从违反合作原则角度分析《绿皮书》中的会话含义

ChapterOneIntroductionFilmisanart.Withthecontinuousdevelopmentofsocietyandthecontinuousprogressofscienceandtechnology,filmdirectorshavemoreandmoreroomtoimprovementinthefieldoffilm.Nowadays,moreandmorepeopleregardwatchingmoviesasawaytorelax,becausemoviescanbringthemculturalandentertainingvalue.Amongthem,themostimportantandmeaningfulpartofmoviesisthatitmakesgreatexchangesbetweenculturesofdifferentregionsandraces.Cultureisanintangibleandinvisiblespiritualforce,butitiseverywhereandhasanimportantimpactonpeople'ssociallife.Asacomponentandresourceofculture,moviesplayanindispensableroleinpeople'sdailylife.SincetheGreenBookwasbroadcast,researchersfromdifferentschoolshavemadeanall-roundinterpretationofthefilmbyusingvarioustheories.Itcanbesaidthatdifferentpeoplehavedifferentopinions.GreenBook'sresearchfieldsmainlycoverviolentredemption,personalityanalysisandracialdiscrimination.Atthesametime,comparedwithdomesticandforeignstudies,itisnotdifficulttofindthattheresearchdirectionofdomesticscholarsismorediversifiedandreflectstheauthor'svaluesmoreintensively.Inaddition,mostoftheresearchlacksin-depthintegrationwithrelevanttheories,andfewscholarsanalyzetheworkfromalinguisticperspective,especiallythesignificanceofcombiningGrice'sCooperativePrincipleandConversationalImplicaturetheory.TheoriessuchasCooperativePrincipleandConversationalImplicaturehavedevelopedfromthetheoreticalstudyofbookstothelinguisticstudyofcharactersinnovels,dramas,TVplaysandtalkshows,whichhavemadegreatcontributionstoreaders'understandingoftheintentionsofthespeakerandtheauthormorethoroughly,deeply,vividlyandbetter.Filmdialogueshavethecharacteristicsofuniqueness,communicationandsociality,anditisthemainformofexpressionoffilmandtelevisionworks.Asfarasitsfunctionisconcerned,ittranscendsexpressionskills.BasedonthetheoryofCooperativePrincipleandConversationalImplicature,thispaperanalyzestheConversationalImplicatureinGreenBook'sdialoguesinviolationofCooperativePrinciple.Throughdiscourseanalysisofthedialoguesbetweenthecharactersinthefilm,itisfoundthatthewordsspeakeruseincommunicationoftennotonlyhaveliteralmeanings,butalsothatthespeakersoftenexpresstheirdeepmeaningsthroughliteralmeanings.保定理工学院本科毕业论文ChapterTwoIntroductionofGreenBook2.1StoryBackgroundAbouttheoriginalGreenBook,thisisapamphletwiththefulltitleoftheBlackDriver'sGreenBook,whichwaspublishedin1936byVictorHugoGreen,ablackmailcarrier.Thebookdetailedhotels,restaurants,barsandroadreststopswhereAfricanAmericanscouldenterwithoutthethreatofdiscriminationorevenviolence.TherewillcomeadayinthenearfuturewhentheGreenBookceasestobepublished,wrotethepublisher,JohnGreen,inhis1948GreenBook.Finally,after30yearsofcontinuouspublication,theGreenBookceasedpublicationin1967withthehelpoftheblackmovement.Inthe1950sand1960s,allkindsofblackaffirmativeactionmovementswereinfullswingintheUnitedStates.Atthattime,theUnitedStateswasnotcalm,andthepost-wareconomicprosperitywasunprecedented.However,astheriftbetweenthecivilrightsmovementanddeep-rootedracialdiscriminationintheUnitedStatesgrew,socialproblemsemerged.ThefilmGreenBookissetintheUnitedStatesin1962,theUnitedStatesin1962,whenapartheidstillexistedinthesouthernUnitedStates.ThisfilmisacomedywrittenanddirectedbyAmericandirectorPeterFareriin2018,whichisbasedonrealstories.2.2SynopsisThestorytookplaceintheUnitedStatesinthe1960s.AfterTonyfinishedhislastjob,hewasforcedtointerviewanothermalepianist,Dr.Tang,forajobasadriver.TonybecameDr.Tang'sdriverandescortedhimtostartapianoperformancetour.Fromthis,thetwobegananeight-weekjourneyandfinallygainedafriendshipthattranscendedraceandclass.ThefilmwonmanyawardssuchasBestFilmandBestOriginalScreenplayinthe91stAcademyAwards,andbecamethemostconcernedfilm.ThetwoprotagonistsofthestoryareDr.TangandTony.Dr.Tangisaclassicalpianist.Heishighlyeducated,speakswell,andhashighrequirementsforfoodandclothing.Hewaswelcomedbyupper-classwhites,buthewasneverreallytreatedequally.Atthesametime,hewasfarfromhisownethnicgroup.Heisacontradictoryandlonelyman.Hecan'tbeacceptedbywhitepeople,andhecan'tblendinwithblackpeople,soheisgraduallymarginalized.AndTonyisabodyguardinanightclubinNewYork.Tonyisarealracist.Heisgoodattalkingandfoolingaround,buthealsohasasenseofloveandresponsibilityforhisfamily,hepromisestowritetohiswifewhenheleaves.Hekeepshisword,writingalltheway,evenwhenheisclosetohome,hestillwritesthelastletterandtakesithomebyhimself.Althoughheisnotgoodatwritingletters,hecanfeelhismissingandloveforhiswifeandchildrenbetweenthelines.ThenightclubwhereTonyworksisclosedforafewmonths,buttherentandlivingexpensesTonyhastopaynotbecancelled,sohisimmediatepriorityistofindanotherjobtofillthegapforafewmonths.Atthismoment,ablackpianistnamedDr.TangwantstohireTony.Dr.Tangisabouttoembarkonaneight-weektouroftheSouth,butdiscriminationagainstblackswasrampant,soTonybecomesthedriverandbodyguardofDr.Tang.Alongtheway,theirdifferentpersonalitiesleadtoalotofconflictsbetweenthem.Atthesametime,theunfairtreatmentDr.TangsuffersinthesouthalsomakesTonydeeplyresenttheracialdiscrimination.Theyalsosolveproblemsforeachotherintheirshortemploymentrelationship.Alongtheway,twopeoplefromdifferentracesandclassesbegintoopenuptoeachother,transcendprejudice,andfinallyshakehandsandembrace.ChapterThreeTheoreticalFramework3.1CooperationPrincipleandMaximsAsanimportantpartoflinguistics,pragmaticshasbeenstudiedextensivelysincethe1970s,anditsmainresearchistheuseoflanguageinacertaincommunicationenvironment.TheCooperative

