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ISSN2379-5980(online)DOI10.5195/LEDGER.2019.171
PROCEEDINGSARTICLE
AnOverviewofBlockchainIntegrationwithRoboticsandArtificialIntelligence
VascoLopes,
∗
†Lu´ısA.Alexandre‡
Abstract.Blockchaintechnologyisgrowingeverydayatafast-passedrhythmanditispossi-bletointegrateitwithmanysystems,namelyRoboticswithAIservices.However,thisisstillarecentfieldandthereisnotyetaclearunderstandingofwhatitcouldpotentiallybecome.Inthispaper,weconductanoverviewofmanydifferentmethodsandplatformsthattrytoleveragethepowerofblockchainintoroboticsystems,toimproveAIservices,ortosolveproblemsthatarepresentinthemajorblockchains,whichcanleadtotheabilityofcreatingroboticsystemswithincreasedcapabilitiesandsecurity.Wepresentanoverview,discussthemethods,andconcludethepaperwithourviewonthefutureoftheintegrationofthesetechnologies.
Introduction
BlockchaintechnologywasfirstintroducedbySatoshiNakamotoalongsidethecryptocurrencyBitcoin.
1
Bothhavegrownintermsofadoption,value,andusage,
2,
3
butthevalueofblockchainisnotonlytoholdcryptocurrenciesbuttoallowtheintegrationofahugenumberofsystemsoverthesameplatforminadecentralisedandsecureway.Ethereum,
4
proposedin2013,introducednewfeaturestoblockchaintechnology,suchassmart-contracts,allowingittointegratemoreservicesandhavemorevaluetomanyindustriesandacademicfields.Theseprojectsarestilllackingsomeessentialcharacteristics,likeenergyefficiencyandthespeedthatablocktakestobevalidated.Withtheseproblemsinmind,everyyearthousandsofnewideasandservicestoworkwithblockchaintechnologyareproposed,butthereisn’tauniquesolutionforallpossibleapplicationsandthatencouragesthedevelopmentofnewwork.Intheroboticsfield,whereintegrationwithblockchainsisstillinfrequent,therearen’tyetmanyapproachesthatshowhowbothtechnologiescanbeusedtogethertoovercomechallenges.Theintroductionofblockchaintechnologiestoroboticsystemscouldsolvemanyproblemsthatthosesystemsface.Thefirstproblemthatitcansolveissecurity:asmanyofthesystemshaveproblemsoftrustanddataintegrity,blockchaincanprovideareliablepeer-to-peercommunicationwithsecuritymeasuresoveratrustlessnetwork.Anotheradvantageofthisintegrationisthepossibilitytomakedistributeddecisions,sinceblockchaincanensurethatallparticipantsofadecentralisednetworkshareidenticalviewsoftheworld.Thisassurancecanallowthesystemtoreachan
∗bc1qqcpw3dn9ss4548srnwldgzfftycuz99as9jxxs
†V.Lopes(vasco.lopes@)isaResearcherintheDepartamentodeInforma´ticaattheUniversidadedaBeiraInteriorandInstitutodeTelecomunicac¸o˜esinCovilha˜,Portugal.
‡L.A.Alexandre(luis.alexandre@ubi.pt)isaFullProfessorintheDepartamentodeInforma´ticaattheUniversidadedaBeiraInteriorandInstitutodeTelecomunicac¸o˜esinCovilha˜,Portugal.
LEDGERVOL4,S1(2019)1-6
ISSN2379-5980(online)DOI10.5195/LEDGER.2019.171
PAGE
2
agreementoverthewholenetworkandtohaveglobalcollaborationbetweentherobots.
Inthispaper,wegiveanoverviewonthecurrentstate-of-the-artrelatedtoblockchaintechnologyintegratedwithRoboticsandArtificialIntelligence(AI),bystudyingthemajormethodsthatimplementserviceswithRobotics,and/orAI.WevaluetheAIaspectoftheworksbecauseroboticsisheavilybasedonAIsystems.
Theremainderofthispaperisorganisedasfollows:Section
2
explains,reviews,andcomparesthedifferentapproachestotheintegrationofroboticsandblockchaintechnologies.Section
3
presentsourideasanddiscussesthereviewedmethods.Section
4
summarisesthemainideaspresentedthroughoutthepaper.
BlockchainandRoboticsOverview
Inthissectionwepresentworkthattriestointegrateblockchainintorobotics.
WorkconductedbyBrunoDegardinandLu´ısA.Alexandre(assupervisor),
5
showshowtocreateablockchainanduseittostoreroboticevents.Thisideaallowsthecreationofsmart-contractsthatuseinformationacquiredinthewildbydifferentrobots(possiblyfromdifferentmanufacturers)andhaveaction-triggersbasedonthecontractsthatarestoredandverifiedontheblockchain.Thiscanultimatelyimproveproductivityinafactoryandreducethetimespentondoingtasks,suchasrefillingthescrewsforarobotthatusedtheblockchaintoindicatethatitneedsmorescrewstocontinueitswork.
