscordtoone'sintellectualinteractions.Whatthisallmeans
isthat,asdifficultasitcansometimesbe,talkingtopeoplewhodisagreewith
youisgoodforyourbrain.Soifyouhateconspiracytheoriesandrunintosomeone
whobelievesthatwefakedthemoonlanding,don'twalkaway.Haveteawithhimor
her.Itcanbroadenyourthinkingincountlessways.InParagraph2,theword
"receptacle"means______.
container
support
A:
stand
B:
omament
C:
答D:案:A
9、【单选题】Inlife,onceonapath,wetendtofollowit,forbetteror
worse.What'ssadisthatevenifit'sthelatter,weoftenacceptitanywaybecause
wearesoaccustomedtothewaythingsarethatwedon'tevenrecognizethatthey
couldbedifferent.Thisisaphenomenonpsychologistscallfunctionalfixedness.
Thisclassicexperimentwillgiveyouanideaofhowitworksandasense
ofwhetheryoumayhavefallenintothesametrap:Peoplearegivenaboxof
tacksandsomematchesandaskedtofindawaytoattachacandletoawallso
thatitburnsproperly.Typically,thesubjectstrytackingthecandletothewall
orlightingittoaffixitwithmeltedwax.Thepsychologistshad,of
course,arrangeditsothatneitheroftheseobviousapproacheswouldwork.The
tacksaretooshort,andtheparaffindoesn'tbindtothewall.Sohowcan
youaccomplishthetask?Thesuccessfultechniqueistousethetackboxas
acandle-holder.Youemptyit,tackittothewall,andstandthecandleinsideit.To
thinkofthat,youhavetolookbeyondthebox'susualroleasa_receptacle_just
fortacksandre-imagineitservinganentirelynewpurpose.Thatisdifficult
becauseweallsuffertoonedegreeoranotherfromfunctionalfixedness.The
inabilitytothinkinnewwaysaffectspeopleineverycomerofsociety.The
politicaltheoristHannahArendtcoinedthephrasefrozenthoughtstodescribe
deeplyheldideasthatwenolongerquestionbutshould.InArendt'seyes,the
complacentrelianceonsuchaccepted"truths"alsomadepeopleblindtoideasthat
didn'tfittheirworldview,evenwhentherewasampleevidenceforthem.Frozen
thinkinghasnothingtodowithintelligence,shesaid."Itcanbefoundinhighly
intelligentpeople."Arendtwasparticularlyinterestedintheoriginsofevil,and
sheconsideredcriticalthinkingtobeamoralimperative-initsabsence,asociety
couldgothewayofNaziGermany.Fortunately,psychologistshavefoundthat
anyonecanunfreezehisorherthinking.Oneofthemosteffectivewaysisto
introducealittlediscordtoone'sintellectualinteractions.Whatthisallmeans
isthat,asdifficultasitcansometimesbe,talkingtopeoplewhodisagreewith
youisgoodforyourbrain.Soifyouhateconspiracytheoriesandrunintosomeone
whobelievesthatwefakedthemoonlanding,don'twalkaway.Haveteawithhimor
her.Itcanbroadenyourthinkingincountlessways.Whatcanwelearnfrom
Paragraph3?
Onecangetridoffrozenthinkingifheiswiseandrational.
Weshouldbecapableofquestioningeveryideainourminds.
A:
Someideasaresodeeplyheldinourmindsthatweneverquestionthem.
B:
Criticalthinkingisquiteoftendevelopedamonghighalyintelligentpeople.
C:
答D:案:C
10、【单选题】Inlife,onceonapath,wetendtofollowit,forbetteror
worse.What'ssadisthatevenifit'sthelatter,weoftenacceptitanywaybecause
wearesoaccustomedtothewaythingsarethatwedon'tevenrecognizethatthey
couldbedifferent.Thisisaphenomenonpsychologistscallfunctionalfixedness.
Thisclassicexperimentwillgiveyouanideaofhowitworksandasense
ofwhetheryoumayhavefallenintothesametrap:Peoplearegivenaboxof
tacksandsomematchesandaskedtofindawaytoattachacandletoawallso
thatitburnsproperly.Typically,thesubjectstrytackingthecandletothewall
orlightingittoaffixitwithmeltedwax.Thepsychologistshad,of
course,arrangeditsothatneitheroftheseobviousapproacheswouldwork.The
tacksaretooshort,andtheparaffindoesn'tbindtothewall.Sohowcan
youaccomplishthetask?Thesuccessfultechniqueistousethetackboxas
acandle-holder.Youemptyit,tackittothewall,andstandthecandleinsideit.To
thinkofthat,youhavetolookbeyondthebox'susualroleasa_receptacle_just
fortacksandre-imagineitservinganentirelynewpurpose.Thatisdifficult
becauseweallsuffertoonedegreeoranotherfromfunctionalfixedness.The
inabilitytothinkinnewwaysaffectspeopleineverycomerofsociety.The
politicaltheoristHannahArendtcoinedthephrasefrozenthoughtstodescribe
deeplyheldideasthatwenolongerquestionbutshould.InArendt'seyes,the
complacentrelianceonsuchaccepted"truths"alsomadepeopleblindtoideasthat
didn'tfittheirworldview,evenwhentherewasampleevidenceforthem.Frozen
thinkinghasnothingtodowithintelligence,shesaid."Itcanbefoundinhighly
intelligentpeople."Arendtwasparticularlyinterestedintheoriginsofevil,and
sheconsideredcriticalthinkingtobeamoralimperative-initsabsence,asociety
couldgothewayofNaziGermany.Fortunately,psychologistshavefoundthat
anyonecanunfreezehisorherthinking.Oneofthemosteffectivewaysisto
introducealittlediscordtoone'sintellectualinteractions.Whatthisallmeans
isthat,asdifficultasitcansometimesbe,talkingtopeoplewhodisagreewith
youisgoodforyourbrain.Soifyouhateconspiracyth
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