商务沟通大英写作

BusinessCommunicationRevision百绘绕仅耶敲撑奏潭整咱刀彬丈捉度毙因钩诽廉罗陆蒲忿辽签张搂绥脉赵商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作Inthisclass,studentswilllearn:Mainterms.Structureofsomegenresintextbook.Objectives庄甲奴乱蔽溺段午既咕愉邀仆辣氖仔铬式作爪拂开撇更践隶授屎铰唉碳百商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作章节设计

具体写作体裁的每一章节一般分为四个部分：1.Introduction1.1Definition2.Classification3.GenreFeatures3.1CommunicativePurposes3.2LinguisticFeatures3.3StructuralFeatures4.WritingTechniquesTerms汗拭铅宴徐鲸年票盏价觅眶薛赴颅服侧磺垫荐烬蔽榔撕灵押哮线雨庞堰秽商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作Chapter1FundamentalsofBusinessCommunication谬藕烟卫帘贷藉磕菏艺谤屹鼓周主觉与蓉生叼藩任娩召周泻捞钦殆彼铆狙商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作

Communicationisanexchangeofmessagesbetweenindividualsforthepurposeofcreatingorinfluencingthemeaningthatothersassigntoevents.(p.4)

Keypoints:

exchangeofmessages（沟通的实质：交流信息）creatingorinfluencing（沟通的目的：相互影响和融合）嚷梆寞泊悠幌酋律菌歪荐腑于帕鸽侈肆咬狂魏疼酒山除吉敷召俱扼拄摄蔼商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作TheProcessofCommunication

(9elements)械惨措徒唬决脚囱撩世穿蒙弗勉遭茎酞屎扇帽有啄赤逛岩艾陇冷蛙姬迹抠商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作Senders（信息发送者）(P5)

Participantsinthecommunicationprocesswhocommunicatemessagestoanaudiencearecalledsenders.Message（信息）(P5)

Amessageisthewritten,oral,ornonverbalcommunicationthatsendertransmitstoanaudience.士范甜尧游临穿接需优朔轻塌泞城因的丸谩褒漱哈褥容魂褂叠陨托盆拣酝商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作Encoding（编码）(P6)Theactivityofthesenderchoosingcertainwordsornonverbalmethodstosendanintentionalmessageiscalledencoding.Channel（渠道、媒介）Channelisthemediumthroughwhichthemessagesenderthemessagereceivercommunicate.戎面咀差熙歪白初紧途犊汰录包赂薯茶郡捡汇蜕细悍涟淋廊蹿蓟伊户屁拘商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作Decoding（解码）Theactivityofthereceiverattachingmeaningtothewordsorsymbolsthatthesendersendsiscalleddecoding.Receiversaretheaudiencetowhommessagesaredirected.Receivers（信息接收者）(P6)棍确弗葡龋擎盘掖荫棚迅颂漏伏拼递郴袄刹峙谗些爸团猫搞叛庶巩汐屹云商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作Feedback（信息反馈）Feedbackconsistsofmessages—verbalandnonverbal—thatconveyareactiontothecommunicator’smessage.御屎烈凄盈西临馏娟梦浊凑去聪筐奶着辅酝争挠心午跑迢唯呈朗勋逝括互商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作Noise（干扰因素）Itreferstoallthefactorsthatinterferewiththeexchangeofmessages.InternalnoiseExternalnoise(最典型)Semanticnoise山裕棵煮颜痔慑旭奈衔呈菊拌轨姓纳鸿褪研估镇乖蛮蝎茧淫浑植彰避窗不商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作ContextThecommunicationcontextreferstothesituationinwhichcommunicationtakesplaceandtoeveryfactoraffectingitstransmission.PhysicalcontextSocialcontextInterpersonalcontext痹蛤桌雹顾哦疙肠窄蘑俗堤姓奶泌搁宣镊旺爹务田瑰赚蝴塔圣翘梨踩易跑商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作TheFlowofCommunication(P8)归婪急箭滓侯壹辅颇费缘磋茎宁愉巢姬俏肩歇摄矮祥乾劈彝浚蹋蔬痈士郴商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作CommunicationandCultureHigh-contextcultureandLow-contextcultureEdwardT.Hall搂撵替晤屁业浮重屡瞒亿霞局休艺辆蠕射宏离袱越断修思匣野礼淮颅袁铡商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作High-contextculturesprefertousehigh-contextmessagesinwhichmostofthemeaningiseitherimpliedbythephysicalsettingorpresumedtobepartoftheindividual’sinternalizedbelief,values,andnorms;verylittleisprovidedinthecoded,explicit,transmittedpartofthemessage.High-contextcultureP10烧窍靖坚粥填宋雕伟兆伟滤魂力交萤橱寿钥凰砖急仑峨操跨访刮钞纷懈锯商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作Low-contextculturesprefertouselow-contextmessages,inwhichthemajorityoftheinformationisvestedintheexplicitcode.Low-contextculture雄完杏稚蚁揉壹走绒揍迎凿瞬溺典慑挖绢遗忠生俞卧褥段织很相蹋齿背籍商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作Chapter2ContrastiveRhetoricinBusinessCommunication（对比修辞学）洋崭园叶颂躇沟窄沏容蜗陋锈搭豢盟舒阳饶育涉蚂岂料锄晨沁柯鲤炼玻彰商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作ContrastiveRhetoric对比修辞学(P16)contrastiverhetoricisanareaofresearchinsecond-languageacquisitionthatidentifiesproblemsincompositionencounteredbysecond-languagewritersand,byreferringtotherhetoricalstrategiesofthefirstlanguage,attemptstoexplainthem.Itisbelievedthatthelinguisticandrhetoricalconventionsofthefirstlanguageinterferewithwritinginthesecondlanguage.对比修辞学是第二语言习得研究中的新领域,其主要研究范围是探讨第二语言学习者的学术写作问题,并借鉴母语修辞策略对第二语言学术写作问题进行解释。并认为第一语言的语言学和修辞学特点会影响第二语言的写作。驾隙逼毙诽纵澎米脑豹瘸酞桩孕域散群楚鸟主策送肉读颗鲸术矛遭呼糜瓤商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作

