阅读理解说明文与议论文-2023年中考英语一模题讲解和真题练习（江苏）

专题04阅读理解说明文&议论文-备考2023年中考英语一模分

项讲解和真题练习（江苏专用）

说明文选材通常是各学科的前沿问题;高科技领域的科研成果;人们比较关心的社会问题;人文方面的

经典。说明文是试卷中阅读理解题中相对比较难的，通常后置。通常要求考生做到以下几个方面：

①理解语篇主旨要义

②理解文中具体信息

③根据上下文提供的线索推测生词的词义

④根据文中事实和线索作出简单的判断和推理

⑤理解文章的宏观结构和文脉逻辑关系

⑥理解作者的观点、意图和态度

说明文阅读及解题策略：

1.略读

通过整体粗读，领略内容大意，帮助理解，为细读做准备。寻找主题句，获取大意，找出每段

的主题。每一篇说明文通常都是围绕一个中心展开的。所以找出主题句，抓住中心，理解主题句与

文章的具体事实细节的关系，对文章进行整体理解，获取文章表达的正确信息。

2.跳读

寻找所需信息，如年代、数字、人名、地名等，把握住关键词，利用语法过渡词、语气转折词

及时态等，抓住文章脉络。

3.细读

分段细读，注意细节，注意语言结构，抓住关键信息，解释文章结构的内在联系，帮助深化理

解。一片文章就是一个有机的整体，段落与段落之间存在着内在的紧密联系，而每段的内容都与主

题有着很重要的联系，所以弄清文章结构上的问题，对于把握文章主题，文章大意非常重要。

议论文的阅读方法：

1.抓论点、寻论据

阅读议论文我们要抓住论题，即作者提出的观点、给出的例证及最后得出的结论。抓住了论题，我

们就把握了中心。

2.重文章结构，理清文章脉络。把握文章结构，有利于对文章大体的理解。

文章结构：

(1)一般来说，议论文会在第一或第二段提出论点，有的时候第一段是阐述一个现象或者提出一个问

题，目的为了引出论点或者引起读者兴趣。

(2)一般情况下会有实验。细节题容易针对实验过程及实验结果提问。

(3)关注专家所说的话。

题目类型：

一、主题题型

1.问mainidea,primarypurpose,title等等。

(1)正确选项必须具备三个特征：①有focus；②无细节；③态度与原文一致

能找到主题句则直接看同义句，找不到依据这三个特征使用排除法。

(2)先看选项的主体动词，迅速排除干扰项：

(Dpresentation型的文章：present,describe,explain,illustrate,pointout?

©argumentation型的文章：evaluate,criticize,refute,challenge,counter,correct

以上动词出现则优先选(只是技巧，并不绝对)

2.问focus应直接定位主题句。

需要注意以下几点：

后面出现大段无关论述时：主题“从前不从后”；

前面主题句已对某事物给了正态度，末尾再作转折，说一些毛病，缺点，这是倒让步，而不是文章

的重点，不用考虑！

二、作者态度题型

1.判断依据：

(1)判断句(系动词、情态动词、自由褒贬词)通过找自由褒贬词对判断作者态度很有作用，但前提

是要对全文的结构逻辑把握的比较好，单纯通过自由褒贬词的判断还是不很保险，但这是一个思路。

(2)某些名人说话引号中的形容词或副词表评价：

所谓名人态度题分两种，一是作者的意见和名人的一致，要注意全文的起承转合，比较明显的词for

example,SUChaS…∙等等很多。二是作者的意见和名人的不一致，有时名人的话只是给文章好开个头，

批的就是他。这就是观点对立式主题文章的类型，在文中的明显的词有：istemptedtosay,itis

previouslybelievedthat...等等。注意观点对立式这里就一定会出现意思的强转折，例如however,but,

while,onthecontrary等等。

(3)一些实义动词表评价，尤其在讲原理，或研究的文章中：

负：failto/overeslimate/underestimate/exaggerate/misinterpret/misrepresent/ignore/neglect/overlook

正：find/discover/show/demonstrate/prove/confirm/determine

(4)从大不从小原则：从全文来讲，看前面、开头或主题讲的是什么评价。

【真题详解】

【常州滦阳市南渡初级中学2022年中考英语一模试题】

A

Myopia（近视）inChildren

Howdochildrengetmyopia?

Ifachildspends7+hoursaweekon

Kcomputerormobilephone,hemayhave

myopia.

Feweroutdooractivitiesincreasetheriskof

gettingmyopia.

Parentswhohavemyopiamayhavea

Zmyopiachild.

♦Ho♦wm*any♦chil*dre*nh*ave*my*opi*a?

14.5%ofthechildrenunder6

36.0%oftheprimaιyschoolstudents

53.6%ofthechildreninChina

hadmyopiain2021.

71.6%ofthejuniorhighschoolstudents

81.0%oftheseniorhighschoolstudents

▲

Atleast2hoursofoutdooractivitieseveryday.