Asafollow-uptothiswork,andnowusingTezos’stechnology,
6
theauthorsproposethecreationofablockchainforroboticeventregistrationthattakesadvantageoftheimprovedsecurityprovidedbytheformalverificationembeddedintoTezos.Thisongoingworkwillsupportsmart-contractstorunAIcodeovertheblockchain,wherethesesmart-contractsareprovedcorrect(i.e.todoexactlywhattheirspecificationdefines).Theyalsoplantoadapttheblockchaintosupportmanymoreeventspersecondthanthecurrentspecificationenables,inordertoallowforthesystemtodealwithalargenumberofinteractingrobots.
AitheonisaplatformthatadoptedablockchaintechnologybasedontheERC-20standard.
7
Theirgoalistohaveacompleteplatformthatcanreducethenumberoftime-consumingtasksthatdevelopershavetoendure,likeorganisingdocuments.TheirsolutionisaplatformwithbothAIandRoboticsthatcanprovideautomationforspecifiedbusinessprocesses.Theplatformtheybuilthasfivemodules.Thefirst,anAImodule,triestoretrieveinformationaboutfrequently-performedtasksandtakesactionstoautomatethosetasks.Thesecondmodule,calledDigibots,isverysimilartothefirst,butthismodulefocusesonautomatingprogrammingtasks,likeback-endsolutionsanddata-drivenproblems.Thethirdmodule,Mechbots,isfocusedonhelpingbusinessesintegrateroboticautomationtoincreaseefficiencyandproductivity.Thelasttwomodules,AitheonSpecialistsandPilotsarehumanspecialiststhatfinishthetasksthatcannotbefullyautomated,andalsoprovidesupervisionoftherobots.Inshort,Aitheonprovidesaplatformthataimstoautomatetime-consumingtasksbyintegratingAIandrobotics.
WorkconductedbyEduardoCastello´Ferrerpresentsthebenefitsofcombiningtheblockchaintechnologywithrobotics,especiallyswarmroboticsandrobotichardware.
8
Theadvantagesofroboticswarmsincludebotheaseofscalingandrobustnessagainstfailure.Theseadvantagescomefromthefactthatmembersoftheseswarmsaredistributed.Intheindustrialsectorwecanalsoseehowthismarketisgrowingandallowingcompaniestoachievehigherproductivity,
whichisthecasewithAmazonRobotics,whichhasbeenshowcasingitsarmyofrobotsthatcooperativelyworktomanagetheirwarehouses.
9,
10
Mostoftheroboticswarmsonlyuselocalinformation,thismeansthatarobotonlyhasinformationaboutitselfand/orrobotsthatareclosetoit;however,theintegrationofblockchaininthesesystemscangivetherobotsglobalinformation,whichcanbeusefulfordifferentapplications.Blockchainintegrationcanalsoimprovethespeedofhowthesystemchangesthebehaviour,sincehavingglobalinformationallowsthewholesystemtoquicklychangebehaviourtoaddressspecificrobots’needs.Thiscanalsobedonebyacontrollerrobotthatevaluatesthesystemstatebyusingblockchaininformation,andthencommitstothatblockchainthechangestobemade.Theseimprovementsandtheglobalinformationofthesystemcanleadtohigherproductivityandeasiermaintenance.
TheauthorsofRoboChain,aconceptualmethodtosharecriticaldataamongrobotsinasecureway,presentedaframeworktotackleprivacyissuesregardingusingpersonaldatabyrobotsduringahuman-robotinteraction.
11
ThismethodusesMITOPALtoprovidealayerofsecurityandensuretheprivacyoftheinformationrepresentedonthedata.
12
Consequently,therobotscanimproveMachineLearning(ML)algorithmslocallywiththeinformationtheyacquiredandpublishthemtothenetwork.Theblockchaintechnologyisapartofthisframeworkfortransparencyandtoserveasaledger,storingtheeventsthattherobothasdoneduringanevent,andtovalidatethepublishedmodels.Theauthorsalsoproposeaconsensusmechanismsothateverynodecanvoteonwhichmodeltoacceptbytakingadvantageofthesmart-contracttechnologywithintheblockchain.
Inrecentwork,amethodologytocreateacoalitionofrobots,sensorsandactuatorswasproposed.
13
Thewaythisisconductedisbyhavingalltheinformationpassingbyaknowledgeprocessor,andtheninsertingitintoablockchain.Thisallowseverynodeofthecoalitiontohaveglobalinformationandallowstheuseofsmart-contractstoadjustrobotactionsandreallocateresources.Citingtheauthors,thissystemprovidesimmutabledistributedstoragethatiscrucialtonegotiateseparatedtasksamongdifferentparticipants(robots).