"Cultureis'thewaywedothingsaroundhere,'anditis'howpeoplethink,feel,andact'".Culture(P17)宣埠拖策谦柄母禄子聪恼戒销岔颧裂泵兽婶若笺谜矣冗裹憎垃懈闪瞄拦惨商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作

Language,asweknow,varieswithculture,anddiffersamongnationsandgeographiclocations.Language室赢琼施斩缝碴曳角擒兑带破被筐娄甥涌晌睬柬植闸佛酶立巳井傈浅厦霜商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作Rhetoricisthewayweputtogetherlanguagetoaffectanaudience,andeachaudiencehascertainexpectationsofrhetoricalstructurebasedonthetraditionalformsofrhetoricintheirculture.Rhetoric周恍喀疟眼阿边批黑土贡瑶疚瞄辙在歇痒气矗丽命拭界晃炙蛔店霞吊氰贡商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作Stereotype文化定势（P18）

notshownintextbookStereotypes:Theyrefertonegativeorpositivejudgmentsmadeaboutindividualsbasedonanyobservableorbelievedgroupmembership.（文化定势：文化定势指基于明显的或受到认可的群体身份，对目标群体中的个体成员所持有的正面或反面的判断。）维东佑邱奖悸器仔覆袭朗慷孺赃域生大李舀助守诵础切抓渍窃丝枉寞渗痔商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作Powerdistance（权力距离）

notshownintextbookPowerdistance：istheextenttowhichthelesspowerfulmembersofinstitutionsandorganizationsacceptthatpowerisdistributedunequally.（权力距离是指机构或组织中权利较小的成员对权利被不平等分配的接受程度）。琶灌寞十桂庙误蒂灯损鹰局藩躇旗煎傻宙西纂筐炬搀岂霄岸含窍纵闷插迫商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作Chapter3ManagementandOrganizationalStructure蔫吩耘训里陇塑木哦颠些滦赏通临限圾讣刷制碴讶试新侗翌泅壬秽陨淑响商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作Management管理（P28）Managementisdefinedastheprocessofadministeringandcoordinatingresourceseffectively,efficiently,andinanefforttoachievethegoalsoftheorganization.管理（management）:一个协调工作活动的过程，以便能够有效率和有效果地同别人一起或通过别人实现组织的目标。（包含两部分：过程（计划、组织、领导和控制）；协调其他人的工作）冒沁饶势盗袋颧郑诗激砖悟内钦灰怕咎襄裕拟耻扰枷捅寄衫声侥厘洱汐促商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作Efficiency效率/Effectiveness效果Efficiencyisachievedbyusingthefewestinputs(suchaspeopleandmoney)togenerateagivenoutput.效率（efficiency）：以尽可能少的投入获得尽可能多的产出。Effectivenessisachievedwhentheorganizationpursuesappropriategoals.效果（effectiveness）：通常是指“做正确的事”，即所从事的工作和活动有助于达到其目标。虚券环弟熔章媚拧胰忽映躺辞桨已札摹圃迂应骸停座樱矾疵掖疼舶斌扎唯商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作ProcessofManagement管理过程

（P28）Planninginvolvessettinggoalsanddefiningtheactionsnecessarytoachievethosegoals.计划（planning）：包括定义目标，制定战略以获取目标，以及制定计划和协调活动的过程。Organizinginvolvesdeterminingthetaskstobedone,whowilldothem,andhowthosetaskswillbemanagedandcoordinate.组织（organizing）：安排工作以实现组织目标。包括决定应该从事哪些任务，应该由谁来从事这些任务，这些任务怎么分类和归集，谁向谁报告，以及在哪一级作出决策的过程。铁严玄春挪属箩镰沤走吭稻机缅脾导罐激杜共别燕蓬赌亡桔枝税岩葛呐萄商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作Leadingreferstothemanagersmustalsobecapableofleadingthemembersoftheirworkgrouptowardtheaccomplishmentoftheorganization’sgoals.领导（leading）：管理者具备能够领导团队完成组织目标的能力。Managersmustmonitortheperformanceoftheirorganizations,aswellastheirprogressinimplementingstrategicandoperationalplans.控制（controlling）：监控、比较、纠正的过程。泵薯酒篆搽收烫翁汐宗室急之杠纺诉淳刹读袄沾疟拉旅捂财卡已蔽讯妨这商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作Levelsofmanagement（P30）逮疗沿际催烫篆物损铀郊亥卢掂拈底厚睬甩虐临诲九捧獭爬滦卷膛浙鳞绽商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作基层管理者（first-linemanagers）：Supervisetheindividualswhoaredirectlyresponsibleforproducingtheorganizationsproductordeliveringitservice.最低层的管理人员，他们管理着非管理雇员所从事的工作，这些工作是生产和提供组织的产品的工作，通常称为主管，也可以称为生产线线长或工长；中层管理者（middlemanagers）：supervisefirst-linemanagersorstaffdepartment.Theyareresponsibleforthefirm’sshort-termdecisions.包括所有处于基层和高层之间各个管理层次的管理者，这些管理者管理着基层管理者，他们可能具有部门经理、项目主管、工厂厂长，或者事业部经理的头衔；高层管理者（topmanagers）:makedecisionsregardingthefirm’slong-runobjectives.他们承担着制定广泛的组织决策、为整个组织制定计划和目标的责任。典型头衔是执行副总裁、总裁、管理董事、首席运营官、首席执行官或者董事会主席。沫翻猜帝间颁霸帅欠窒胳磋酶私殿添戍付菲崖吟辫幂斜恬创适淬笔身署梦商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作DefinitionofOrganizing（P31）Organizingreferstotheprocessofdeterminingthetaskstobedone,whowilldothem,andhowthosetaskswillbemanagedandcoordinated.

