世卫组织2023-2027 年国家合作战略印度尼西亚的连续性和变化

CountryCooperationStrategy

2023-2027

Indonesia

andchange

continuity

CountryCooperationStrategy2023–2027.Indonesiacontinuityandchange

ISBN:978-92-9021-118-1

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PrintedinIndonesia

Coverphoto©WHO/IndoXplore

CountryCooperationStrategy

2023-2027

INDONESIA

ContinuityandChange

WHOCountryCooperationStrategy

2023-2027

Contents

Theregionaldirector’smessage iii

Foreword iv

Abbreviations v

Executivesummary viii

CHAPTER1.

Introduction 2

CHAPTER2.

Healthanddevelopmentsituation 4

CHAPTER3.

Thepartnershipenvironment 10

3.1.Government 10

3.2Academia,civilsocietyandnon-governmentorganizations 11

3.3Professionalorganizationsandexpertgroups 12

3.4Internationaldevelopmentpartners 12

3.5CollaborationwiththeUnitedNationssystematcountrylevel 13

CHAPTER4.

WHOandIndonesiacollaboration 16

4.1WHO’sworkinIndonesia 16

4.2Indonesia’scontributiontotheregionalandglobalhealthagenda 17

CHAPTER5.

Settingthestrategicpriorities 18

5.1PrioritizationprocessandalignmenttoGPW,NationalPlansandUNSDCF 18

5.2Countryresultsframework 21

CHAPTER6.

Implementation:contributionfromWHO&partners 24

6.1Keycontributionstothestrategicpriorities 24

6.2Financingthestrategicpriorities 30

CHAPTER7.

Monitoringandevaluation 32

WHOCOUNTRYCOOPERATIONSTRATEGYINDONESIA:2023–2027ii

Theregionaldirector’smessage

DrPoonamKhetrapalSingh

WHORegionalDirectorforSouth-EastAsia

Indonesia’sglobalsignificanceintherealmofpublichealthisincreasinglyprominent.Thenation’s

dedicatedfocusonhealth,combinedwithitsadeptleadershipinshapingtheglobalhealthagendaduringitsG20presidency,iscommendable.Indonesiahasachievedremarkablestridesinpromotingpublic

healthnationwide.ThisCountryCooperationStrategy(CCS)willserveasaroadmapforWHO’songoingcollaborationwiththeGovernmentofIndonesiauntil2027.ThestrategyisharmonizedwiththeMinistryofHealth’sStrategicPlanfor2020–2024,whichhasthreeprimaryobjectives:(i)enhancingtheresilienceofthehealth-caresystemtoaddressglobalhealththreatsthroughprevention,detectionandresponsecapabilities;(ii)elevatingcommunitywelfare;and(iii)enhancingthehealthandnutritionalwell-beingoftheIndonesianpopulace.

Craftedthroughanextensiveconsultationprocessinvolvinggovernmentalentities,UNagencies,and

variouspublichealthpartners,theCCSmirrorstheprioritiesoftheSouth-EastAsiaRegion,theThirteenthGeneralProgrammeofWork(GPW13),andtheSustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs).Thisstrategic

frameworkwillsteerWHO’scontinuedsupportfortheGovernmentofIndonesia,withafocusonattaininguniversalhealthcoverage,buildhealthsystemresilience,andamplifyintersectoralhealthactionto

advanceHealthinAllPolicies.Inunity,wewillworktowardssustainableadvancementsinthehealthandprosperityofallpeopleinIndonesia.

WHOCOUNTRYCOOPERATIONSTRATEGYINDONESIA:2023–2027iii

WHOCountryCooperationStrategy

2023-2027

Foreword

MrBudiGunadiSadikin

MinisterofHealthIndonesia

/

DrN.Paranietharan

WHORepresentative

WHOIndonesiaCountryOffice

ItisourpleasuretoendorsethenewWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)CountryCooperationStrategy

(CCS)2023–2027,whichwasdevelopedincloseconsultationwiththeGovernmentofIndonesia(GOI)andotherstakeholders.Sinceasfarbackas1950,WHOandtheGOIhavebeencollaborativelyengagedin

enhancingthehealthandoverallwelfareofthepeopleofIndonesia.Thenationhasachievedremarkablestridesinthefieldofhealthcareoverthepastdecades.

