晶硅太阳能电池组件背板材料产品技术原材料测试方法及质量问题

Chemicaltreatmentofcrystallinesiliconsolarcellsasamethodofrecoveringpuresiliconfromphotovoltaicmodules

RenewableEnergyPhotovoltaictechnologyisusedworldwidetoprovidereliableandcost-effectiveelectricityforindustrial,commercial,residentialandcommunityapplications.TheaveragelifetimeofPVmodulescanbeexpectedtobemorethan25years.ThedisposalofPVsystemswillbecomeaprobleminviewofthecontinuallyincreasingproductionofPVmodules.Thesecanberecycledforaboutthesamecostastheirdisposal.Photovoltaicmodulesincrystallinesiliconsolarcellsaremadefromthefollowingelements,inorderofmass:glass,aluminiumframe,EVAcopolymertransparenthermetisinglayer,photovoltaiccells,installationbox,Tedlar®protectivefoilandassemblybolts.Fromaneconomicpointofview,takingintoaccountthepriceandsupplylevel,puresilicon,whichcanberecycledfromPVcells,isthemostvaluableconstructionmaterialused.Recoveringpuresiliconfromdamagedorend-of-lifePVmodulescanleadtoeconomicandenvironmentalbenefits.Becauseofthehighqualityrequirementfortherecoveredsilicon,chemicalprocessingisthemostimportantstageoftherecyclingprocess.Thechemicaltreatmentconditionsneedtobepreciselyadjustedinordertoachievetherequiredpurityleveloftherecoveredsilicon.ForPVsystemsbasedoncrystallinesilicon,aseriesofetchingprocesseswascarriedoutasfollows:etchingofelectricconnectors,anti-reflectivecoatingandn-pjunction.Thechemistryofetchingsolutionswasindividuallyadjustedforthedifferentsiliconcelltypes.Effortsweremadetoformulateauniversalcompositionfortheetchingsolution.Theprincipaltaskatthispointwastooptimisetheetchingtemperature,timeandalkaliconcentrationinsuchawaythatonlyasmuchsiliconwasremovedasnecessary.Engineering,institutions,andthepublicinterest:EvaluatingproductqualityintheKenyansolarphotovoltaicsindustry

EnergyPolicySolarsalesinKenyaareamongthehighestpercapitaamongdevelopingcountries.WhilethiscommercialsuccessmakestheKenyamarketagloballeader,productqualityproblemshavebeenapersistentconcern.Inthispaper,wereportperformancetestresultsfromtoforfivebrandsofamorphoussilicon(a-Si)photovoltaic(PV)modulessoldintheKenyamarket.Threeofthefivebrandsperformedwell,buttwoperformedwellbelowtheiradvertisedlevels.Theseresultssupportpreviousworkindicatingthathigh-qualitya-SiPVmodulesareagoodeconomicvalue.Thepresenceofthelowperformingbrands,however,confirmsaneedformarketinstitutionsthatensurethequalityofallproductssoldinthemarket.Priorworkfrom1999indicatedasimilarqualitypatternamongbrands.Thisconfirmsthepersistentnatureoftheproblem,andtheneedforvigilant,long-termapproachestoqualityassuranceforsolarmarketsinKenyaandelsewhere.Followingthereleaseofour/testresultsinKenya,theKenyaBureauofStandardsmovedtoimplementandenforceperformancestandardsforbothamorphousandcrystallinesiliconPVmodules.ThisappearstorepresentapositivesteptowardstheinstitutionalizationofqualityassuranceforproductsintheKenyasolarmarket.ElectricalperformanceresultsfromphysicalstresstestingofcommercialPVmodulestotheIEC61215testsequence

SolarEnergyMaterialsandSolarCellsThispaperpresentsstatisticalanalysisofthebehaviouroftheelectricalperformanceofcommercialcrystallinesiliconphotovoltaic(PV)modulestestedintheSolarTestInstallationoftheEuropeanCommission'sJointResearchCentrefrom1990uptototheIECStandard61215anditsdirectpredecessorCECSpecification503.Astrongcorrelationbetweendifferenttestresultswasnotobserved,indicatingthatthestandardisasetofdifferent,generallyindependentstressfactors.TheresultsconfirmtheappropriatenessofthetestingschemetorevealdifferentmoduledesignproblemsrelatedrathertotheproductionqualitycontrolthanmaterialweaknessincommercialPVmodules.Efficiencymodelforphotovoltaicmodulesanddemonstrationofitsapplicationtoenergyyieldestimation

