药学专业英语视听教程 课件全 lecture 1-4 Physiology and Pathology-Pharmacology

LectureOnePhysiologyandPathologyendocrinehomeostasisparabiosisdepolarizationpancreasthrombusruptureatherosclerosisglucagonendothelialitmakesenzymesforthedigestionoffats,carbohydratesandproteinsthataresecretedintothelumenoftheduodenumitproducesglucagonfromalphacellsandamylinandinsulinfrombetacells,whichallgetsecretedintothebloodGLUT2transportersmetabolizedtoproduceATPATPsensitivepotassiumchannelsinthemembraneandclosethemdepolarizationsincethepotentialforpotassiumtoleavehasdecreasedacorrespondingnumberofcalciumvoltage-gatedchannelstoopenpre-synthesizedvesiclescontaininginsulinandamylinenterthebloodGLUT2exocytosis中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversitybindtoinsulinreceptorslocatedonmuscleandfatcellstranslocationoftheglucosetransporterGLUT4intothecellmembraneglucosetoleavethebloodtoenterthemuscleandfatcellsfatstoredasglycogenorbeutilizedtomakeATP中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversitystemorganismspermsubcellular中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversitymitochondrianutrientsembryonic中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversitycontractbonemarrow中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity

Vocabularymedication[ˌmedɪˈkeɪʃn]药物anemia[əˈnimiə]贫血osteoporosis[ˌɒstiəʊpəˈrəʊsɪs]骨质疏松症fracture[ˈfræktʃə(r)]骨折GERD:gastroesophageal[gæstrəʊiˈsɒfədʒɪəl]refluxdisease胃食管返流病asthma[ˈæsmə]哮喘gravity[ˈɡrævəti]重力sphincter[ˈsfɪŋktə(r)]括约肌nicotine[ˈnɪkətiːn]尼古丁中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversityTrueorFalse1.Heartburnisamedicalconditionrelatedtotheheart.2.Medicationistheonlywaytostopheartburn.3.Medicationsforheartburncanbetakenforlongperiodwithoutanyadversereactions(不良反应).4.Chewingbeforeswallowingisagoodeatinghabit.5.Whatisportionsize?Trytogetsomecluesfromthepicture.中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversityServingSizeversusPortionSize（食物份量)（食物分量)中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity1.Isstickingtomedicationsalwaysagoodwaytodealwithheartburn?Andwhy?No.Medicationscouldbeprettyharmfultopeople.Thesemedicineswork,buttheyareonlysupposedtobetakenforashortperiodoftime.Patientsthatoverusethesemedicationshaveahigherincidenceofanemia,osteoporosis,andhipfractures.中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity2.AccordingtoDoctorJorgeRodriguez,whatwillcauseGERD?FoodingestionAcidproductionAcidrefluxfromstomachtoesophagusburningsensationirritationtorespiratorytractandtriggeringofasthmapre-cancersorcanceroftheesophagus3.WhatwillbetheconsequencesofGERD?中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity4.Whatarethepossiblewaystostopheartburn?Don’tgotobedorliedownrightafteryoueat;PropthebedPortionsizeChewthefoodbeforeswallowingLoosenyourbeltandsitupstraightTakeyourtimetoeatDon’tgethunchedover(弯腰驼背)Nolate-nighteatingCutdownthestressReducetheconsumptionofalcoholandnicotine…中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity

Vocabularyrejuvenate[rɪˈdʒuːvəneɪt]使年轻，使更有活力cognition[kɒɡˈnɪʃn]认知neurodegenerativedisease神经退行性疾病neuropathologist神经病理学家Alzheimer’sdisease[ˈæltshaɪməzdɪziːz]阿尔茨海默病dementia[dɪˈmenʃə]痴呆susceptibility[səˌseptəˈbɪləti]（疾病）易感性bioinformatics[ˌbaɪəʊˌɪnfəˈmætɪks]生物信息学chronological[ˌkrɒnəˈlɒdʒɪkl]按时间顺序的，按时间计算的inflammation[ˌɪnfləˈmeɪʃn]炎症中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity1.Whatcanwelearnfromtheverybeginningofthespeechwhenthespeakertalksaboutthepaintingfromthe16thcentury—theFountainofYouth?Everyculture,everycivilizationhasdreamedoffindingeternalyouth.ThereseemstobeaFountainofYouthformice.