ThefourthCCS2023–2027comesatacriticaltime.WhilethepreviousCCSmadegreatstridesforward,itwasdesignedinapre-pandemicworld.Consideringthechallengesweconfronttodayandanticipateinthefuture,itisinsufficienttoaddressourcurrentneeds.Theurgencyhasamplified,andtheway

Indonesiarespondedtothepandemicfurnishesuswithvaluableinsights.Inthisvein,theCCSdelineatesastrategicvision,layingthegroundworkforthenextphaseofcollaborationbetweentheGOIandWHO.ThisstrategyperpetuatesWHO’sextensivehistoryofpartnershipwiththenationandunderscoresthe

commitmenttojointlypursueagreed-uponpriorities.Theseendeavoursharmonizewiththeobjectivesoutlinedinthegovernment’sNationalDevelopmentPlan2020–2024andtheMinistryofHealth’s

transformationagenda,aspiringtodeliverheightenedimpactandpertinencetoIndonesia’spopulation.

IncompletealignmentwithWHO’sThirteenthGeneralProgrammeofWork(2019–2025)andthe

SustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs),thestrategyplacesaddedemphasisoncohesivenessand

coordinationatalllevelsofWHO,thebroaderUNsystem,andothercollaborativepartnersalongsidetheGOI.Thisalignmentisdirectedtowardsachievingmeaningfulimpactandtherealizationofthenation’shealth-carepriorities.

Amidthiseraoftransformativechange,theCCSfunctionsasapathwaytofosteringresilience,drawingfromthelessonsgarneredthroughtheexperienceoftheCOVID-19pandemic.Consequently,WHO

remainsdedicatedtoreinforcingthelevelofcooperation,trustandpartnershipwiththeGOI,activelycontributingtothebettermentofthehealthandwell-beingofIndonesia’spopulation.

WHOCOUNTRYCOOPERATIONSTRATEGYINDONESIA:2023–2027iv

Abbreviations

ADB

AsianDevelopmentBank

ADINKES

AssociationofProvincialandDistrictHealthOffices

AMR

Antimicrobialresistance

ASEAN

AssociationofSoutheastAsianNations

Bappenas

BadanPerencanaanPembangunanNasional(NationalDevelopmentPlanningAgency)

BKKBN

BadanKependudukandanKeluargaBerencanaNasional(NationalPopulationandFamilyPlanningBoard)

BNPB

BadanNasionalPenanggulanganBencana(NationalDisasterManagementAgency)

BPJS

BadanPelaksanaJaminanSosial(SocialSecurityAgencyforHealth)

BPOM

BadanPengawasanObatdanMakanan(IndonesianFoodandDrugControlAgency)

BPS

BadanPusatStatistik(NationalStatisticsOffice)

BRICS

Brazil,Russia,India,ChinaandSouthAfrica

BRIN

BadanRisetdanInovasiNasional(NationalResearchandInnovationAgency)

CCS

CountryCooperationStrategy

CDC

CentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention

CEDS

CentreforEconomicandDevelopmentStudies

CEVHAP

CoalitiontoEradicateViralHepatitisinAsiaPacific

CISDI

CentreforIndonesianPolicyStudies

cMYP

Comprehensivemulti-yearplan

CSO

Civilsocietyorganization

DALY

Disability-adjustedlifeyear

DFAT

DepartmentofForeignAffairsandTrade

DHO

District/municipalityhealthoffice

DJSN

NationalSocialSecurityCouncil

DPT3

Diphtheria,pertussis,tetanus

EIOS

EpidemicIntelligencefromOpenSources

EU

EuropeanUnion

WHOCOUNTRYCOOPERATIONSTRATEGYINDONESIA:2023–2027v

FAO

FoodandAgricultureOrganization

GDP

Grossdomesticproduct

Germas

GerakanMasyarakatHidupSehat(HealthyLifestyleCommunityMovement)

GOI

GovernmentofIndonesia

GPW

GeneralProgrammeofWork

GPW13

ThirteenthGeneralProgrammeofWork

HiAP

HealthinAllPolicies

HIV/AIDS

humanimmunodeficiencyvirus/acquiredimmunodeficiencysyndrome

IHME

InstituteofHealthMetricsandEvaluation

IPV

Inactivatedpoliovaccine

JICA

JapanInternationalCooperationAgency

JKN

JaminanKesehatanNasional(nationalhealthinsurancesystem)