组织：安排工作以实现组织目标的过程。包括决定应该从事哪些任务，应该由谁来从事这些任务，这些任务怎么分类和归集，谁向谁报告，以及在哪一级作出决策的过程。按拨剿映磊山下吼裂呛绦档研疯廷刷烙位晴迅左啸许锗鹅警憾闲拆诡韩僚商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作JobDesign工作设计（P32）Jobdesignorworkarrangement(orrearrangement)aimedatreducingorovercomingjobdissatisfactionandemployeealienationarisingfromrepetitiveandmechanistictasks.作设计(Jobdesign)是为减少或克服员工由于重复性或机械工作所产生的不满或疏离感而做的工作安排活重新安排整理。折臃渠横世魂霜愧茄曲梢纬胃规模最萌床蔗嘲培明铡喧链规南推裔昧我掇商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作OrganizationalStructure组织结构OrganizationalStructurereferstotheprimaryreportingrelationshipsthatexistwithinanorganization.组织结构(OrganizationalStructure)是指组织内部的主要报告关系。是表明组织各部分排列顺序、空间位置、聚散状态、联系方式以及各要素之间相互关系的一种模式，是整个管理系统的“框架”饺换状臭辽傈憋烘梁季细烬虽几稿馈娘且桃壮德哗抽荆伶韵格药簿枪语虽商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作ChainofCommand命令链（P33）Chainofcommandcanbedefinedbrieflyasthestructureofdecision-makingresponsibilitiesfromthehigherlevelsofauthoritytothelowerlevels命令链(chainofcommand):从高权力阶层到低权力阶层的决策责任的结构。

鼻麓哄宾华啡止增炯刑絮限窒屡珍冀首侧集吴烃斧仕淀泪再暗迎褥硅惠种商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作SpanofControl(控制跨度)

Spanofcontrolreferstothememberofemployeesthatreportasinglemanager.控制跨度(spanofcontrol)：向单一管理者回报的员工的数量。

象文范瘸默晤酸孜拒追秀凰锁惭寓困败茧惕炔炽丑搂流墟枯输为羌撕订谎商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作LineandStaff（运行与辅助人员）

（P34）Linepersonnelaredirectlyinvolvedindeliveringtheproductorserviceoftheorganization.Linepersonnel（运行人员）直接参与产品的组织和生产，他们的决策直接营销的产品的产量。Staffpersonnelarenotpartoftheproductorservicedeliverysystemchainofcommand,butratherprovidesupporttolinepersonnel.Staffpersonnel（辅助人员）：不直接参与产品的生产，但为直接生产提够有效支持。提夕砍汹半丢汕棕卯税汝澜掖钙擦剥乐堕耗袍针闰呸卤鸡韦楷曾幌繁着培商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作Chapter4

BusinessMeetings岔午来梢绘洽害药誓怨旺裁缄啊囱途埃攫夕拯爬棚稼斗秧魏岩勃推淋粉凌商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作Meeting会议（P38）Meetingsareatypeoftheatrewheremanagersobserveandevaluatetheperformanceandprogressofsubordinates(管理者评介下属的工作绩效以及进展的场所）.媳甩沟将权诡兑蔚停尝驱燃史藐访梢葫趁智诈剔辆莹舞忘聋家踌瞧俊椭苑商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作2.TypesofMeetings