Principleisoneoftheimportanttheoriesinlinguistics.GricebegantoconstructthetheoryofConversationalImplicatureasearlyas1950s,andformallyputforwardthistheoryinalectureatHarvardUniversity.Asoneoftheimportanttheoriesofpragmatics,conversationalimplicaturepointsoutthatdialogueisnotusuallycomposedofsomeunrelatedwords,whichisunreasonable.Thisshowsthatconversationsareusuallynotcomposedofaseriesofunrelatedwordsorphrases,butareessentiallytheproductsofcooperation.Therefore,GricecallsthiscommunicationprinciplethatbothpartiesshouldabidebyinordertoachievethepurposeofverbalcommunicationtheCooperativePrinciple.Tofurtherillustratethisprinciple,Griceintroducedfourmaxim:QuantityMaxim,QualityMaxim,RelationMaximandMannerMaxim.Allofthemwillbeillustratedfullyasfollows:Inconversation,theQuantityMaximspecifiestheamountofinformationprovidedindiscourse.Gricebelievesthatwhenthetwosidescommunicateverbally,theinformationprovidedbythetwosidescannotbetoomuchortoolittle.Speakersonlyprovideinformationthattheotherpartyneeds,andshouldnotprovideinformationthattheotherpartydoesnotexpect.TheQualityMaximrequiresthetruthofspeech,includingtwosub-criteria.Speakersshouldnotprovidefalseinformations.TheQualityMaximrequiresspeakerstotellthetruthduringtheconversation,nottotellliesortosaythingswithoutsufficientevidence.RelationMaximisacriterionputforwardunderthecategoryofrelationship,whichmainlyreferstotherelevancebetweeninformationandcommunicationcontent.Inotherwords,whatthespeakersaysshouldberelatedtothetopicandshouldbecloselyrelatedtothetopic.MannerMaximmeansthatthelistenershouldchoosethemostunderstandablewaytoexpress,andthespeakershouldclearlyarrangetheinformation,avoidobscurityandambiguity,andbeconciseandclear.Thatistosay,whatspeakerssayshouldbeclear.ThesefourmaximscanbeusedtomeasurewhetherthespeakerfollowsorviolatestheCooperativePrinciple.GricethinksthattheCooperativePrincipleistomakethedialoguemovetowardstheexpectedgoal,soastomakethedialogueproceedsmoothly.Ineverydayconversation,however,speakersdon'talwaysfollowCooperativePrinciple,andviolatingtheseprinciplesactuallycontainstheimplicitmeaningofconversation,thatisConversationalImplicature.3.2TheConceptandCharacteristicsofConversationalImplicatureIntheprocessofhumanlanguagecommunication,theinformationconveyedbythespeakerinacertaindiscoursenotonlyhasthecorrespondingliteralmeaning,butalsohastheimpliedmeaning,buttheseimpliedmeaningsarenotobviousataglance,andthelistenerneedstoinferaccordingtotherelevantinformationandthediscoursecontextatthattime.TheseindirectandliteralmeaningsareConversationalImplicature.AccordingtoGrice,conversationsindailycommunicationoftencontainspecialwordsratherthanstraightforwardinformation.Therefore,tounderstandtheconnotationofsuchwords,itisnecessarytoanalyzewiththehelpoftheconversationalcontextatthattime.Butthisisbasedonthepremisethatbothsidesofthedialoguearewillingtocontinuethedialogue.Inotherwords,intheprocessofdialogue,thetwosidesshouldmaintainacooperativeattitudeandabidebytheCooperativePrinciple.TheCooperativePrincipleisthepremiseforallpartiestoholdtalksnormallyandsmoothly.PeopleoftenabidebytheCooperativePrincipleinconversation,butthisdoesnotmeanthattheywillalwaysabidebythesefourprinciples.Onthecontrary,peoplesometimesviolatethesemaximsintentionallyorunintentionally.Ifspeakerisnotintendtoviolateit,speakerwillhavemisunderstandingsormistakes.Ifitisadeliberateviolation,whichwillhaveaspecialConversationalImplicature.Therefore,ifthespeakerapparentlyviolatesthemaximinverbalcommunication,thenheorshemaybeintentional.Therefore,thelistenermustinferfromthesurfacethathe/sheviolatesthemaxims.Inotherwords,thelistenermustclearlyunderstandtheimpliedmeaningthatthespeakerwantstoexpress,thatis,ConversationalImplicature.ConversationalImplicaturehasthefollowingcharacteristics.Cancellabilityisalsocalledrevocability.Incertainlanguagecontext,ConversationalImplicaturelossmayoccur.Non-detachabilitymeansthatConversationalImplicaturedependsonthelinguisticmeaningcontentoftheconversationratherthanthelinguisticform.Soaspeakercanuseasynonymtoreplaceapartoftheutterancewithoutchangingtheoriginalmeaning.Itcanbeunderstoodthatevenifacertainwordischanged,theconversationalmeaningisnotdivorcedfromthewholeutterance.CalculabilitymeansthatthelistenerdeducesthecorrespondingConversationalImplicatureaccordingtothesurfacemeaningofthespeaker'slanguageandtheCooperativePrincipleanditscriteria.Thatis,whenthespeakersayssomethingthatdoesn'tmakeanysenseonthesurface,thelistenerdoesn'tthinkit'snonsense,andexploresthehiddenmeaningonadeeperlevel.If,basedonallofthelistener'sinformation,thereisanexplanationthatsupportsthelistener'sprevioushypothesis,thenthelistenerwillassumethatthisexplanationisexactlywhatthespeakeristryingtoexplain.Non-conventionalityreferstotheConversationalImplicatureofconversationratherthandiscourse.ThiscanbeunderstoodtomeanthatConversationalImplicatureisneitherasurfacemeaningnorapartoftheliteralmeaning.ConversationalimplicatureisderivedfromtheCooperativePrinciple,andisacombinationofliteralmeaningandcontext.Textualmeaningisconstantinatext,whileConversationalImplicaturevariesaccordingtocontext.IndeterminacymeansthatthederivationofConversationalImplicaturemeansvariousexplanationsonthepremisethatbothpartiesabidebytheCooperativePrinciple.Suchexplanationsmayhavecountlesskindsaccordingtodifferentcontexts,soConversationalImplicatureisuncertain.ChapterFourAnAnalysisoftheConversationalImplicatureofViolatingtheCooperativePrincipleinGreenBook4.1ConversationalImplicatureCausedbyViolationofQuantityMaximWhencommunicatingwithothers,thespeakershouldprovideenoughinformation,neithertoomuchnortoolittle,otherwisetheQuantityMaximwouldbeviolated.4.1.1InsufficientInformationProvidedbyDr.TangThedialoguehappenedattheendofTony'sjobinterview.Dr.Tangtoldhimthatheneedednotonlyadriver,butalsoabodyguardandafootman.Atthistime,Tonystilldiscriminatesagainstblacks,andofcoursehedoesn’tagree.Dr.TangneedssomeonelikeTony,sothefollowingconversationhappened.Dr.Tang:Tony.Ihadmyrecordlabelaskaroundtowntofindmetherightman.Yournamecameupmorethanonce.You'veimpressedseveralpeoplewithyourinnateabilitytohandletrouble.AndthatiswhyIcalledandinquiredaboutyouravailability.Tony:OK,hereisthedeal.Iain'tironingnoshirts,andI'mnotpolishingnobody'sshoes.YouneedsomeonetogetyoufrompointAtopointB?Youneedsomeonetomakesurethere'snoproblemsalongtheway.AndbelievemeyouinthedeepSouththere'sgonnabeproblems.Soifyouwantme,it'sabuckandaquarteraweek.Dr.Tang:Well,Mr.Vallelonga.Thankyouforstoppingby.Dr.TanghasenoughtrustinTony'sabilitytomakeacounteroffertoTony.Tony,ontheotherhand,tellshimthatheonlybeadrivertoensurehissafety.However,thefarthersouthDr.Tanggoesonthistrip,themoreserioustheracialdiscriminationbecome.ObviouslyTonyknowsit,soheasksforasalaryof$125aweek.Beforethat,thesalaryofferedbyDr.Tangwas$100aweek.Dr.Tangdoesn'ttellhimwhetherhecan,butDr.TangsaysheappreciatsTony’svisit.Obviously,theinformationprovidedbythepreviousDr.Tangisinsufficient,andTonydoesn'tgettheexactanswer,whichviolatetheQuantityMaxim.Dr.Tang'sConversationImplicatureistoimplythatDr.Tangdoesn'twanttopayTony$125aweek.4.1.2ExcessiveInformationProvidedbyTonyThedialogueinthiscliptakesplaceinthemiddleofTony'sinterview,andthedoctormakessomeinquiries.Tony:Ithought,IthoughtIwasgoingtoaoffice.Theysaidadoctorneededadriver.Dr.Tang:That'salltheytoldyou?Actually,it'sabitmorecomplicatedthanthat.Haveyoueverdrivenprofessionallybefore?Tony:Yeah.Sanitation.Garbagetrucks.Plus,Idrivemybosshomeatnight.Limos.Towtrucks.Snowplows.Whatever.TonyanswersquestionsthatDr.Tangshouldcover.Infact,accordingtotheQuantityMaximundertheCooperativePrinciple,heonlyneedstoanswerfinishedornotfinishedtocompletethisdialogue.However,headdstheinformationthathedrivesagarbagetruckforthehealthDepartment,inotherwords,headdsinformationthathedriveshisbosshomeeveryday,anddrivesacar,whichprovidetoomuchinformation,whichviolatestheQuantityMaxim.Byinterpretingthemeaningofthisconversation,itcanbeseenfromherethatthereasonwhyTonyprovidsmoreinformationthanthequestionsaskedbyDr.Tangisthatasanapplicant,Tonywantstoshowhisrichworkexperiencemore,soheaddsalotofrelevantexperiencestodeepentheimpressionoftheintervieweronhim,soastobelieveinhisworkability.Tony'sConversationalImplicationistosuggesttoDr.Tangthathehasalotofdrivingexperienceandisqualifiedforthejob.4.2ConversationalImplicationCausedbyViolationofQualityMaximWhencommunicatingwithothers,speakersshouldprovidetrueandaccurateinformation.Speakersshouldnotsayfalsethings.Speakersshouldnotsayanythingwithoutevidence.Ifthismaximisviolated,specialConversationalImplicationwillarise.4.2.1FalseInformationProvidedbyTonyThefollowingconversationisstilltakingplaceduringTony'sinterview.Dr.Tang:Doyouforeseeanyissuesinworkingforablackman?Tony:No,no,no.hadacoupleofcoloredguysoveratthehouse.For-fordrinks.ItisobviousthatTonydoesn'tlikeblackpeopleverymuch,andevenwhathesaysaboutinvitingblackpeopletohishomewasfalse.Infact,thoseblackpeoplearesenttohelprepairthekitchenathome.Whentheblackmanleaves,hethrowsthecupthattheblackmanhasdrinkintothetrashcan,andhisfaceisfullofdisgust.Tonyprovidesfalseinformation,soTony'sanswerobviouslyviolatestheQualityMaxim.ByexplainingtheConversationImplicature,itisfindthatTonyisasophisticatedandsmoothperson.Hehatesblackpeople,buthesaysheinvitessomeblackpeopleoverfordrinkstheotherday.WhenheasksabouttheDr.Tang'squestion,thereasonwhyhesaystheabovewordsisthatheisunemployedandtheeconomicsituationathomemakehimhavetofindanewjobtomakealiving,sohefacedDr.Tang,anemployerwhoisalsoblack.Tony'sConversationalImplicationistotellDr.Tangthathedoesnotdiscriminateagainstblackpeopleandevengetsalongwiththem.4.2.2InsufficientInformationProvidedbyDr.TangThisisaconversationthattookplaceafterTonyrescuedthedoctorafterhewasteasedinabar.Tony:Don’teverflashawadofcashinabar.Dr.Tang:Iknewyouhaveagun.InKentucky,whenDr.Tanggoestoabaraloneandisbeatenbyawhiteman,Tonyputhishandinhiscoattowarnthewhitemanwhocausetrouble.Finally,thebarownertookoutashotguntowarnthewhiteman,sothattheycanleave.Aftergoingout,Dr.TangasksTonyifhehasagun.TonyanswersnoandwarnsDr.Tangnottoshowoffhiswealthinthebar.Dr.TangsaysthatheknowsDr.Tanghasagun.Attheendofthemovie,theyleavetheblackhotel.Tonysuddenlytakesagunoutofhispocketandfiresashotintheair,scaringawaythebadguyshidingbehindthecar.Tonydoeshaveagun,butitisnotexposeinthebar.Atthistime,Dr.TangsaysthatTonyhasagun,whichisjustaguessandthereisnotenoughevidence.Therefore,theevidenceofwhatDr.Tangsaysisinsufficient,whichviolatesthequalitystandards.ThisConversationalImplicationindicatesthatDry.TanghaslearnedandtrustedTony,andTonyhassolvedalotofproblemsforDr.Tangalongtheway,soDr.TangguessesthatTonyhasagun.4.3ConversationalImplicationCausedbyViolationofRelationMaximThe