MoH

MinistryofHealth

MoWECP

MinistryofWomen’sEmpowermentandChildProtection

NCD

Noncommunicabledisease

NGO

Nongovernmentalorganization

NHS

NationalHealthStrategy

NTD

Neglectedtropicaldisease

ODA

Officialdevelopmentassistance

OIE

OfficeInternationaldesEpizooties

PAEI

(PerhimpunanAhliEpidemiologiIndonesia)IndonesiaEpidemiologyAssociation

PHC

Primaryhealthcare

PHEOC

Publichealthemergencyoperationscentre

PHO

Provincialhealthoffice

PoE

Pointsofentry

Puskesmas

PusatKesehatanMasyarakat(primaryhealthcarecentres)

RPJMN

NationalMedium-TermDevelopmentPlan

RPJPN

NationalLong-TermDevelopmentPlan

WHOCOUNTRYCOOPERATIONSTRATEGYINDONESIA:2023–2027vi

SDGsSustainableDevelopmentGoals

TBTuberculosis

THETotalhealthexpenditure

UHC

Universalhealthcoverage

UNDP

UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme

UNEP

UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme

UNICEF

UnitedNationsChildren’sFund

UNFPAUnitedNationsPopulationFund

UNSDCFUnitedNationsSustainableDevelopmentCooperationFramework

USAIDUSAgencyforInternationalDevelopment

VAWGViolenceagainstwomenandgirls

VNRVoluntaryNationalReview

VPDVaccine-preventabledisease

WFPWorldFoodProgramme

WHOWorldHealthOrganization

WOAHWorldOrganizationforAnimalHealth

WHOCOUNTRYCOOPERATIONSTRATEGYINDONESIA:2023–2027vii

WHOCountryCooperationStrategy

2023-2027

Photoscredit:©WHO/RosaPanggabean

Executivesummary

TheCountryCooperationStrategy(CCS)2023–2027

outlinesastrategicframeworkforWHO’s

collaborationwithIndonesiatoimprovethe

country’shealthandwell-being.Itfocusesonthreekeypriorities:(i)reinforcingintersectoralhealth

action;(ii)advancinguniversalhealthcoverage

(UHC);and(iii)buildinghealthsecurity

preparedness.Theseprioritiesarealignedwith

Indonesia’snationalhealthgoals,theMinistryofHealth’s(MoH’s)healthtransformationagendaaswellasinternationalcommitmentssuchasthe

SustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs).The

strategy,developedinconsultationwithvariousstakeholders,takesintoaccountlessonslearnt

fromthepreviousCCSperiodandaimstoaddressemerginghealthchallenges,especiallyinthelightoftheCOVID-19pandemic’simpactonIndonesia’s

healthsystem.Itemphasizescooperationand

partnershipbetweenWHO,theGovernmentof

Indonesia,andotherstakeholdersto“build

forwardbetter”.

Inthepastthreedecades,Indonesiahasseen

remarkableeconomicgrowth,withitseconomy

quadruplingfrom$794billionin1990toover$3trillionin2018,makingitoneoftheworld’slargesteconomies.Inthehealthsector,Indonesiahas

madeimprovementswithdecreasinginfantandunder-fivemortalityrates,risinglifeexpectancy,andareductioninmalariacases.Thegovernmenthasalsoinitiatedacomprehensivenationalhealthinsurancesystem,whichcoversavastmajorityofthepopulation.

WHOCOUNTRYCOOPERATIONSTRATEGYINDONESIA:2023–2027viii

Despiteprogress,Indonesiafacespersistenthealthchallenges,includinghighmaternalmortalityrates,neonatalmortalityissues,cervicalcancerprevalence,asignificantburdenoftuberculosis,andlowHIV

treatmentcoverage.Healthdisparitiesexistacross

regionsandsocioeconomiclines.TheCOVID-19

pandemicexposedweaknessesinthehealth-care

systemandvaccinationcoverage.Toaddresstheseissues,Indonesiaisfocusedoncomprehensivehealthsystemreformsandenhancingitshealthsystem’s

foundationalelements,withanemphasison

preventiveandpromotiveinitiatives,healthsecurity,resourceneeds,andthehealthworkforce.The

countryistransitioningtoamodelcenteredon

strengtheningprimaryhealthcare(PHC),addressingnoncommunicablediseases(NCDs)andtheirrisk

factors.Digitizationandcommunityengagementinitiatives,suchastheHealthyLifestyleCommunityMovement(Germas),playacrucialroleinthese

effortstopromoteahealthy,productive,andcleanenvironment.