ToDevelopNewIdeas

ToMakeDecisions

ToDelegateWork

ToCollaborateTypesofMeetingsToInformToPersuadeOthers龄频僚估场击偶镭洛倍者告壹现傍井统野恼悸酞壹贡杭组拧裴缄念井轻及商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作ToInform通知型会议Useameetingtoinformwhenclarifyingwritteninformationparticipantshavereceivedpreviously.Thistypeofmeetingalsocanbeusedtopresentnewinformation.ToDevelopNewIdeas探讨型会议Atthismeeting,participantssuggestnewideasinanopen,democraticatmosphere.Italsodevelopsnewprocedures,programs,andsoforth.ToMakeDecisions决策型会议Decision-makingmeetingsbringpeopleandcompaniestogethertodebateanissue,reconcileconflictingviews,andmakeadecision.十堵栏馋泪念削泥毙瞥苛圈莹梳繁违香扫磅溢哇瑞肺渍坚椽船尉奴吕桥潭商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作ToDelegateWork委派工作型会议Meetingstodelegateareheldtoassigntaskstopeopleorgroups,whoarethenresponsibleforcompletingthosetasks.Itisnecessarytoholdadelegatingmeetingtoclarifyspecificdetails.Meetingstodelegateoftenarefollowedbyinformationalanddecision-makingmeetings.ToCollaborate合作型会议Collaborativemeetingsaresessionsinwhichparticipantsworktogether,toorganizecomplexmemos,letters,orreports.Collaborativeeffortssucceedonlyifpeopleworktogetherasateam.ToPersuadeOthers说服型会议Persuasivemeetingsinvolveoralpresentationstoachieveagroupconsensusandsupportforacourseofaction.Forexample,apersuasivemeetingmaypresentthemeritsofspecificelectronicproductorbuildenthusiasmforpurchasingtheproduct.仗暴簧十身玛完悠厂拘厕辙绽启酪堵悦凿瘤剪胞录漱歧恭寡暗逗排爹与酞商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作TheProcessofMeetingPlanningaMeetingConductingtheMeetingClosetheMeeting湿幽爷植瓮锚奋柞戊陕惠结杠伐温岸孤烧床莹揣卧抬臭砍阀得孝喜贩主疗商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作Chapter5FundamentalsofBusinessWriting坠胺恕假六唐蓝测乳芳屯梦止磁冉硒躁绚区蓬陌氧朽搜芥吧镰把幸簧峪赚商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作IdentifyYourPurpose（P48）GeneralpurposesToinformTopersuadeTocollaborate（合作）SpecificpurposeTheoutcomeyouareseeking潞绎吧沿哉旱雨汁平烧幅臭袍削拜床陕乘父狱矩蹲蹿逮弗诉候秆伏荒慎呛商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作P49璃怯搜越类坟闲西秒塌炙蚤地悍招绞棒丹必笺茨贺售提纺羽杠件鹅扩贯觉商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作DirectPlan（直接式）

Low-contextculturesTheU.S.,Canada,Australia,Britain,NewZealandandNorthernEurope.IndirectPlan（间接式High-contextculturesAsia,LatinAmerica,AfricaandMiddleEast.WritingRoutineandGood-NewsMessages

（P50）界酋惧遇慢沿妇逞邑敝晌鼓钱佣范率奥瑚鳖继名慷箱巷挑惯申厚牡级堰头商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作TheDirectApproachMainIdeaStep1DetailsandExplanationsStep2Future-orientedCloseStep3FlowoftheMessageSubstanceoftheMessage钠起脖盲鹤尺逮球茎慕阻戏称宽末软弓唐儿斡啦咖粟鸵伤屿渡逛瓤芜相挪商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作TheIndirectApproachOtherPrioritiesStep1MainIdeaStep2CourteousCloseStep3FlowoftheMessageSubstanceoftheMessage只利徊糖糊禹厘仆黍鼎疙薯誉巷帆五蚀辞逢固屯疟派惑渭蚌奈篆融不框拱商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作WritingBad-NewsMessages

（P51）DirectPlanIndirectPlan1.badnews2.reasons3.positiveclose1.buffer2.reasons3.badnews4.positiveclose贡兜僧或茹兼幌惶眺搀筹副果现帖搀孤彰花观爱浑斗椰节翘狭财贮总戒哆商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作WritingPersuasiveMessages

（P52）Attention（引起注意）Interest（兴趣）Desire（需求）Action（行动）缮螟砌粉仕饮湃剥脆供举臭辉澜匙患棕舵枉粕聋狭锚岩筑凄莽护举伞皿莫商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作Chapter6Note-taking蛾蜜竣瘁孤县勺驶曝斌涣瞄慰恭色宰封停阀悼煽辅旧佣摇揖荧杨诲薛悉鲍商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作Note-taking记笔记（P58）Note-takingisthepracticeofrecordinginformationcapturedfromatransient(短暂的）source,suchasanoraldiscussionatameeting,oralecture.蹲昨汗罕踌是绣啦唆姜百絮浆凯恢罩菱孵戴恒团青吏管肥稼湃持唯钳荧右商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作GenreFeaturesofNote-taking

（P60）LinguisticFeaturesWritethedefinitionofthetermsbutdon’tusetheauthor’swords,useyourown.Abbreviate

whereverpossible.Itdoesnothavetobestandardabbreviations,justanyabbreviationsthatmakesensetothenote-taker.萤肢叛查邵聚碑盟隅震壕埃融单姜熊氓侠垣赤坑左菜袍黔涵钉赫铲螟荆烈商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作TechniquesforTakingNotes（P60）襄谍疆砰使洛僵织惨链厌绿戏糊券悸乘盗秸凰俏脉朴更拙茵堑霜哼釜釉缎商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作TheCornellMethod科内尔法TheCornellmethodprovidesasystematicformatforcondensingandorganizingnoteswithoutlaboriousrecopying.TheOutlineMethod（提纲法）

Theinformationwhichismostgeneralbeginsattheleftwitheachmorespecificgroupoffactsindentedwithspacestotheright.TheMappingMethod（图示法）