Anewmethodhasbeenproposed[W.Durisch,K.H.Lam,J.Close,Behaviourofacopperindiumgalliumdiselenidemoduleunderrealoperatingconditions,in:ProceedingsoftheWorldRenewableEnergyCongressVII,PergamonPress,Oxford,Elsevier,Amsterdam,,ISBN0-08-044079-7]forthecalculationoftheannualyieldofphotovoltaic(PV)modulesatselectedsites,usingsite-specificmeteorologicaldata.Theseyieldsareindispensableforcalculatingtheexpectedcostofelectricitygenerationfordifferentmodules,thusallowingthetypeofmoduletobeselectedwiththehighestyield-to-costratioforaspecificinstallationsite.Theefficiencymodeldevelopedandusedforcalculatingtheyieldstakesthreeindependentvariablesintoaccount:celltemperature,solarirradianceandrelativeairmass.Openparametersofthemodelforaselectedmoduleareobtainedfromcurrent/voltage(I/V)characteristics,measuredoutdoorsatPaulScherrerInstitute'stestfacilityunderrealoperatingconditions.Fromthemodel,cellandmoduleefficienciescanbecalculatedunderallrelevantoperatingconditions.Yieldcalculationswereperformedforfivecommercialmodules(BPSolarBP585F,KyoceraLA361K54S,Uni-SolarUPM-US-30,SiemensCISST40andWuerthWS11003)forasunnysiteinJordan(AlQawairah)forwhichreliablemeasuredmeteorologicaldataareavailable.Theserepresentmono-crystalline,poly-crystallineandamorphoussiliconaswellaswithcopper–indium-diselenide,CuInSe2PVmodules.Theannualyieldforthesemoduleswillbepresentedanddiscussed.Experimentalvalidationofcrystallinesiliconsolarcellsrecyclingbythermalandchemicalmethods

Inrecentyears,photovoltaicpowergenerationsystemshavebeengainingunprecedentedattentionasanenvironmentallybeneficialmethodforsolvingtheenergyproblem.Fromtheeconomicpointofviewpuresilicon,whichcanberecoveredfromspentcells,isthemostimportantmaterialowingtoitscostandlimitedsupply.Thearticlepresentsachemicalmethodforrecyclingspentordamagedmodulesandcells,andtheresultsofitsexperimentalvalidation.TherecyclingofPVcellsconsistsoftwomainsteps:theseparationofcellsandtheirrefinement.Cellsarefirstseparatedthermallyorchemically;theseparatedcellsarethenrefined.Duringthisprocesstheantireflection,metalcoatingandp–njunctionlayersareremovedinordertorecoverthesiliconbase,readyforitsnextuse.Thisrefinementstepwasperformedusinganoptimisedchemicalmethod.Siliconwaferswereexaminedwithanenvironmentalscanningelectronmicroscope(ESEM)coupledtoanEDXspectrometer.Thesiliconwaferswereusedforproducingnewsiliconsolarcells,whichwerethenexaminedandcharacterizedwithinternalspectralresponseandcurrent–voltagecharacteristics.Thenewcells,despitethefactthattheyhavenoSiNxantireflectivecoating,haveaverygoodefficiencyof13–15%.TheimpactofsiliconfeedstockonthePVmodulecost

Theimpactoftheuseofnew(solargrade)siliconfeedstockmaterialsonthemanufacturingcostofwafer-basedcrystallinesiliconphotovoltaicmodulesisanalyzedconsideringeffectsofmaterialcost,efficiencyofutilisation,andquality.CalculationsbasedondataprovidedbyEuropeanindustrypartnersarepresentedforabaselinemanufacturingtechnologyandforfouradvancedwafersilicontechnologieswhichmaybereadyforindustrialimplementationinthenearfuture.Iso-costcurvesshowthetechnologyparametercombinationsthatyieldaconstanttotalmodulecostforvaryingfeedstockcost,siliconutilisation,andcellefficiency.Alargevariationoffeedstockcostfordifferentproductionprocesses,fromnearsemiconductorgradeSi(30