----oldmusclefromamousecanberejuvenated,

ifit’sexposedtoyoungbloodthrougha

commoncirculation;----similarrejuvenatingeffectscouldbeobserved

inthepancreas,theliverandtheheart;----anoldmouseexposedtoayoungblood

showsayoungerbrain,andabrainthat

functionsbetter中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity2.Whatchangesoccurwhenpeoplegetolder?Cognitiveabilitiesaredeclining.Thesynapsesstarttodeteriorate,neuronsdieandthebrainstartstoshrink.Thesusceptibilityfortheseneurodegenerativediseasesincreases.中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity3.Howwastheexperimentabouttheanalysisofbloodsamplesfromhealthyhumanbeingswiththeageof20–89conducted?Whatwasrevealedfromtheexperiment?Almost300bloodsamplesfromhealthyhumanbeingswerecollectedandover100ofcommunicationfactorsweremeasured.

Abouthalfofthesefactorschangedsignificantlybetweentheyoungestandtheoldestgroup.

Thereisagoodcorrelationbetweenthechronologicalageandthebiologicalagepreidctedfromthesefactors.

Thereareoutliersthatarefarfromthecorrelationcurve.中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity1.Whatdidtheresearchersfindoutintheexperimentusingthemodelofparabiosis?Andwhatarethereasonsfortheseresults?Therearemoreneuralstemcellsthatmakenewneuronsintheseoldbrains.Therearemoregenesexpressedthatareknowntobeinvolvedintheformationofnewmemories.Thereislessbadinflammation.Itmustbethesolublefactorsintheblood—plasma—thatcausedthesechanges.中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity2.Whatdidtheresearchersdototestthememoryofoldmice?Andwhatdidtheresultsreveal?Abigtableisdesignedtohavelotsofholesinit,butonlyoneofholesisconnectedwithatubemountedunderneath.Micecanbetrainedtofindthissingleholesincetheywanttoescapefromthebrightlight.Thetimeittakesforthemousetofindthiswholeisameasurementofmemory.中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversityTheoldmousetreatedwithyounghumanplasmashowedabettermemory.Younghumanplasmaalsocontainssomethingthatcanrejuvenateoldbrain.Youngbloodfactorscanreverseaging.

Old-bloodfactorscanaccelerateaging.中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity3.Whatdoyouthinkofagereversal?Pleasemakeabriefcomment.MaybetheFountainofYouthisactuallywithinus.Ifthesefactorscouldbeidentified,wecouldchemicallysynthesizethemandusethemtotreatdiseasesofaging,suchasAlzheimer’sdisease.Toimprovethequalityoflifefortheelderly.Toincreaselifeexpectancyofhumans.中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversityAssignments:PartITask3InterpretationPartIITask3HomeostasisPartIIITask1PathogenesisofAtherosclerosis中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversityLectureTwoMicrobiology中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversitymacrophagecytokineepidemicconjugationchromosome中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity

colony

phageproteaseplaceboallergy中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversitybeingsmallestinsizeaffectingneworganismsviruseshavetoinvadebodycellformultiplicationbeingunabletosurviveoutsidethehostforlong中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversitydon’tcauseanydiseasedigestionyouhaveweakimmunitymostlysimpleandcomplaintssubsidebythemselvesareonlyeffectiveagainstbacterialinfectionwashingyourhands,coveringyourmouthwithtissuepaperorclothwheneveryoucoughorsneezetakingpropercareoflittlewoundsbydisinfectingthemVaccine中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversityprogenychromosomes,genomesself-transmissiblehorizontal中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversitycomplementaryextracellularCompetencygeneticrecombination中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity

Vocabularyspore[spɔː(r)]孢子germinate[ˈdʒɜːmɪneɪt]萌芽，开始生长incubator[ˈɪŋkjubeɪtə(r)]（细菌）培养箱allergic[əˈlɜːdʒɪk]过敏的species[ˈspiːʃiːz]种genus[ˈdʒiːnəs]属rash[ræʃ]皮疹中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity1.WhatdidFlemingfindwhenhereturnedtothelabaftervacation?HefoundaPetridishwascontaminatedbyacolonyofmoldandnobacteriagrewinthezonesurroundingthiscolonyofmold.Fleminghypothesizedthatthemoldwassecretingsomekindofcompoundthatcouldkillthebacteria.PenicilliumcolonyStaphylococciundergoinglysisNormalStaphylococcalcolony中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity2.Howdoespenicillindestroybacteria?Penicillindisruptsthesynthesisofthecellwallandpreventsitfrombeingreconstructedatacriticalphase.Meanwhile,penicillinstimulatesthe