Relation

Maxim

requires

that

there

be

a

relationship

between

what

is

said,

that

is,

to

speak

closely

to

the

subject.4.3.1UnrelatedInformationProvidedbyDr.TangThefollowingdialogueisabouttwoleadingmenhavingdinnerinarestaurantontheirwaytoaconcert.Dr.Tang:Howwasthat?Tony:Salty.Dr.Tang:Haveyoueverconsideredbecomingafoodcritic?Tony:Notreally.Why?Istheremoneyinit?Dr.Tang:I'mjustsaying,youhaveamarvelouswaywithwordswhendescribingfood.Salty!Sovivid.Onecanalmosttasteit.Tony:Hey,I'mjustsayingit'ssalty.Andsalt'scheating.Anycookcanmakethingssalty.Buttomakeittastegoodwithoutthesalt,withjusttheotherflavorsthat'sthetrick.Imeantakethebasicingredients.Dr.Tang:WeshouldreallygetgoingsoonifweexpecttogettoPittsburghbydinner.AfterasksTonyaboutthetasteoffood,Tonyanswerswithjustoneword“salty”.Dr.Tangturnstotalkaboutfoodcriticswhohavenothingtodowiththetasteoffood.Dr.Tangprovidesinformationisunrelated.Fromtheaboveconversation,itisfoundthatDr.TangviolatestheRelationMaximintheCooperativePrinciple.HewantstosatirizeTony'spoorvocabularyandloweducationlevelinresponsetoTony'sanswer.Itisknownthatfoodcriticsneedtohaveverygoodlanguageskills,andtheyneverdescribethefoodtheywanttocommentonjustwithawordsalty.ByexplainingtheConversationImplicature,itisenoughtoseethatDr.TangjusttooktheopportunitytosatirizeTony.WhenTonydidn'tunderstandthismeaning,butexpressedhisopiniononthistopic,Dr.Tangsaidsomethingirrelevanttothecurrentconversation,whichwastoremindTonythatitwastimetoleaveforPittsburgh.TheConversationImplicatureofthissentenceisthatDr.Tangdoesn'twanttolistentoTony,becauseTonydoesn'tunderstandhismeaning,butanswersDr.Tangquestionofsaltyseriously.Dr.Tangdoesnotachievehisaimofsarcastic,sohesayssomethingirrelevant,implyingthatTonyshoulddropthesubject.4.3.2InappropriateThemeInformationProvidedbyDr.TangBecauseTonybeatawhitepoliceofficer,theyweredetainedbythelocalpolice.Onthewaybackafterbeingreleased,theyhadanargumentoverthisincident.Thedoctorgotoffthebusinangerandhadthefollowingconversationintheheavyrain.Tony:Whatareyoudoing?Doc,whatthehellareyoudoing.Doc,getbackinthecar.Dr.Tang:Yes,Iliveinacastle.Tony,alone!Andrichwhitepeoplepaymetoplaypianoforthem,becauseitmakesthemfeelcultured.ButassoonasIstepoffthatstageIgorightbacktobeingjustanotherniggertothem.Becausethatistheirtrueculture.AndIsufferthatslightalone,becauseI'mnotacceptedbymyownpeople,becauseI'mnotlikethemeither!SoifI'mnotblackenough,andifI'mnotwhiteenough,andifI'mnotmanenough,thentellmeTony,whatamI?AfterDr.Tanggetsoffthebus,TonyasksDr.Tangwhattodoandtellhimtogetbacktothecarquickly.ThethemeofthissentenceistoaskDr.Tangwhathewantstodo.Dr.TangdoesnotanswerTony'squestion,butchangesthesubject.TonyasksDr.Tangwhyhegetoutofthecar,andDr.Tang'sanswerhasnothingtodowithTony'squestion.SoDr.TangviolatestheRelationMaxim.Dr.Tangdoesn'tthinkitisabeautifullife,soheventshisdissatisfactionalongtheway.InthefaceofTony'scriticism,hebreaksoutintherain,andhefinallyroarsouthisloneliness,marginalizationandself-identitystruggle.Dr.Tang'sConversationImplicatureistotellTonythathedoesn'tlikehislife,thatDr.Tangisn'thappy,andthathehatestheracistsociety.Heisoftenembarrassedbythehypocriticalrespect,artypursuitanddiscriminationinhisbonesofthewhiteupperclass,andthesituationandeducationalbackgroundofmostblackpeopleareincompatiblewithhim.Whitepeoplecan'taccepthim,andhecan'tblendinwithblackpeople.4.4ConversationalImplicationCausedbyViolationofMannerMaximWhencommunicatingwithothers,speakersshouldavoidobscurity,avoidambiguity,beconciseandclear.4.4.1LengthyInformationProvidedbyTonyThisconversationtookplaceontheirjourney,andDr.Tangexplainedwhathehaddoneaftertheperformancewithtwoco-performers,duringwhichtheykepttalkinginRussian.TonytalkedabouthisstationingintheGermanarmyagain,andDr.Tangwasimpatient.Dr.Tang:Tony.Howaboutsomequiettime?Tony:Sure.It'samazingyousaidthat.Howaboutsomequiettime?Dolores,mywife,sheusedtosaythatalltime,wellnotallthetime,butyouknow...ShesaysitwhenIcomeofffromworksometime,youknow,she'sbeenwiththekidsallthatday.Andshewouldsay,Tony...Howaboutsomequitetime?Exactlylikehowyousaidit.Imean...it’samazing.Dr.TangasksTonytobequiet,Tonysaysyes.Theconversationshouldendthere,butTonygoesontosaythathiswifeoftentellsTonytobequietwhenTonycomeshomefromworkorhiswifeisbeenwiththekidsallthatday,justasDr.Tanghasjustdone.Tony'sreplytoDr.Tangislengthyandunorganized.ThisconversationreflectstheviolationoftheMannerMaxim.WhenTonyexpresseshisfeelingsaboutwhatDr.Tangsays,hegoesonalonglistofanswers.Tony'sConversationImplicatureistosuggesttoDr.TangthathedoesnotagreewithwhatDr.Tangissaying,evenalittledislike.4.4.2ObscureInformationProvidedbyTonyDr.Tangwasarrestedforengaginginhomosexualitywithwhiteyoungpeople,andTonywenttosavehim.Dr.TangaccusedTonyofnotbribingthepolice.Aftertheyquarreled,Dr.Tangapologizedthenextdayandthefollowingconversationtookplace:Dr.Tang:Tony.I'msorryaboutlastmight.Tony:Don'tworryaboutit.IteenworkingnightclubsintheNewYorkcitymywholelife...Iknowit'plicatedworld.TherearemanydetailsinthefilmthatshowthatDr.Tangisgay.AfterDr.Tangisarrestedonthewayforengaginginhomosexuality,Tonyrescueshimbybribingthepolice.PerhapsDr.TangisembarrassesbecauseTonyfindsoutheisagay,ormaybeTonyblamesforbribingthepolice.Theyhaveanargumentandbreakup.Thenextmorning,Dr.Tangcomestoapologize.TonyshouldacceptDr.Tang'sapology,butTonysaysthatheknowstheworldiscomplicated,whichisobscureandviolatestheMannerMaxim.ButithighlightsTony'spolitenessandimplicature.Hedoesn'tdirectlysaythesensitivewordhomosexuality,whichsavesthefaceofthedoctor.Tony'sConversationImplicatureistotellDr.TangthatTonyunderstandsandrespectsDr.Tang.TonywillconsiderDr.Tang'sfeelings.Tonyalsodevelopsanewsensitivitytoracialdiscriminationandagreaterunderstandingoftolerance.4.4.3AmbiguousInformationProvidedbyDr.TangThisconversationtookplaceinaclothingstore.Dr.Tangtookafancytoasuit.Tonysupportedhimtotryit,butthemanagerstoppedhim.Manager:Excuseme,you’renotallowedtotrythaton.Dr.Tang:Ibegyoupardon?Manager:Ifyouwouldliketopurchaseitfirst,we’llhappytotailorittoyourneeds.Dr.Tang:Isee.Dr.Tangisaculturedandpoliteperson.Originally,Dr.Tangwantstotryonclotheshappily,butthemanagerstopshim.Facingthediscriminationofthemanager,hesaysIseewithasmile.Dr.Tangcanaskthestoremanagerwhy,buthedoesn't.Hejustsayshesee.TheDr.Tang'sanswerontheonehandmeansthatthestoremanagersaysthatDr.Tangcantryonclothesfirst,andontheotherhand,heseethatthestoremanagerdiscriminatesagainstblacks,soDr.Tangcan'ttryonclothesfromhisstore.Dr.Tang'sanswerisambiguousinformation,whichviolatestheMannerMaxim.Dr.Tang'sConversationalImplicationistoalludetohisangerandhelplessnessatthemoment,aswellastheseriousnessofracialdiscriminationinthisera.4.4.4UnorganizedInformatio