Discussion
Table
1
containsashortoverviewofallthemethodsthatwerepresentedinSection
2
andincludessomeproposalsthataimtointegrateblockchaintechnologieswithAI,whichcouldbeusedinconjunctionwithrobotics.Whatwetakeawayfromtheseproposalsisthatblockchain,robotics,andAIarecertainlygoingtodisruptthewaywelive:notonlybecausetheycanbringsomanybenefitsbythemselves,butalsobecause,byjoiningthemtogether,wecancompoundthosebenefits.Blockchaintechnologycanserveasamechanismfortransmittinginformationbetweendifferentrobotsandhaveactiontriggerscodedinsmart-contracts,improvingtheefficiencyoftherobotsandtheirinter-connectivity.Althoughthiswillcertainlybeafactinthenearfuture,currentmethodsarestillintheirinfancy,mainlybecausewearegoingthroughtheexplosivegrowthphaseofthesetechnologies,andtheyareyettomature.Theintegrationofthesetechnologiescouldpotentiallybeusedinreal-time,butforthistohappen,blockchaintechnologyneedstoshifttofasterconsensusmechanismsthatallowthevalidationandinsertionoftransactionsintoablockchainmuchfasterthanispresentlypossible.
Fromthemethodsandplatformsstudied,weconcludethatthosewhichholdthemostpromisingfuturearethosethatintegratemanyservicesinasingleplatformand,atthesametime,
sharethecodewiththeopen-sourcecommunityandhaverewardprogramsforfindingbugs.
Certainly,wewillseemanyroboticsystemsleveragingblockchaintechnology,mainlyinin-dustrialandmilitaryenvironmentswhereblockchaincanhelptoautomateprocesseswiththehelpofsmart-contracts,andenablesystemstohaveimprovedsecurityandmoretraceableprocesses.Blockchainintroduceawaytotrustthedata,trustotherparticipants,andtoconductinternalandexternalchangesbyhavingcertifiedinformationregardingthewholesystem.Scenarioswheretheintegrationofbothtechnologiesareworkingtogethertoreachacommonpurposeareeasytoimagine.Forexample,aswarmof“CopRobots”thatpatrolthestreetsgreetingpeopleandlookingformiss-behaviors.Theserobotscouldcommunicateoverablockchainandhaveaction-triggerswithsmart-contracts.Thesecouldrunwhentheyspotonepersonhurtinganother,tohavethesystemvoteonthebeststrategytoapproachthesceneortocallforhelp.Buttoachievethistypeofbehavior,itisnecessarythatsmart-contractshaveimprovedsecurityandareabletointeractwithinformationfromoutsidetheblockchain(oracles).
Itisvitaltohaveplatformsthatcanintegratecomplementaryapproachessothatthemarketreducesfrommanydifferentseparatedapproachestoasmallnumberofestablishedsolutions,orelse,defineclearinterconnectionstandardstoenablemultiplesolutionstotalktoeachother.
Themarketplacesthatareshowingupwillbecrucialtomakeindividualrobotsabletoexecutemultiplecomplextaskswithouttheneedfortheirdeveloperstocodeallthedifferentnecessarysolutions.Thiscanandshouldbeintegratedwithcloudrobotics.
Table1.Shortoverviewoftheproposalsdiscussedinthepaper.Acronymsusedinthetable:Blockchain(BC);Smart-Contract(SC);ArtificialIntelligence(AI);MachineLearning(ML);Proof-of-Work(PoW);Proof-of-Stake(PoS).
Name
Problem
beingsolved
Solution
Consensus
Token
Token
compatibility
B.Degardin
5
RoboticEvent
Recognition.
ProprietaryBCforfaster
blockvalidation.
PoW
-
-
RobotChain
6
IntegrationofroboticsandBC,
mainlytransactionspeedandlackofwaystocontrolsuchasystem
overaBC.
UsageofTezostechnologyforhighersecurity
andAIandSCstoimproveperformanceandqualityofroboticsystems.
-
-
-
Aitheon
7
Time-consumingtasksthat
developersendure.
AutomationwithAIandRobotics.
Multi-blind
AIC
ERC-20
E.Castello´Ferrer
8
ProblemsassociatedwiththeintegrationofBCinSwarm
Robotics.
AsetofideastosolvesecurityissuesandtoimproveRobotsperformance
byhavingmoreinformation.
-
-
-
RoboChain
11
Privacyissuesregardingtheuseofsensitiveandprotecteddata.
AroboticswarminterconnectedthatcanusethedatatochangerobotsbehaviourandthatcanimproveMLalgorithmsandpropagatethemthroughoutablockchainwithout
compromisingthedata.