releaseofhighlyreactivemolecules

thatcauseadditionaldamage.Thetwomechanismsworktogethertomakethecell’sstructurebreak

downcompletely.中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversityBecausemethodsfortheisolationandmassiveproductionofpenicillinhadn’tbeensuccessfullydeveloped.3.WhydidpenicillinremainalaboratorycuriositymanyyearsafterFleming’sdiscovery?4.Whydomanypeoplehavethemisperceptionthattheyareallergictopenicillin?Manypatientsmistakenlyattributethedevelopmentofrashafterpenicillintreatmenttoallergy.Actually,themorelikelyculpritistheoriginalinfection,orareactionbetweentheinfectionandtheantibiotic.Genuinepenicillinallergiesrarelyoccur.中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity

Vocabularyemergencyuseauthorization紧急使用授权（atoolthattheFDAcanusetomakeaproductavailableduringapandemicwithoutfullevidenceofsafetyandeffectiveness）Paxlovid帕克洛维nirmatrelvir奈玛特韦ritonavir利托那韦remdesivir瑞德西韦hospitaladmission[ˈhɒspɪtlədˈmɪʃn]入院、住院tolerate[ˈtɒləreɪt]（对药物）耐受antiarrhythmic[‘,æntɪə’rɪðmɪk]抗心律失常药antipsychotic[æntɪsaɪkɒtɪk]抗精神病药中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity1.ForthepurposeofdealingwithCOVID-19,whatdoyouthinkaretheadvantagesoforaldrugsovervaccines?EasyandconvenientstorageandtransportationSelf-administeredandpain-free

Thesimplest,mostconvenient,andsafestmeansofdrugadministration

Providetreatmentoptionwhenvaccinesfailtopreventtheinfection中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity2.DoyouknowotherdrugcombinationsthatcanproducesynergisticeffectasinthecaseofPaxlovid?PaxlovidNirmatrelvir:apotentproteaseinhibitortargetingaproteasethatcutsproteinsneededbySARS-CoV-2forviralreplicationRitonavir:apotentinhibitorofP450thatisinvolvedinthemetabolismofnirmatrelvir中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversityAssignment:searchforthesynergisticmechanismoflevodopaandcarbidopacombinationforthetreatmentofParkinson'sdiseaseLevodopaisaprodrugofdopamine;Levodopaisabletocrosstheblood-brainbarrierandthenmetabolisedbydecarboxylasetodopamine;Carbidopaisadecarboxylaseinhibitorlikethatpreventslevodopametabolismuntilafterithascrossedtheblood-brainbarrier.中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity3.WhatarethemajorclinicalbenefitsofPaxlovidaccordingtotheinterimdataofphase2andphase3studies?PatientswhotookPaxlovidwithinthreedaysofCOVIDsymptomshadan89%lowerriskofhospitaladmissionordeathwhencomparedtoaplacebogroup;Patientstreatedwithinfivedaysofsymptomonsethadsimilarreductionsintheriskofhospitaladmissionordeath;SimilarratesofadverseeventswerereportedforPaxlovid

andplacebogroups,indicatingthatthetreatmentwaswelltolerated;PatientswhoreceivedPaxlovidhadasignificantlylowerrateofseriousadverseevents.中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity

Vocabularyedge（微弱的）优势staphylococcusaureus[ˌstæfɪləˈkɒkəs][ˈɔːrɪəs]金黄色葡萄球菌MRSA(methicillin-resistantstaphylococcusaureus)耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌salmonella[sælmənelə]沙门氏菌

E.coli[ˌiːˈkəʊlaɪ]大肠杆菌pneumonia[njuːˈməʊniə]肺炎

sepsis[ˈsepsɪs]脓毒症β-lactamantibiotics[ˈlæktæm]β-内酰胺类抗生素oxacillin[ˌɒksəˈsɪlɪn]苯唑西林

quinolone[ˈkwɪnəˌləʊn]喹诺酮类抗生素中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversityTrueorFalse1.Therearemoremicrobialcellsinaperson'sbodythanhumancells.2.Mostofthehugenumberofbacterialcellsinsideyoucancauseharmfulinfections.3.Allantibioticsareproducedfromnaturalsourceslikemold.4.Antibioticscankillorinhibitthegrowthofbacteria,andtheyarealsoharmfultohumancells.5.Someantibioticsstopworkingbecausetherearesomeproblemswiththeseantibioticsthemselves.6.Abacteriumoftenundergoesmutationsandmanyofthese