WHOcollaboratesextensivelywithadiversenetworkofpartnersinIndonesia,includingthegovernment,localentitiessuchaseducationalinstitutions,

professionalassociations,civilsocietyorganizations(CSOs),nongovernmentalorganizations(NGOs)andinternationalpartners.ItsprimarypartneristheMoH,butitalsoengageswithothergovernmentministriesandagencies,provincialanddistricthealthoffices,

andnon-ministerialbodies.

WHOhasbeencollaboratingextensivelywith

Indonesia,focusingonkeyhealthdevelopment

initiativesinalignmentwithWHO’sglobalpriorities.TheseprioritiesincludeUHC,healthemergency

preparedness,andpromotinghealthierpopulations.Collaborationspansseveraldisease-specificareas,

includingtuberculosis,HIV/AIDS,malariaandNCDs,aswellasimprovingaccesstoqualityservicesin

sexual,reproductive,maternal,neonatal,childandadolescenthealth.WHOisalsoactivelyinvolvedin

addressingsocialandenvironmentaldeterminantsofhealth,foodsafetyandriskfactorsforNCDs,

includingclimatechangeandairpollution.An

emphasisonUHCinvolvessupportingIndonesiain

achievingfullpopulationcoverageunderthenationalhealthinsuranceprogramme.Furthermore,WHOhasplayedasignificantroleinsupportingIndonesia’s

COVID-19preparednessandresponse,andthe

collaborationistransitioningtolong-term

managementandintegrationwithotherinfectiousdiseases.Indonesiahastakenaleadershiprolein

globalhealthsecurity,settingspecifichealthtargetsduringitsG20presidency,includingestablishingapandemicpreparednessfundandglobalintegrationofgenomesequencinglaboratoriesforvirusand

bacteriadetection.Indonesiaisplanninga

transformationofitshealthsectortostrengthenthesystem’sresilienceandresponsetodisease

outbreaks,publichealthemergencies,andotherextraordinaryevents.Thistransformation

emphasizesUHC,preventiveandpromotiveservices,qualityhealth-careprovision,pharmaceutical

independence,andstrengtheningdisasterandhealthemergencymanagementsystems.

TheCCSfor2023–2027isdesignedbasedonpreviousexperiencesandlaysemphasisonseveralkey

principles:alignmentwithnationalhealthpriorities,flexibilityinadaptingtochangingcircumstances,

data-drivendecision-making,sustainability,

stakeholderengagement,healthsystems

strengthening,learningfrompastexperiences,

effectivecommunication,resourcemobilization,andrigorousmonitoringandevaluation.Thestrategic

prioritiesareinlinewithWHO’sThirteenthGeneralProgrammeofWork(GPW13),theMinistryofHealthStrategicPlan(2020–2024),andtheUnitedNationsSustainableDevelopmentCooperationFramework

(2021–2025).WHO’sprimaryroleduringthisperiodistosupportthegovernmentinimplementingits

healthtransformationagendaandpublichealth

objectivesoutlinedintheMinistryofHealthStrategicPlan,whichaddressesatripleburdenofdiseases,

includinginfectious,noncommunicable,and

emerging/re-emergingdiseases.Keyfocusareas

includeintersectoralhealthaction,UHCandhealthsecuritypreparedness,withanemphasisonsystems

strengtheninganddigitalhealth,integrated

informationsystems,regulatoryframeworks,andenhanceddataanalysisacrossprogrammes.

WHOCOUNTRYCOOPERATIONSTRATEGYINDONESIA:2023–2027ix

CURRENT

INDONESIAECONOMY

ISQUADRUPLING

$794Billion

toover

$3Trillion

STATUS

2018

1990

HEALTHSECTORMADE

IMPROVEMENTSIN1990-2021

GDPhealth

expenditure

2000to2021

1.85%to2.2%

Infantmortalityrate

1990to2020

62to20

Under5yearsoldmortalityrate

1990to2020

84to23

Lifeexpectancy

1990to2021

63to71

CHALLENGES

•Highmaternalmortalityratio

•Persistentneonatalmortalityissues

•Highcervicalcancerprevalence •Significantburdenoftuberculosis

•LowHIVtreatmentcoverage

GLOBAL

COMMITMENT

G20PRESIDENCY

Establishingapandemicfundand

globalintegrationofgenome

sequencinglaboratories.