SCbased
-
-
Name
Problem
beingsolved
Solution
Consensus
Token
Token
compatibility
N.Teslyaand
A.Smirnov
13
Creationofcoalitionsofintelligentrobots.
Theuseofknowledgeprocessorstoinsertinformationacquired
bytherobotsintoablockchain
andSCstomanagethesystem.
-
-
-
SingularityNET
14
IntegrationofdifferentAIservicessotheycanworktogetherseamlessly
Marketplacetodevelopersselltheiralgorithms.AnAPIthatautomaticallycallalgorithmstosolve
definedproblems.
PoW(bindedtoEthereuminitially)
AGI
ERC-20
Neuromation
15
ThelackofresourcestobuildAIservicesandthedispersionofmodels,datasetsand
AIservices.
Aplatformtoselldatasets,modelsandAIservices.Minersgetpaidtolendtheirgraphicscards.
PoW(basedonEthereum)
NTK
ERC-20
ATN
16
SecurityconcernsaboutsellingAIservices.
MarketplacebasedinSCstoprovidedatasetsandAIalgorithmsinasecureand
trustworthyway.
-
ATN
ERC-20,ERC-223,
Qtum,
RSK
Matrix
17
SpecificlanguagesforSCs,lackofsecurity,slowtransactionspeedandtheinflexibility
oftheBC.
ANNthatautomaticallyconvertssimplescriptstoSCs,byhavingrulesassociatedwiththecontracts,byusingAIand
bydelegatingthePoW.
PoWandPoShybrid
MAN
-
J.Chenetal.
18
Problemsassociatedwithconsensusonthe
BC.
ACNNtoclassifynodes
tospeedthetransactionsandlowertheenergyconsumption
AIbased
-
-
Conclusions
Blockchaintechnologyisstillinitsinfancyanditspossibleimpactontheglobaleconomyisyettobeclearlyunderstood.Theintegrationofserviceswiththeblockchain,especiallyrobotics,isstillinanearlyprototypestage.Thismeansthatmanyimprovementsarebeingachievedonseparateblockchains.Therearenoclear‘winner’technologiesyet,mostmarketparticipantsarenotawareofmanyofthenewtechnologies,andtheysometimeslackconfidenceintherobustnessofthesefirstproposals.Proposedapproachesareabundant,interconnectionstandardsaremissing,andtheintegrationofthoseapproacheswithIndustry4.0orcloudrobotics,e.g.,isyettobeachieved.
Inthispaper,weoverviewedmanyofthecurrentmethodsandproposalsforblockchaintechnologiesthateitheruseroboticsorleverageAIservicesthatcanimproveroboticsystems.
Asblockchaintechnologyismaturing,itwillinteractwithmanyotherparadigms,suchasroboticsandAI,toyieldimprovedproductsandproductivity,services,andhigherlivingstandardsforoursociety.
Acknowledgement
ThisworkwaspartiallysupportedbytheTezosfoundationthroughagrantforprojectRobotchain.
NotesandReferences
1Nakamoto,S.“Bitcoin:APeer-to-PeerElectronicCashSystem.”(2008)(accessed29October2018)
/bitcoin.pdf
.
LEDGERVOL4,S1(2019)1-6
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2NoAuthor.“BlockchainCharts.”(accessed9March2019)
https://www.blockchain.
com/en/charts
.
3Raja.“BlockchainInfographic:Growth,UseCases&Facts.”DotComInfoway(accessed9March2019)
/blog/growth-and-facts-of-blockchain-technology
.
4Wood,G.“Ethereum:ASecureDecentralisedGeneralisedTransactionLedger.”(2017)Ethereumprojectyellowpaper,revision1e18248,(accessed9March2019)
http://ljk.imag.fr/membres/
Jean-Guillaume.Dumas/Enseignements/ProjetsCrypto/Ethereum/ethereum-yellowpaper.pdf
.
5Degardin,B.BlockchainforRoboticEventRecognition.Covilha˜:UniversidadedaBeiraInterior(2018).
6Fernandes,M.,Alexandre,L.A.“Robotchain:UsingTezosTechnologyforRobotEventManagement.”InE.Castello´Ferrer,T.Hardjono,A.Pentland(Eds.),ProceedingsoftheFirstSymposiumonBlockchainandRobotics,MITMediaLab,5December2018.Ledger4.S132–41(2019)
/10.5915/
ledger.2019.175
.
7Aitheon.“AitheonWhitepaper.”(2018)(accessed9March2019)
/assets/
Aitheon_Whitepaper_v1.20.pdf
.
8Castello´Ferrer,E.“TheBlockchain:ANewFrameworkforRoboticSwarmSystems.”arXiv(201
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