mutationsaremeaningful,forexample,makingitresistanttoacertainantibiotic.7.Reproductionistheonlywaytopasstheresistantgene.中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity1.Howdobacteriabecomeresistantandhowdotheypasstheresistantgenes?----vertical(reproduction)----horizontal(DNAreleasedbydeadbacteriaispickedupbyanotherbacterium,conjugation/connectingthroughpilitosharethegenes)----mutations;----killingofnon-resistancebacteriainantibiotic-richenvironmentleavesmoreroomandresourcesfortheresistantonesCauses:Transferofresistantgenes:中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity2.Accordingtothevideoclip,whatarethemechanismsthatbacteriausetobecomesuperbugs?BacteriaMechanismofresistanceMRSASalmonellaE.coliagenethatreplacestheprotein(that)beta-lactamsnormallytargetandbindtokeepsthecellwallsynthesisunaffectedproduceenzymeslikebeta-lactamasethatbreakdownantibioticattackersbeforetheycandoanydamagepreventtheentryofsomeantibioticslikequinolonesbyactivelybootinganyinvaders中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity3.Whatmeasureshavebeentakentocurbthedevelopmentofresistance?ThedevelopmentofnoveltreatmentsisprioritizedbyWHO;Alternativesolutionssuchasphagetherapyorusingvaccinestopreventinfectionsarebeinginvestigated;Restrictexcessiveandunnecessaryuseofantibiotics;Changemedicalpracticetopreventhospitalinfections中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity4.What’syourunderstandingofthelastsentenceinthevideoclip—“Inthewaragainstsuperbacteria,de-escalationmaysometimesworkbetterthantheevolutionaryarmsrace”?“De-escalation”meanstoreducetheuseofforceandtheriskofinjury;“Armsrace”referstothesituationinwhichtwoormorecountriestrytohavemoreandstrongerweaponsthaneachother;So,whatisthe“evolutionaryarmsrace”?在对抗超级细菌的战争中，缓解冲突有时可能比进化军备竞赛更有效。中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversityAssignments:PartITask3InterpretationPartIITask3HowDoVaccinesWork?PartIIITask1ViralInvasionandtheImmuneResponse中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversityLectureThreeBiochemistry中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversityholoenzymelocuscatalystkinasedeoxyribose中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversityplaque

geneticsbiologictriglycerideautophosphorylation中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversityacaseofemergentproperties3Dstructure-basedfunction中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversitystructuralsupport,catalysis,signalingandimmunefunctionenergyproductionandstructuralsupportenergystorage,cushioningandstructuralsupportstorageofgeneticinformationcarbonatomsarecovalentlybondedtogetherinverystablestructureshangofftheskeletonandparticipateinchemicalreactions中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversitysugarnucleicacidinheritedproteinsdeoxyribonucleicacidnucleotidespurinespyrimidinesdoublehelix中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity1.Howdoesanenzymespeedupachemicalreaction?Anenzymespeedsupachemicalreactionbyloweringthereaction’sactivationenergy,thatis,theamountofenergyneededforthereactiontobegin.中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity2.Whatistheactivesiteofanenzyme?Activesiteiswherethesubstratebindsandreal-timereactiontakesplace.Ithasspecificarrangementofaminoacidswhichrendersspecificsize,shapeandchemicalbehavior.Anenzyme’sactivesiteisuniqueonlytoaparticularsubstrate.中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity3.Whatarethenon-proteinpartsofsomeenzymes?Manyenzymesconsistofanon-proteinpartcalled“Cofactor.”Cofactorsmaybe:cations,positivelychargedmetalions;activators,boundstemporarilytotheactivesitetoactivatetheenzyme;organicmolecules,vitaminsorvitaminproducts;coenzymesthatjoinenzymessubstratescomplextemporarily;prostheticgroups,permanentlyenzyme-bound.中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity4.What’sthedifferencebetween“LockandKeyHypothesis”and“InducedFitHypothesis”?IntheLockandKeymodel,thesubstratesimplyfitsintotheactivesitetoformareactionintermediate,justlikethekeyfitsinitsspecificlock.Thereisnochangeintheirshapes.