€/kg)toupgradedmetallurgicalgradeSi(10

€/kg),changesthecostofcrystallinesiliconmodulesby11%forpresentmoduletechnologiesorby7%foradvancedtechnologies,ifthecellefficiencycanbemaintained.However,thiscostadvantageiscompletelylostifcellefficiencyisreduced,duetoqualitydegradation,byanabsolute1.7%forpresentmoduletechnologyorbyanabsolute1.3%foradvancedtechnologies.Thin-filmmonocrystalline-siliconsolarcellsmadebyaseedlayerapproachonglass-ceramicsubstrates

Solarmodulesmadefromthin-filmcrystalline-siliconlayersofhighqualityonglasssubstratescouldlowerthepriceofphotovoltaicelectricitysubstantially.Onewaytocreatecrystalline-siliconthinfilmsonnon-siliconsubstratesistousetheso-called“seedlayerapproach”,inwhichathincrystalline-siliconseedlayerisfirstcreated,followedbyepitaxialthickeningofthisseedlayer.Inthispaper,wepresentthefirstsolarcellresultsobtainedon10-μm-thickmonocrystalline-silicon(mono-Si)layersobtainedbyaseedlayerapproachontransparentglass-ceramicsubstrates.Theseedlayersweremadeusingimplant-inducedseparationandanodicbonding.TheselayerswerethenepitaxiallythickenedbythermalCVD.Simplesolarcellstructureswithoutintegratedlighttrappingfeaturesshowedefficienciesofupto7.5%.Comparedtopolycrystalline-siliconlayersmadebyaluminum-inducedcrystallizationofamorphoussiliconandthermalCVD,themono-Silayershaveamuchhigherbulkdiffusionlifetime.Wavedglass:Towardsoptimallightdistributiononsolarcellsurfacesforhighefficientmodules

Amethodtoimprovethemoduleefficiencyofsolarcellsbymodifyingthesurfaceoftheglasscoverofthesolarcellsmoduleisproposed.Amodelisbuilttoshowthatabetterefficiencycanbeachievedbyoptimizingthelightdistributiononthecell,whichreducestheshadowlossesandtherebyallowsthefingerspacingtobedecreased,whichinturndecreasesthe(resistive)ohmiclosses.Thismethodisillustratedbyconsideringindustrialcrystallinesiliconsolarcellsasanexample,however,itappliestoallsolarcellsthatarecharacterizedbyametallizationpatternonthesurfaceofthesolarcell.Itisestimatedthatthismethodcanimprovetherelativemoduleefficiencybyabout5%andhalvethefrontsidelosses.Analysisofseriesresistanceofcrystallinesiliconsolarcellwithtwo-layerfrontmetallizationbasedonlight-inducedplating

Improvingthefrontmetallizationqualityofsiliconsolarcellsshouldbeakeytoenhancecellperformance.Inthiswork,weinvestigatedatwo-layermetallizationschemeinvolvinglight-inducedplating(LIP)andtriedtoquantifyitsimpactontheseriesresistanceofthefrontgridmetalsandFFsonfinishedcells.ToestimatetheeffectofLIPprocessingonaprintedandfiredseedlayer,individualcomponentsofseriesresistanceweremeasuredbeforeandafterLIPprocessing.Amongthem,gridresistanceandcontactresistancewerecloselyobservedbecauseoftheirlargecontributiontoseriesresistance.Tooptimizetheplatingontheseedmetalgrid,thegridresistanceofthetwo-layermetalgridstructurewascalculatedasafunctionofcrosssectionareaoftheplatedlayer.ContactresistivityofthegridbeforeandafterLIPprocessingwasanalyzedtounderstandthecontactresistancereduction,aswell.Asaresult,theefficiencyofsolarcellswith80