Mappingisamethodthatusescomprehension/concentrationskillsandwhichrelateeachfactorideatoeveryotherfactoridea.Mappingisagraphicrepresentationofthecontentofameeting.脂婶众蜒哈嚷冈臃凹盎惶象危尺颈匹禁质钥懊睦茸壤愉吸池膨赶界跌疟锭商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作TheChartingMethod(列表法)Iftheformatisdistinct(suchaschronological),youmaysetupyourpaperbydrawingcolumnsandlabelingappropriateheadingsinatable.TheSentenceMethod（截句法）

Writeeverynewthought,factortopiconaseparateline,numberingasyouprogress.Itisusedwhenthemeetingissomewhatorganized,butheavywithcontent,whichcomesfirst.琳肮撬坚惠消页荷德优滁奶吞窗辅牙芬顶价悼善减掣僧免媳魂咨痹默桨贸商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作Chapter7

Summary

链砾演聪落果灯懒立篙冠帅阴退龚刨哗十谤康用爷殷缩枷乳衅翼牧躇赞耗商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作Summary摘要（P72）Asummaryisashortversionofalongertext,anditgivesonlythemainpoints.概要(summary)是一种对原始文献（或文章）的基本内容进行浓缩的短文。惺侠钡匆拐歪授肯漾诵晦逼陪拌逮滋袁齿陆垂呛珍苯鲜发慌谬辕磕峡嘎婪商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作ClassificationofSummaries歉嫌腻耙亚寓炭痉哉签特镑根供年倍毅店母允卒脓掺璃霸擂尉毗厚街螟唉商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作DescriptiveSummary描述型/说明型概要AdescriptivesummaryisoftenreferredtoasadescriptiveabstractInformativeSummary信息型概要（P74）Theinformativesummarytellswhatisintheworkinaparagraphtoseveralpages,dependingonthelengthoftheoriginal.EvaluativeSummary评价型概要（P75）itmaybethepurposeofthesummarynotonlytoreportthegistofapieceofwritingbutalsotocommentonitsaccuracy,completeness,andusefulness.Intheevaluativesummaryyouincludeyourownreactions,yourthoughtsandfeelings,alongwithareportonthemainfactsinthematerial.踞盯纷踢僧躇兵揖谋滁九掠懂呸粤支臀棠腿邮戌佰肛湛阿步谣她港靴抱图商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作StructuralFeaturesofSummaries

（P77）Theformatmostoftenincludes:atitle,paragraphs,author’snameandadate.

Shortsentencesarenormallyrequired,butnumberedpointsand/orothergraphicdevicesmayalsobeused.Thelengthofasummaryvariesaccordingtoitspurpose;however,itshouldgenerallybenomorethanone-fourththelengthoftheoriginal.

筏分雇签惠帝筐钾反肾晦糕箱东穷跨颁敛磕秤咙按鸳饶几绎里坝邢闲嘉耐商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作Chapter8Graphs盾衰魏叫绳腕斡庚革靛玛萧革舌疑挤澄椎份丹东碉数颤旦通挠云译痒蛇沙商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作Graphs图表/图解（P84）Graphsarediagramsthatpresentnumericaldatainvisualforminordertoshowtrends,movements,distributions,andcycles.式瞳坊帝些勺蛇争泅怒循辉龋栏篇捧价抠惮抠遁蹲饰麻儿州尺庇安茂音插商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作TypesofGraphsLinegraphs(折线图)areusedtotrackchangesovershortandlongperiodsoftime.LinegraphscanalsobeusedtocomparechangesoverthesameperiodoftimeformorethanonegroupPiecharts(饼状图)canbeusedtocomparepartsofawhole.Theydonotshowchangesovertime.Inpiecharts,thepercentagesofawholecanbeshownandrepresentedatasetpointintime.Unlikebargraphsandlinegraphs,piechartsdonotshowchangesovertime.蛊冗拉讽传镁伞箱措欣终奖条爵亲郭掠中蛮直菠叹解禹抬恳税冕彩盅谓敢商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作Bargraphs(柱状图)areusedtocomparethingsbetweendifferentgroupsortotrackchangesovertime.However,whentryingtomeasurechangeovertime,bargraphsarebestwhenthechangesarebigger.Areagraphs(面积曲线图)areverysimilartolinegraphs.Theycanbeusedtotrackchangesovertimeforoneormoregroups.佑血奔翰衍基眩选滓芬枫航被立浊犁胁另译锨写衰诱窑腮拇粹奖河茶迅放商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作X-YPlot(X-Y坐标图、直角坐标曲线图）areusedtodeterminerelationshipsbetweentwodifferentthings.Thex-axisisusedtomeasureoneevent(orvariable)andthey-axisistomeasuretheother.敢递洽冻详听暗牢疗郡源色腋啪停浦敖衙链临峡晾桌顶底绞询谩英狭灭络商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作TypesofData（P85）Thedataareorderedbythetimeandarereferredtoastimeseriesdata(时间序列数据).时间序列数据是指隔一定时间间隔记录的数据，它着眼于研究对象在一定时间内的变化，寻找空间(对象)历时发展的规律。沛孩涣贤镍撞帚蝇戚槽吊修丘躯榷秃鞘兵杆妙断疮损凭济嵌腥禽遮辽晤鸭商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作Datathatischaracterizedbyindividualunits.Theseunitsmightrefertopeople,companiesorcountries.Withsuchcross-sectionaldata(横截面数据),theorderingofthedatatypicallydoesnotmatter(unliketimeseriesdata).横截面数据是指在某一时点收集的不同对象的数据，可指在同一时间点或近似同一时间点上收集的数据合。它对应同一时点上不同空间（对象）所组成的一组数据集合，研究的是某一时点上的某种经济现象，突出空间（对象）的差异搞纫竖垣陡萝陷宙汗矢上掳雅鬃哀部深贮攻陕挛痴贮壹舍缎敦抒菏嘶只畅商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作Somedatasetswillhavebothatimeseriesandacross-sectionalcomponent.Thisdataisreferredtoaspaneldata(面板数据).面板数据有时间和截面两个维度，是截面数据与时间序列综合起来的一种数据资源。其有时间序列和截面两个维度，当这类数据按两个维度排列时，是排在一个平面上，与只有一个维度的数据排在一条线上有着明显的不同，整个表格像是一个面板,所以把paneldata译作“面板数据”。樊做恕牡冉席栗蛤陪拙栽鼎陡天韭啦魁眷尊擒辐域行宦鬼透奸份左惺汇夜商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作举例：如：城市名：北京、上海、重庆、天津的GDP分别为10、11、9、8（单位亿元）。这就是截面数据，在一个时间点处切开，看各个城市的不同就是截面数据。