InInducedFitmodel,theenzymechangesitsshapeuponbindingofsubstrateandthenbindsmoretightlytothesubstrate.中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity5.HowdoenvironmentalfactorsliketemperatureandpHaffectenzymeactivity?Theoptimumtemperatureforenzymefunctionis37℃.Ahigherorlowertemperaturewillmaketheactivesitelesssuitedtobindsubstrate,thusdecreasingenzymeactivity.Hightemperaturecanevendenatureenzymes,makingthemlessactiveoreveninactive.Aminoacidspresentintheactivesiteareacidicorbasic.FluctuationinpHcanaffecttheseaminoacids,makingithardforsubstratestobind.ExtremepHvaluescanalsodenatureenzymes.中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity6.Howdoenzymeinhibitorsinterferewithbiochemicalreactions?Competitiveinhibitorsoccupytheactivesiteandpreventasubstratemoleculefrombindingtotheenzyme.

Non-competitiveinhibitorsattachtopartoftheenzymeotherthantheactivesitetodistorttheshapeofanenzyme.中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity

Vocabularyactivepharmaceuticalingredient活性药物成分generic[dʒəˈnerɪk]

仿制药brandnamedrug/originatorproduct品牌药、专利药、原研药ibuprofen[ˌaɪbjuːˈprəʊfen]

布洛芬osteoporosis[ˌɒstiəʊpəˈrəʊsɪs]骨质疏松multiplesclerosis[ˌmʌltɪplskləˈrəʊsɪs]多发性硬化tolerate[ˈtɒləreɪt]（对药物）耐受rheumatoidarthritis[ˌruːmətɔɪdɑːˈθraɪtɪs]类风湿性关节炎mastercellbank主细胞库（theprimarysourceofcellsforbiologicdrugs）Molecularweight:206.27中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity1.Howdobiologicaldrugsdifferfromtraditionalchemicalmedicines?ComparisonBiologicaldrugs(e.g.monoclonalantibody)Traditionalchemicalmedicines(e.g.ibuprofen)RouteofadministrationMolecularsizeStructureManufacturing

injectionorinfusionoral(pill,tablet,orcapsule)largesmallsimplecomplexbiotechnologychemicalsynthesis中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity2.Whycan’tbiosimilarsbemanufacturedidenticaltotheoriginatorproduct?Biosimilarsarebiologicdrugsthatarehighlysimilartoaparticularoriginatorbiologic,butnotthesame.Theproducingcelllineisdifferent.Themanufacturingprocessisdifferent.中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity3.Whydoestheproductionofbiologicalmedicinesrequireahighlevelofmonitoringandtesting?Ahighlevelofmonitoringandtestingthroughouttheprocessisnecessaryforassuringthequalityandconsistencyinthefinalproduct.Ithelpsensurethateachdoseisbotheffectiveandsafeforpatients.Evenminorchangesinthemanufacturingprocesscanimpacthowthemedicineworksinthebody.Ithelpstotrackpossibledefectsinthemanufacturingprocessthatmaycauseadverseevents.

Vocabularyclusteredregularlyinterspacedshortpalindromicrepeats(CRISPER)成簇的规律间隔的短回文重复序列TheyareshortpalindromicrepeatingsequencesofDNAfoundinmostbacterialgenomesthatareinterruptedbyspacers—sequencesofgeneticcodederivedfromthegenomesofpreviouslyencounteredbacterialpathogens.analogue[ˈænəlɒɡ]相似物，类似的事情，类似物complex[ˈkɒmpleks]复合物sicklecellanemia[ˈsɪklseləˈniːmɪə]镰状细胞性贫血Huntington’sdisease亨廷顿舞蹈症off-target[ɒfˈtɑːɡɪt]脱靶中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversityTrueorFalse1.Whenvirusesinfectabacterium,thewholesequenceoftheirDNAwillbeinsertedintothechromosomeofthebacterium.2.TheCRISPRsystemcanonlyprotectbacteriafromvirusesforonegeneration.3.ItistheCas9componentoftheCRISPRsystemthatcutsuptheviralDNA.4.Whenadouble-strandedbreakinDNAisinducedbyCRISPRtechnologyinaplantorananimalcell,itcannolongerberepaired.5.ThespeakerthinksthatthefirstapplicationsoftheCRISPRtechnologyaregoingtohappeninthetreatmentofblooddisordersbecauseit’seasiertodeliverthesystemtobloodcellsthansolidtissuecells.6.TheCRISPRtechnologyhasbeensuccessfullyappliedindifferenttypesoftissuesandanimals.7.TherearestillsomechallengestoovercomebeforeclinicalapplicationoftheCRISPRtechnologybecomespossible.中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity1.HowdoestheCRISPRsystemprotectbacteriaagainstviralinfection?DNAofinfectingvirusispluckedoutandinsertedinlittlebitsintoCRISPRsiteofbacterialchromosome;ThebitsofinsertedDNAaretranscribedintoRNA;ThoselittlebitsofRNAbindtoproteinscalledCas9toformacomplexthatsearchesthroughalloftheDNAinthecelltofindsiteswithmatchingsequences;