μmseedmetalgridwidthincreasedby0.3%absolutecomparedwithconventionalsolarcellsof120

μmmetalgridwidth.Thetotalareaofelectrodesinconventionalcellswas1800

mm2andelectrodesareaofLIPprocessedsolarcellswas1400

mm2.Theefficiencygainwasduetoreductionofshadowinglossfrom7.7%to6.0%withouttheincreaseofresistanceduetotwo-layerfrontmetallization.Simulationofhetero-junctionsiliconsolarcellswithAMPS-1D

Mono-andpoly-crystallinesiliconsolarcellmodulescurrentlyrepresentbetween80%and90%ofthePVworldmarket.Thereasonsarethestability,robustnessandreliabilityofthiskindofsolarcellsascomparedtothoseofemergingtechnologies.Then,inthemid-term,siliconsolarcellswillcontinueplayinganimportantrolefortheirmassiveterrestrialapplication.Oneimportantapproachisthedevelopmentofsiliconsolarcellsprocessedatlowtemperatures(lessthan300

°C)bydepositingamorphoussiliconlayerswiththepurposeofpassivatingthesiliconsurface,andavoidingthedegradationsufferedbysiliconwhenprocessedattemperaturesabove800

°C.ThiskindofsolarcellsisknownasHITcells(hetero-junctionwithanintrinsicthinamorphouslayer)andarealreadyproducedcommercially(SanyoLtd.),reachingefficienciesabove20%.Inthiswork,HITsolarcellsaresimulatedbymeansofAMPS-1D,whichisaprogramdevelopedatPennsylvaniaState太阳能硅电池旳软件仿真设计与制造MappingtheperformanceofPVmodules,effectsofmoduletypeanddataaveraging

记录实验与数据收集解决：太阳能发电电池背板组件模块旳效用与背板材料开发方向选用SolarEnergyAmethodispresentedforestimatingtheenergyyieldofphotovoltaic(PV)modulesatarbitrarylocationsinalargegeographicalarea.ThemethodappliesamathematicalmodelfortheenergyperformanceofPVmodulesasafunctionofin-planeirradianceandmoduletemperatureandcombinesthiswithsolarirradiationestimatesfromsatellitedataandambienttemperaturevaluesfromgroundstationmeasurements.ThemethodisappliedtothreedifferentPVtechnologies:crystallinesilicon,CuInSe2andCdTebasedthin-filmtechnologyinordertomaptheirperformanceinfixedinstallationsacrossmostofEuropeandtoidentifyandquantifyregionalperformancefactors.ItisfoundthatthereisacleartechnologydependenceofthegeographicalvariationinPVperformance.Itisalsoshownthatusinglong-termaveragevaluesofirradianceandtemperatureleadstoasystematicpositivebiasintheresultsofupto3%.Itissuggestedtousejointprobabilitydensityfunctionsoftemperatureandirradiancetoovercomethisbias.Outdoorperformanceevaluationofphotovoltaicmodulesusingcontourplots

户外太阳能电池背板发电效果/转化率评估评价CurrentAppliedPhysicsTheimpactofenvironmentalparametersondifferenttypesofSi-basedphotovoltaic(PV)modules(singlecrystallineSi(sc-Si),amorphousSi(a-Si)anda-Si/microcrystallineSi(μc-Si))whichhavedifferentspectralresponseswerecharacterizedusingcontourplots.ThecontourplotsofPVperformanceasafunctionofmoduletemperatureandspectralirradiancedistributionwerecreatedtoseparatetheimpactofthetwoenvironmentalparameters.Theperformanceofthesc-SiPVmodulewasdominatedbythemoduletemperaturewhilethoseofa-Sianda-Si/μc-Sionesweremainlyinfluencedbythespectralirradiancedistribution.Furthermore,thefrequencyofoutdoorconditionsandthereliabilityofthecontourplotsofthePVperformancewerediscussedfortheevaluationofPVmodulesbymeansofenergyproduction.最新应用物理学学报Solarphotovoltaicchargingoflithium-ionbatteries