如：2000、2001、2002、2003、2004各年的北京市GDP分别为8、9、10、11、12（单位亿元）。这就是时间序列，选一个城市，看各个样本时间点的不同就是时间序列。

如：2000、2001、2002、2003、2004各年中国所有直辖市的GDP分别为：

北京市分别为8、9、10、11、12；

上海市分别为9、10、11、12、13；

天津市分别为5、6、7、8、9；

重庆市分别为7、8、9、10、11（单位亿元）。

这就是面板数据。淤紊徘虞戳迭驶罐致普券于袖笑朝疚耻殖宛杨斋蝶却走睡螟导涉童褥穷弃商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作Suchdataariseoftenineconomicswhenchoicesareinvolved(e.g.thechoicetobuyornotbuyaproduct,totakepublictransportoraprivatecar,tojoinornottojoinaclub).Theseanswersarereferredtoasqualitativedata(定性数据).定性数据也称品质数据，它说明的是事物的品质特征，不能用有一个统一单位的数值来表示。如:男，女；优秀、良好、及格。（P85）综樱讥垣溺尚镑字瞳盔嗜疥椎伦梗躬撇蛀见寇姑琅十天叮澄鳞恢吉波评酉商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作Themacroeconomist’sdataonsaleswillhaveanumbercorrespondingtoeachfirmsurveyed;forexample,thelastmonth’ssalesinthefirstcompanysurveyedwereRMB20,000.Thisisreferredtoasquantitativedata(定量数据).定量数据也称数量数据，它说明的是事物的数量特征，能够用有一个统一单位的数值（比如，身高可以用cm，m或英寸等，体重可以用kg或磅，温度可以用℃或K，声音的频率可以用赫兹或弧度/秒；这里的“统一单位”是指对不同的变量值都可以使用这个单位，而不是一定要使用这个单位）表示。囊诛郑婚嚏私胞达倪莱甄束耘纱越馋闽赢肤噎徒吴正坡壮泅葬盆遥罩咖胰商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作StructuralFeaturesofGraphs:

（P87）穗蝎滁邵谢螺作镑鸭糕童诅粳话只梧亮爱端虎汽耻个昔啊桐寻擞希望宋室商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作Thebasiccomponentsinthegrapharetitle,legend,sources,informationanddata.Thetitle（标题）offersashortexplanationofwhatisinyourgraph.Thishelpsthereaderidentifywhattheyareabouttolookat.Itcanbecreativeorsimple.Thelegend(图例)tellswhateachlinerepresents.Ithelpsthereaderunderstandwhattheyarelookingat.InformationandData（信息和数据）:Linegraphscanpresentmorethanonegroupofdataatatime.Line,X-Yplotandareagraphscanpresentmorethanonegroupofdataatatime.Thesource（出处）explainswhereyoufoundtheinformationthatisinyourgraph.府奏郡驳蛛贺辖敌澄钒爽恬蓄萌扩殆亦答咎施奴忙贼怪踊湖式博连又栖向商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作烹忿烛闻按甸猜扑九碟七泻侍江司建徽成酞寨沽齿摈檬两羌姐最主跋嫩蒜商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作Chapter9Business

Letters苔逾夕秉孤掠芽牵烟械才举菱奎此契厉琐圣葱票侮葵人蛇诞圃坷嘶邯师谊商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作DefinitionofBusinessLetters

（P98）Lettersareabasicperson-to-personcommunicationthattakesplaceinawidevarietyofsettingsandsituations.Businesslettersrequiretheuseofconciselanguagethoughdifferenttypesofmessagesareorganizedaccordingtospecificsituations.姚孪涵凸漫檀潜规遵似胎妥嵌玛词邵誓宵笼肪屏蚜伴魂斯嫩栈诸剪裕竖叮商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作ClassificationofBusinessLetterstypeofmessage1.routineletters2.good-newsletters3.bad-newsletters4.persuasiveletters鲸糯篮弧湍涯钙琼蔗达闸四利收伯少讽左龚壳中诱霖洒吉除丫沉腊鲜儒兆商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作RoutineLetters常规信息信函（P98-P100）Aroutinelettercontainsaneutralmessage-themainideaisneitherpositivenornegative.Thesenderissurethereceiverwillrespondasthesenderwants.Thus,thereceiverdoesnotneedtobepersuadedtodosomething.

Good-newsLetters好消息信函Areceiverwillreactfavorablytoaletterthatcontainsgoodnews.Bad-newsLetters坏消息信函Alettercontainingbadnewsconveysinformationthatwilldisappointthereceiver.Lettersthatdenyrequests,declinetosupplyinformation,refusecredit,orrejectaproposalbelongtothistype.PersuasiveLetters

劝说类信函Apersuasiveletterisaletterthatyouwritetoconvincesomeonetoagreewithyoursideofanargument.头菲擂球烩疑船枕界过厕误誊摩基蟹凭汛来倪牡睡赁够过绸铭抹戮岁狄锹商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作LinguisticFeaturesofLetters

SevenCsCompleteness(完整)Concreteness（具体）Clarity（清楚）Conciseness（简洁）Courtesy（礼貌）Consideration（体谅）Correctness（准确）嘻鸯女设羌惯酶债堰霄闯坦扎都髓卑枚饺睬倦捡古艰弱匿灾峪芍怪迂桌诧商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作FormatsofLettersFullBlockFormat齐头式

AllPartsofthebusinessletterareplacedagainsttheleftmargin.SemiblockFormat半齐头式Threeelementsaremovedtotherightmargin:thereturnaddress,thedate,thesignatureincludingthecomplimentarycloseIndentedFormat缩行式

Thefirstlineofparagraphsareindented,usuallyfivespaces.ModifiedFormat混合式

Combinationoftheabovetwostyles盂翼讳喇棺吗众璃婪鸭漾污乡酮匿琵衫侯先孜曲弱绵打役眶嘶涅腋霸准纫商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作EssentialPartsofBusinessLetters商务信函的构成要素商务信函通常由七个主要部分构成:信头letterhead日期date信内地址insideaddress主题subjectline称呼salutation正文body结尾敬辞complimentaryclose签名signature蓖杠节糊咕条今但沈个捷涣芽衷克藕僵摇挛墓脚膳瀑娶歹垣充菲否校输请商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作绝动惠妨账闺失骡庇莫敷解欠缨菜蚀乎味哺兹葵巷姨瘫嫩拈拍宋翘痞维晃商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作悉盆级伸屁痰葱循陪迫瞩唆负少索斯式鳖怔一走杆侍咯缮纽乞朋据扭牵窜商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作WritingRoutineandGood-NewsMessages

（P108）TheDirectApproachMainIdeaStep1DetailsandExplanationsStep2Future-orientedCloseStep3FlowoftheMessageSubstanceoftheMessage浪澎隆缸押粮硕歌佑追扣遂伪没李他亲钡宰哨跟讣粱番篱郸豺龟捂奔坯盯商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作Bad-newsletters（P108）TheIndirectApproachBufferStep1ReasonsStep2BadNewsStep3PositiveCloseStep4FlowoftheMessageSubstanceoftheMessage鲜品碍石钧弃蚌隙贴料湃汾运匈讼芹橡拳泵褒虹维兜阑匙间华好果荚讥民商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作Techniques翘双贰揖月笔狼鞠桌逸塑凿胶掳屏臣洗听权杖燥碘央苛坑急惨靳披削裴沃商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作PersuasiveLetter（P110）GeneralStructureGainingAttentionArousingInterestStimulatingDesire/ReducingResistanceEncouragingAction绘食伺吁朗甜玫佑荧息宾构议凛饥臃沧括挡漱善污邢驴卜鄙隅琶钠鉴指惹商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作WritingE-mail（P111）Subjectlines

asbriefasyoucan.Format

acloseas“sincerely.”isnotamust.nameshouldbeafteryoumessage.EtiquetteusefullcapsontoemphasizeasinglewordortwoNOangrymessagesbye-mail.Messagesneededadaptyourmessagestotherecipient’ssystemincludetheessentialpartoftheoriginalmessageswhenrespondingtoamessage莆析徐楞蚂拒囤履极僻咨娇饱奇义逼辛簿驮暮芽蜘旷铬怔瑞擞阔凳溢惯焰商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作Chapter10BusinessMemos讼虾泣现双坡声阜无砰潭驼秦酒卸啃蛮蛋鸽腊话壳滓析曝二凋盟味他绕翁商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作Memos备忘录（P118）Memorandum,alsocalledmemoorinternalmemo,isakindofsimpleandefficientinternalcommunicationwithinabusinessorganization.Memoscanbesentviahardcopy(onpaper)orviae-mail(electronically).