INDONESIAHEALTH

TRANSFORMATION

Strengthenthesystemʼsresilienceand

responsetodiseaseoutbreaks,public

healthemergencies,andother

extraordinaryevents.

PRIORITIES

UndertheumbrellaofWHO's13thGeneral

ProgrammeofWork,theMinistryof

HealthStrategicPlan(2020-2024),and

theUnitedNationsSustainable

DevelopmentCooperationFramework

(2021-2025).

STRATEGIC

THREESTRATEGICPRIORITIES:

Reinforceintersectoralhealthactionsforbetterhealthandwell-being

Advanceuniversalhealth

coverage

Buildhealthsecurity

proparedness

WHOCOUNTRYCOOPERATIONSTRATEGYINDONESIA:2023–2027x

Photoscredit:©WHO/IqbalLubis

WHOCOUNTRYCOOPERATIONSTRATEGYINDONESIA:2023–2027

1

WHOCountryCooperationStrategy

2023-2027

CHAPTER1.

Introduction

ThisCountryCooperationStrategy(CCS)2023–

2027providesastrategicframeworkthatguides

WHO’sengagementwithIndonesiatoenhancethehealthandwell-beingofitspopulation.This

comprehensivestrategybolstersIndonesia’s

dedicationtorealizingitsnationalhealthgoalsand

fosterscooperationbetweenpartners

andstakeholders.

Box1.WHOIndonesia’sstrategicpriorities

Threestrategicprioritieshavebeen

identified,aroundwhichWHOwilldeployitsexpertisetosupportIndonesia’sdynamic

healthtransformationandensureinclusivityinthespiritofSustainableDevelopment

Goals(SDGs)of“leavingnoonebehind”,asfollows:

1.Reinforceintersectoralhealthaction

forbetterhealthandwell-being:

intersectoralgovernanceforhealthto(i)addressdeterminantsofhealthandriskfactors;and(ii)improvepopulation

healthequitablybyworkingonhealthbeyondthehealthsector,withgoodmonitoringandfeedbacksystems;

2.Advanceuniversalhealthcoverage(UHC):buildingresilient,efficient,

effective,andequitablehealthsystemsandprogrammes,whichcanprevent,prepareforandrespondtoacuteor

chronichealthchallenges;and

3.Buildhealthsecuritypreparedness:

strengtheningpublichealthfunctions

toensurehealthsystemand

communityreadiness.

TheoutlinedprioritiesandactivitieswithintheCCSalignedharmoniouslywiththeobjectivesand

targetsoftheMinistryofHealth’sStrategicPlan2020–2024anditsHealthTransformationAgenda

(refertoFig.1),NationalMedium-Term

DevelopmentPlan(RPJMN)2020–2024,1andthe

NationalLong-TermDevelopmentPlan(RPJPN)2

2005–2024.Furthermore,theseeffortssynchronizewithinternationalcommitmentsmadebythe

GovernmentofIndonesia(GOI),RegionalFlagshipPrioritiesoftheWHORegionalOfficeforSouth-EastAsia,theUnitedNationsSustainableDevelopmentCooperationFramework(UNSDCF)2021–2025,theThirteenthGeneralProgrammeofWork(GPW13)2019–2025,andthe2030AgendaforSustainable

Development,encompassingitsSDGs.

ThisCCSwasdevelopedjointlywiththeMinistry

ofHealth(MoH)throughin-depthconsultationwithkeystakeholderssuchasotherlineministriesandinstitutionsoftheGOI,UNagencies,development

partners,civilsociety,nongovernmental

organizations(NGOs),academiaand

professionalorganizations.

CollaborativelydevelopedwiththeMoH,the

strategyhasbeendevelopedconsideringWHO’s

mandate,expertiseandcomparativeadvantageastheworld’sleadingandtrustedpublichealth

organization.LessonslearntfromthepreviousCCSperiodhavebeentakenintoconsiderationforthewayforwardforthefuture.ThestrategyalignswithatimeofsignificantchangeduetothedynamicoftheCOVID-19pandemicanditsimpacton

Indonesia’shealthsystem.Therefore,theCCS

presentsanopportunitytoconsiderhowWHO,

partnersandtheGOIcanworktogethertoaddressneworgrowinghealthchallengesand“build

forwardbetter”.