太阳能——锂电池充电器PowerSourcesSolarphotovoltaic(PV)chargingofbatterieswastestedbyusinghighefficiencycrystallineandamorphoussiliconPVmodulestorechargelithium-ionbatterymodules.ThistestingwasperformedasaproofofconceptforsolarPVchargingofbatteriesforelectricallypoweredvehicles.Theironphosphatetypelithium-ionbatteriesweresafelychargedtotheirmaximumcapacityandthethermalhazardsassociatedwithoverchargingwereavoidedbytheself-regulatingdesignofthesolarchargingsystem.Thesolarenergytobatterychargeconversionefficiencyreached14.5%,includingaPVsystemefficiencyofnearly15%,andabatterychargingefficiencyofapproximately100%.ThishighsystemefficiencywasachievedbydirectlychargingthebatteryfromthePVsystemwithnointerveningelectronics,andmatchingthePVmaximumpowerpointvoltagetothebatterychargingvoltageatthedesiredmaximumstateofchargeforthebattery.Itisenvisionedthatindividualhomeownerscouldchargeelectricandextended-rangeelectricvehiclesfromresidential,roof-mountedsolararrays,andthuspowertheirdailycommutingwithclean,renewablesolarenergy.SelectiveablationwithUVlasersofa-Si:Hthinfilmsolarcellsindirectscribingconfiguration

材料配比方案与实验选择配备措施AppliedSurfaceScience应用表面材料科学学报Monolithicalseriesconnectionofsiliconthin-filmsolarcellsmodulesperformedbylaserscribingplaysaveryimportantroleintheentireproductionofthesedevices.Inthecurrentlaserprocessinterconnectionthetwolaststepsaredevelopedforaconfigurationofmoduleswheretheglassisessentialastransparentsubstrate.Inaddition,thechangeofwavelengthintheemployedlasersourcesissometimesenforcedduetothenatureofthedifferentmaterialsofthemultilayerstructurewhichmakeupthedevice.Theaimofthisworkistocharacterizethelaserpatterninginvolvedinthemonolithicinterconnectionprocessinadifferentconfigurationofprocessingthantheusuallyperformedwithvisiblelasersources.Tocarryoutthisstudy,weusenanosecondandpicosecondlasersourcesworkingat355

nmofwavelengthinordertoachievetheselectiveablationofthematerialfromthefilmside.ToassessthisselectiveremovalofmaterialhasbeenusedEDX(EnergyDispersiveUsingX-Ray)analysis,electricalmeasurementsandconfocalprofiles.Inordertoevaluatethedamageinthesiliconlayer,Ramanspectroscopyhasbeenusedforthelastlaserprocessstep.Ramanspectragivesinformationabouttheheataffectedzoneintheamorphoussiliconstructurethroughthecrystallinefractioncalculation.Theuseofultrafastsources,suchaspicosecondslasers,coupledwithUVwavelengthgivesthepossibilitytoconsidermaterialsandsubstratesdifferentthancurrentlyused,makingtheprocessmoreefficientandeasytoimplementinproductionlines.ThisapproachwithUVlasersourcesworkingfromthefilmsideoffersnorestrictioninthechoiceofmaterialswhichmakeupthedevicesandthepossibilitytooptforopaquesubstrates.Keywords:laserscribing;selectiveablation;a-Si:H.Useofdigitalimagecorrelationtechniquetodeterminethermomechanicaldeformationsinphotovoltaiclaminates:Measurementsandaccuracy

数字化图像匹配技术在太阳能材料评估实验中旳应用：决策精确性旳提高SolarEnergyMaterialsandSolarCells太阳能材料与电磁学报AnexperimentaltechniquetomeasurethedeformationofsolarcellsintransparentPVmodulesispresented.Thismethodusesthedigitalimagecorrelationtechniquewithastereocamerasystem.Deformationsresultingfromthermalloading,whererathersmalldeformationsoccurcomparedtotensileorbendingexperiments,aremeasuredbyviewingthroughthewindowofaclimatechamber.Weapplythismethodtomeasurethethermomechanicaldeformationofthegapbetweentwocrystallinesiliconsolarcellsbyviewingthroughthetransparentbacksheetofthelaminate.TwoPVlaminatesareprepared,eachwiththreec