ThegeographyandhistoryofCanada加拿大地理及历史简介省公开课一等奖全国示

CanadaBy唐思琪&佟艺&孙佳慧&田宝雨

----GeographyandHistory1/66THEOUTLINE—Geography—History唐思琪2/661.LocationandSizeTotalarea:9,984,670㎞²,nearly10millionsquarekilometers(almostasbigasthewholeofEurope),thesecondlargestcountryintheworld(afterRussia)Administrativezones:tenprovinces,threeterritoriesEasttoNorthAtlanticOcean,westtoNorthPacificOcean,northtoArcticOcean,southtothecontinentalU.S;Spanningmorethan4,634kilometersfromnorthtosouthandalmost5,514kilometersfromeasttowest.3/662.GeographicRegionsFivegeographicregions:1）TheAtlanticRegion2）TheCentralRegion3）ThePrairieRegion4）ThePacificRegion5）TheNorthernRegion4/66TheLakesinCanadaCanadahasnumerouslakeswhichcover7.6%ofitslandmass.Amongthem,theGreatLakesontheborderbetweenCanadaandtheU.Sarethelargestgroupofthefreshwaterslakesintheworld.CanadashareswiththeU.SNiagaraFalls,oneofthemostspectacularnaturalwondersontheNorthAmericancontinent.5/66TheForestsandmountainsinCanadaCanadaisabundantinforestresources.Infact,approximately39%ofthecountryiscoveredwithforest.Westward,towardthePacificOcean,theareaiscoveredbymountainrangesfromnorthtosouthincludingtheRockeyMountains.Thecountry’shighestpeakisMountLogan(洛根山)locatedinthesouthwesternpartoftheYukonTerritoryat5,959meters.6/667/66Continentalclimate(大陆性气候)andPolarclimate(极地气候)aretwomajorclimatesinCanada.Thecountry’svastterritoryanduniquetopography(地形)resultinaclimatewithwideregionalvariations.ThepacificRegion,influencedbythewarmoceancurrentsandmoistwinds,hasrelativelymoderateclimate.Mildsummersandwinters,highhumidityandabundantrainfallareallcharacteristicsofthisregion.IntheAtlanticRegion,theclimateismarkedbyacoldwinter,hotsummerandsparseprecipitation(降水量).Canadiansenjoyfourverydistinctseasons,particularlyinthemorepopulatedregionsalongthesouthernborder.However,theaveragetemperatureisbelowfreezingforsevenmonthsayearalongtheArcticCircle.3.Climate8/66Canadiansenjoyfourverydistinctseasonsandeachseasonhasitsowncharacteristics.Fallisthemostbeautifulseasonofall,themapletreesarethemostshinningsceneryinthewholecountry.9/664.Major

CitiesCanada’scapitalanditsmajorcitiesaresituatedinthesouth,nearitsborderwiththeUnitedStates.10/66OttawaOttawaisthecapitalcityandthefourthlargestcityofCanada,locatedintheprovince

ofOntario(安大略省).Area:4,662squarekilometersPopulation:1.23million11/66Ottawa—“theCityofTulip”

(郁金香城)Ottawa—“theCapitalofIce”(冰雪之都)12/66TorontoTorontoisthelargestcityinCanadaandtheprovincialcapitalofOntario.TorontoalsohasthedistinctionofbeingCanada’sfinancialcapital.Area:630squarekilometersPopulation:2.5million13/66TorontoTorontoisoneofthemostmulticulturalcitiesintheworld.About2.5millionpeoplefrom80differentethnicbackgroundscallTorontotheirhome.In,peopleofEuropeanethnicitiesformedthelargestclusterofethnicgroupsinToronto,52.6%,mostlyofBritish,Irish,Italian,andFrenchorigins.ThefivelargestvisibleminoritygroupsinTorontoareSouthAsian(12.0%),Chinese(11.4%),Black(8.4%),Filipino(4.1%)andLatinAmerican(2.6%).ThisdiversityisreflectedinToronto'sethnicneighborhoods,whichincludeChinatown,Greektown,Koreatown,LittleIndia,LittleItalyandsoon.14/66

MontrealisthesecondlargestcityinCanadaandthelargestcityofQuebec.Montrealheldthe21stOlympicsGamesin1976.ItisthesecondlargestFrench-speakingcityintheworldafterParis.Area:365.13squarekilometersPopulation:1.62millionMontreal15/66Quebec

CityQuebecCityisthecapitalandthesecondlargestcityoftheprovinceofQuebec.ItisthesecondoldestexistingEuropeansettlementinCanada.Accordingtoacensus,therewerealmost530,000residentsinhabitingQuebecCity,withadominantwhitepopulation,chieflyofFrench,Italian,BritishandIrishorigins.16/66VancouverVancouverisacityintheprovinceofBritishColumbia.ItisthelargestmetropolitancenterinwesternCanadaandthethirdlargestinthecountry.Area:114squarekilometersPopulation:580,00017/66Vancouverisinternationallyrenownedforitsscenicsettinganditconsistentlyranksamongthetopfiveoftheworldwiderankingsforqualityoflife.IthasoneofNorthAmerica’slargesturbanparks,StanleyPark(斯坦利公园).StanleyParkinVancouver18/66Chinatown

in

VancouverChinesearebyfarthelargestethnicminoritygroupinVancouver.VancouverhasthesecondlargestChinatowninNorthAmericaafterSanFrancisco.19/66History20/66History1.Discovery

and

Exploration2.EuropeanSettlement3.BritishCanada21/66DiscoveryandExplorationArelativelyyoungcountryCompositionofpopulationTheoriginofthename"Canada"IndianInuit22/6623/66DiscoveryandExplorationBritain

JohnCabot24/66

HesailedwestfromBristol(布里斯托尔)，Britain，searchingforanewroutetoAsia.HediscoveredtheeasternshoresofCanada,“Newfoundland”.(CodfishinginNewfoundland)25/6626/6627/66FranceJacquesCartierHealsoattemptedtofindnewroutestotheOrient.InsteadhereachedtheSt.LawrenceRiver(todaythesiteofMontreal).28/6629/66TheresultsofthediscoveriesTheexplorersdiscoveredatreasuredplaceofvaluablenaturalresources.FishingtradingbetweenEuropeanfishingfleetsandlocalIndiansbegantodevelop.(thewatersaroundNewfoundland)Canadianfurtrade,laterfurmonopoly(垄断)，begantotakeshape.30/66EuropeanSettlementIn1583,BritainclaimedSt.John's,Newfoundland,asthefirstNorthAmericanEnglishcolony.FrenchexplorerestablishedthefirstpermanentEuropeansettlementsatPortRoyalin1605andQuebecCityin1608.31/66Throughthe17thcentury,Frenchextendedcolonieswidely.(St.LawrenceRiver→theGreatLakes→theGreatPlainsandtheMississippiValley.)Later,EnglishcoloniesgrewrapidlyalongtheAtlanticseaboard.32/66BritainandFrancesoonbecamerivalsinthegradualconquestofthecolonies.33/66Afterthedecisivestruggle--SevenYears`War(1756～1763)takingplace,thewholeCanadacameunderBritishcontrol.34/6635/66BritishCanadaQuebecActConstitutionalAct36/66QuebecAct(魁北克法案,1774)Thereasonofpassingtheact:TodealwiththeFrenchpopulationandtoavertconflictinQuebec.Influences:TheactguaranteedtheFrenchprotectionoftheirlanguage,religion,andtheuseofFrenchcivillawandBritishcriminallaw.

37/66ItwasanimportantattempttodealwiththedifferencesbetweentheFrenchandBritishpeople.Unitethemintoonecountry.38/66DividedQuebec

ConstitutionalAct(宪法法案，1791)Reason:AmericanWarofIndependence→AmericanrefugeeswhoremainedloyaltotheBritain,reuiredtobetreateddifferently.39/66Influences:LowerCanada(French-speakingQuebec).UpperCanada(English-speakingOntario)

Canada40/66EconomicandreligiousdiscontentbetweentheBritishandFrenchcommunities,revoltsbrokeoutin1837.

Aftertherebellionswereputdownin1841,UpperandLowerCanadaunitedastheBritishcolony,theProvinceofCanada.41/66CanadianNationSelf-governingdominionWelfarePopulationEconomicPolitics

孙佳慧42/66Self-governing

dominion

BritishNorthAmericaAct

（《英属北美法》）theConstitutionAct

StatuteofWestminster《威斯敏斯特法案》anequalpartnerofBritainamemberoftheCommonwealthofNations

1867193143/66Welfare44/66Welfare

Thefederalgovernment’spowerincreasedsincethe1950stoitshistoricalheight.Withtaxingandspendingpowersgainedfromtheprovinces,theLiberalgovernmentledbyMackenzieKinglaidthefoundationsofthecanadianwelfarestate.Oldagepensionswereincreased,unemploymentinsurancewasexpandedandfederal-provincialwelfareprogramsgrewrapidly.In1949,NewfoundlandwasincorporatedintoCanadaasthetenthprovince.45/66Welfare

OldAgeSecurityPension联邦养老金CanadaRetirementPlan中央退休金计划GuranteedIncomeSupplement收入津贴Spouse’sAllowance配偶津贴WidowedSpouse’sAllowance孤寡津贴EmploymentInsurance失业金ChildTaxBenefit牛奶金ChildcareSubsidy托儿补助金46/6647/66PopulationTime

:1946~1961Number:12~18millionReason:thepostwarbabyboomandimmigration(mostlyfromEurope)Morethan70%peopleliveintownsandctitiesIn1961,Canadabecameoneoftheworld’smosturbanizednations.48/66ChangesTelevisionMasscommunicationMassmerchandisingSuburbanizationSocialandculturalmobilityFemaleparticipation49/66Economic﹡AfterWorldWarⅠ,ecnomicadvancedsignificantly﹡AfterWorldWarⅡ,tremendousdevelopmentinindustryandagriculture,thefourthlargestindustrialnation﹡OPECcutbackoilproductionin1973and1974Profitedfromtheoil-priceincrease50/6651/6652/66EconomicStagnationpersistedthroughthe1970sInflationcontinuedtosoarChronicunemploymentrosetodouble-difitsTaxe