1

https://www.bappenas.go.id/id/berita-dan-siaran-pers/rencana-pembangunan-jangka-menengah-nasional-rpjmn-2020-2024/

2

https://www.bappenas.go.id/id/data-dan-informasi-utama/dokumen-perencanaan-dan-pelaksanaan/dokumen-rencana

-

pembangunan-nasional/rpjp-2005-2025/rpjpn-2005-2025/

WHOCOUNTRYCOOPERATIONSTRATEGYINDONESIA:2023–20272

WHOCOUNTRYCOOPERATIONSTRATEGYINDONESIA:2023–2027

3

1

3

2

PRIMARYCARETRANSFORMATION

Improvingcapacityandcapabilityofprimarycare

Strengtheningthe

roleofcadres,

campaigningand

buildingmovements

throughdigital

platformsand

communityleaders

Secondary

Prevention

Screeningforthe14highestcausesof

deathcausesofdeathforeachagetarget,screeningforstunting&increasingANCformother&babyhealth

Primary

Prevention

Strengtheningtheroleofcadres,

campaigningand

buildingmovementsthroughdigital

platformsand

communityleaders

Network

revitalizationand

service

standardizationforPublichealthcenterintegratedhealthcarecenter,healthlab&homevisits

PopulationEducation

HEALTHSYSTEMSRESILIENCE

TRANSFORMATION

Improvingresilience

ofpharmaand

medicaldevices

Domesticcproduction

of14routine

immunizationantigens,

top10active

pharmaceutical

ingredients,top10

medicaldevicesby

volume&byvalue

Strengthening

emergencyresponseresilience

Emergencyresponsereservestaff,tabletopexerciseoncrisispreparedness

Figure1.TheMoH’sHealthTransformationAgenda

HEALTHSYSTEMTRANSFORMATION

THE6PILLARSOFTRANSFORMATIONSUPPORTINGTHEINDONESIANHEALTHSYSTEM

VISION

InlinewiththePresident’svisiontocreatehealthy,

productive,independent,andfair.

Improvematernal,children

health,familyplanningand

reproductivehealth

Accelerateimprovementofcommunitynutrition

Improvedisease

controls

HealthyMovementCulture(GERMAS)

Strengthenthehealth

systemUSwellUS

medicine&Foodcontrols

SECONDARYCARETRANSFORMATION

Improvingaccessandqualityofsecondary&tertiaryservices

Developmentof

prioritiesseaseservicenetwork,improvementofgovernmenthospitalmanagement

4HEALTHFINANCINGTRANSFORMATION

Regulationsofhealthfinancingwith3objectives:available,sufficient,andsustainable;fairallocation;andeffectiveandefficientutilization

5HEALTHTALENTTRANSFORMATION

Additionalstudentquotas,domestic&foreignscholarships,easeofequalizationofforeigngraduatesʼhealthworkers

6HEALTHTECHNOLOGYTRANSFORMATION

Developmentandutilizationoftechnology,digitization,andbiotechnologyinthehealthsector

InformationTechnology

Biotechnology

WHOCountryCooperationStrategy

2023-2027

CHAPTER2.

Healthanddevelopmentsituation

Overthepastthreedecades,Indonesiahasmaderemarkableprogressinadvancingitsnational

developmentagenda.TheIndonesianeconomy

hasexperiencedsubstantialgrowth,increasing

nearlyfourfoldfromUS$794billionin1990tooverUS$3trillionin2018,anditisprojectedto

continuegrowing,reachingmorethanUS$5

trillionby2030.ThisremarkableeconomicgrowthpositionsIndonesiaasoneoftheworld’stopfivelargesteconomies.Concurrently,Indonesiahas

achievedsignificantreductionsinpovertyrates,

decreasingfromapproximately30%in1980to

below10%in2019.3Witharapidlyexpanding

middleclass,nowencompassingatleast52millionoroneineveryfiveIndonesians,coupledwitha

youthfulpopulation,Indonesiaissettobenefit

froma“demographicdividend”astheworking-agepopulationproportionallyincreases.4

Addressingpersistentinequalities,including

genderinequality,isanimportantchallengefor

IndonesiainitspursuitoftheSDGs.Approximately22%ofwomenaged20–24yearsaremarried

beforetheireighteenthbirthday,afigurethathassurgedduringtheCOVID-19pandemic.Gender-

basedviolence,particularlyviolenceagainst

womenandgirls(VAWG),hasseenasignificant

increase,reachingupto50%in2021.5Povertyandunequalaccesstoessentialservicesandresourcesarebothrootcausesandconsequencesofthese

disparities.Vulnera