TheCas9cutuptheviralDNA.中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity2.WhataretheadvantagesofCRISPRtechnologyoverpreviousgenomeengineeringtechnologies?----Oldertechnologieswereeitherinefficientortoodifficulttobeadoptedindifferentlaboratoriesorforclinicalapplications;----CRISPRtechnologyismuchsimpler.It’sjustlikesoftwareforthegenome,whichallowseasyprogrammingusingtheselittlebitsofRNA;中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity3.ConsideringthecurrentprogressinCRISPRtechnology,whatdoyouthinkarethepossibleapplicationsofthistechnologyinmedicineandwhatarethepossiblerisks?Applications:Tomakeagenesilencedtostudyitsfunction;CRISPRsystemcanbedesignedtoinducecutandrepairatspecificsiteofthechromosome,makingitpossibletocorrectdisease-causingmutations;

ThefirstapplicationsoftheCRISPRtechnologyaregoingtohappeninthebloodwhereit’srelativelyeasiertodeliverthistoolintocellscomparedtosolidtissues;TocreatemodelsforhumandiseasePossiblerisks:DNAisnotrepairedintheintendedway;Off-targeteffect中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversity4.CRISPRtechnologyalsohasthepotentialtobeusedforenhancement,forexample,toengineerhumanstohavelesssusceptibilitytoacertaindisease,strongerbones,andevensmarterbrains.Areyoufororagainsttheapplicationofthistechnologyforthepurposeof“designerhumans”?Andwhy?ProsItisanewwaytobattlediseasesthatarechallenginganddeadly.Itcouldextendthelifespanofhumans.Itcouldbeawaytotreatgeneticdisorderedinthegeneralpopulation.Itwouldgiveparentsachancetogivetheirchildsomethingnew.Itcouldreduceissueswithsocietaldiscrimination.…ConsItofferssafetyconcernswhichwecannotignore.Itwouldreducethediversityofhumanity.Itcouldbeaviolationoftherightsofthechild.Itcouldenhancethesocioeconomicdifferencesinsociety.…中国药科大学ChinaPharmaceuticalUniversityAssignments:PartITask3InterpretationPartIITask3TheGoodandBadCholesterolPartIIITask1InsulinSignalingPathwayLectureFourPharmacologypharmacodynamicshistaminehypothalamuspermeabilitymembraneligandbioavailabilityendogenousacetylcholineendocytosisanyman-made,naturalorendogenoustheinteractionbetweenalivingorganismandchemicalsmoleculewhichexertsabiochemicalorphysiologicaleffectonthecell,tissue,organororganismhowalivingorganismaffectsthedrughowthedrugaffectstheorganismtherateandtheamountofadrugthatisabsorbedfromthegivendosageformandreachesthesystemiccirculationreleaseofdrugfrompharmaceuticalsimplediffusionsubstanceenteringthebloodcirculationthedispersionordisseminationofsubstancesthroughoutthefluidsandtissuestherecognitionbytheorganismthatformulationandpassthroughthemembranefacilitateddiffusionactivetransporttheroutethatadrugenterstheorganismitsbioavailabilityofthebodybiotransformationinactivationforeignsubstanceispresentinanirreversibletransformationofparentcompoundintodaughtermetabolitestheremovalofsubstancefromthebodysugarnucleicacidlockandkeyhydrophilicdeoxyribonucleicacidnicotinicsodiumgradientdepolarizationdimerizationautophosphorylationeffectortranscription

Vocabularyibuprofen[aɪbjuːˈprəʊfən]n.布洛芬snare[sneə(r)]vt.设陷阱捕获neutralize[ˈnjuːtrəlaɪz]vt.中和，使无效disintegrate[dɪsˈɪntɪɡreɪt]崩解metabolite[mɪˈtæbəˌlaɪt]代谢产物detach[dɪˈtætʃ]脱离，离开label[ˈleɪbl]标签sprained[spreɪnd]扭伤的unscathed[ʌnˈskeɪðd]

毫发无损的TrueorFalse1.Painkillersknowwherethepainisinthebodyandgettothelocationtorelievethepain.2.Apainkillerworksbypromotingtheproductionofcompoundsthatcanhelptotra