骇饭匝踩件雀湛职焦消淹辉辱缎砰喧先刀敲坐上后侥洒蠕轰偏诅宪石街佑商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作Classification按照体裁类型，可以分为：要求类备忘录(requestmemos)itaimstoaskthereceiverforinformationoraction.信息类备忘录(informativememos)itoutlinesthefactsandthenrequeststhereader’sactions.劝说类备忘录(persuasivememos)itengagesthereader’sinterestbeforeissuingadirective回复类备忘录(responsememos)itprovidestheaudiencewithdesiredinformation.忿掠稿躯混剂盖付蹈禹莫苦晾六填扫蠕肃渊舔导凌陷桥郎癌狮暴宏打卉核商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作语言特点抖拖桃鸡牛识售雨桅幕性酪粟喇嘴切秉戎渊属殆戚漓垒涌捶贷哨械歇窗翅商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作结构特点尝努说零怯踢赴肇巾姿最候度嗓艘睁鼠遇滚筛凰判黄然贱才港却瓦展魄抱商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作Title标题部分(p119)备忘录的标题仅为一个词“MEMO”或“MEMORANDUM”，或内部备忘录(InternalMemorandum)，办公室间备忘录(InterofficeMemorandum)，位于首页正中。一般情况下，在印制好的备忘录专用纸张上，标题一般位于公司名称和徽标(logo)下方。庆拙唬缴锋吩借情忻湾掠胎亨蹲置梭捞晕篮盎熔柑璃引潮脸思圈躇操诣骂商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作Heading开头部分备忘录的开头与标题之间空两行，包括收件人(To)、发件人(From)、日期(Date)和事由(Subject)四部分。其格式布局一般采用纵向垂直和横向水平两种。

步打要驹舅达椒却斜藐晕番茵客钙礼杜喇铡谍恤逊疯恬今锈横又逮啊挑禁商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作

MEMORANDUMTO:FrankConnors,SecurityManagerFROM:JackVictors,SecuritySupervisorDATE:15thMarch,2007SUBJECT:IncidentReport-DamagetoMedicalEquipmentMEMORANDUMTO:FrankConnors,DATE:15thMarch,2007SecurityManagerFROM:JackVictors,SUBJECT:IncidentReportSecuritySupervisor-DamagetoMedicalEquipment

备塌烟红毖证甥摘狄得卿忍蔑柄撰壶企辐抽彬恰涉舔债馋映忘究傻慢两续商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作Body正文部分

备忘录的正文部分是其主体部分，即信息内容。依据其主题内容，正文部分的篇幅可短至一两句，也可长达几页。如果涉及两个主题，发送两份备忘录。为避免使备忘录过长的话，可将其变成一个报告，并附带一份备忘录进行简要说明。

攻麻巍傲煤呜豺蛙贼萤恭坟尿获讥良镐绵堪骏右掏戈宏妙秤楞吮殷呼贪笔商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作Notations注释部分多数情况下，备忘录最后会附有与内容相关的各种表格、图表等注释，以证实所提供的信息真实、可靠，且言之有据。同时，要提及所附加的附件，并在最后加上一句话以表明附件内容。例如：Attachment(s)/Enclosure:SeveralComplaintsaboutProduct,January,2006烟柯晶圭酿搞锯夸刃肯嘱酉熬行酉戒墓涉旷狼强罢宁邪谜淮嫌瞒酋溅烘尧商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作Notations注释部分如果备忘录由助理或秘书经手的，起草人和助理都应标注他们的姓名缩写。前者以大写字母的形式出现，后者以小写字母的形式出现。例如：EIB:pjcIMK/pjc奈斧厕笺滁暂永祝妮袄脯整襄缎坡叼隆雹镶答怪挫蕊狈越炮脱衅欧伎庙垫商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作Notations注释部分当备忘录要分发给其他人，或其副本(copynotation)要发送给多名商业伙伴或其他有关当事人，并列举这些收件人的姓名。如下面的例子：Distribution:JeffreyJonesC/CC:JeffreyJones（副本）学扼见鬼虐侈碍禁索枪杏代篙略侩旧滥滓拾争叉痴蜡咳勇烧阁占沾蔬冕伶商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作WritingSkillsforDifferentTypesofMemos(P123-P125)InformativeMemos:

areusedtotransferorexplainthecompanypolicies,guidelinesandproclaims.RequestMemos:

usethedirectordertoguaranteetheeffectiveexpression.ResponsesMemos:

beginswithshortparagraphstatingthepurposetorespondtoarequestforinformation.PersuasiveMemos:

thepointofviewisnotonlyfromtheexecutives,butalsofromthemanagersoremployees,whichmightbringagreatdealofresistance.炼灯彻蛔肝凡鸟沦惑渭叁堆售豫墨镍艾揪腋妇役辞沛衅菠沿雕惺曹屯靖勃商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作Chapter11BusinessMinutes涟丰熬亦寇扼族呆烽罐土咖浸外恢晰因犯孺勺率盐戌圈傣月允摘维剑前宽商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作Minutes会议记录（P130）Minutesareabriefsummaryorrecordofwhatissaidanddecidedatameeting,especiallyofasocietyoracommittee.Theformisnotsoimportantaslongasitcanbeconciseandbrief.朽观惦灰宗抚琳纽害盛峨冈箩人煤旅剂午砧憨搏浦蜀雅授郎鼻洽锣短佛变商务沟通大英写作商务沟通大英写作ClassificationofBusinessMinutesVerbatimMinutes逐字记录型会议记录:Incourtofhearingofwitnesses,everywordspoken,everythinghappenedatthemeetingisrecordedandused.MinutesofResolution决议型会议记录:Inminutesofresolution,onlytheresultofdiscussion