20/20/20rulewhenusingthecomputerormobilephone:Every20minutes,lookalsomething20

feetawayfor20minutes.

Getenoughsleep.

23.Whichcanshowthechangeinthenumberofmyopicchildrenastheygrow?

24.Whichofthefollowingcanbeputinςς,,?

A.Whereshouldchildrenhavefun.B.Whyshouldchildrendosports.

C.Whenshouldchildrenread.D.Whatshouldchildrendo.

25.WhatcanweIeamfromthepassage?

(J)Reasonsformyopia.(2)Thenumberofmyopickids.

(3)Waystostayawayfrommyopia.©Properfoodformyopickids.

A.①②④B.①③④C.①②③D.②③④

【答案】23.C24.D25.C

【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了儿童近视的原因、近视的人数以及预防近视的一些方

法。

【23题详解】

推理判断题。根据第二个表格中“14.5%ofthechildrenunder6"、“36.0%oftheprimaryschool

students”、w71.6%ofthejuniorhighschoolstudentsu81.0%oftheseniorhighschoolStlIdeiItS”可

知，随着年龄的增长，近视人数也不断上涨，选项C的图片符合。故选C。

【24题详解】

推理判断题。通读第二个表格中的下半部分内容可知，此部分主要介绍了一些预防近视的方法，由

此可知此部分在告诉儿童“应该做什么”。故选Do

[25题详解】

推理判断题。通读全文可知，第一个表格介绍了儿童近视的原因，第二个表格的上半部分介绍了近

视儿童的数量，第二个表格的下半部分介绍了一些预防近视的方法。故选C。

B

AnartistusesteatohelphimrelaxwhenpractisinginMountEmeiinSichuanProvince.Ayoungcouplein

Malaysiaserveteatoexpressthankstotheirparentsattheweddingceremony（仪式）.Thesescenesabouttea

arefromtheBBCdocumentary,OneCup.AThousandStories.

Ittook3yearstocompleteOneCupAThousandStoriesin13countriesacrosssixcontinents（大洲）.Itgives

viewersachancetolearnabouttea,sinfluenceondailylifeindifferentplaces.Someancienttalesarealso

told.ThesearerarelyheardbyyoungChinesepeopletoday.

Accordingtothedocumentary,teahasbecomemorepopularanddifferentdrinkingmethodsareenjoyedby

billionsofpeopleworldwide."TeaisChina,sgreatgifttomankind.Itprovidescalm,energyandenjoyment

forpeople.Formanypeopleitispartoftheirdailylife.Wewantedtoexplorethisrichworldofteaculture

anditsinfluenceonpeople,slifearoundtheworld,“saysMatthewSpringfbrd,thedocumentary,sproducer.

Thedocumentaryisfullyfunded（资助）byChinesecompanyMigu.MiguandBBClistedalotofthemesat

first,suchastraditionalChinesemedicineandnewtechnologies.Butteawasfinallypickedasthesubject.

“TeaisasubjectclosetobothChineseandBritishpeople,shearts,sinceweareallteadrinkerswithalong

historyofsocialteadrinking.”saysSpringfbrd.

TomMcDonald,managingdirectoratBBCStudios,saysmorethan20teamsweresenttodifferentplacesto

shootthedocumentaιy,witheachplacehavingaround25members.44I,mquiteproudofthedocumentary.It,s

anexcellentpieceofworkwithreallyhighproductionvalues.We,rebestknownforourworkinnatural

histoιyandscience,butIthinkteaisagoodexampleofwhatwecanachievewhenweputoureffortsinit,“

saysMcDonald.

ThedocumentaryhasalreadywonpraisefrommanyviewersinChina.Ayoungmansaysthatthescenes

showthebeautyofChineseteaculture,makinghimlookforwardtoaslow-pacedlife.

26.Howdoesthewriterstartthepassage?

A.Bydescribingscenes.B.Bylistingnumbers

C.Byshowingpoints.D.Byusingsayings.

27.Whywasthesubjectςςtea^^chosenfinally?

A.BecauseitiseasyforBBCStudiostoexploreteaculture

B.BecauseChinahasalonghistoryofsocialteadrinking

C.BecauseteaispopularamongbothChineseandBritishpeople

D.BecausethedocumentaιyisfundedbyaChinesecompany

28.Whatcanwelearnaboutthedocumentary?

A.Itshowssomenewtechnologiesbesidestea.

B.Thedirectorisnotsatisfiedwiththeirwork

C.25peopleflewtodifferentplacestocompleteit.

D.ItisthoughthighlyofbymanyChineseviewers.

【答案】26.A27.C28.D

【解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了BBC纪录片《一叶茶千夜话》。

【26题详解】

细节理解题。根据文中"AnartistusesteatohelphimrelaxwhenpractisinginMountEmeiinSichuan

Province.AyoungcoupleinMalaysiaserveteatoexpressthankstotheirparentsatthewedding

Ceremony（仪式）.ThesescenesaboutteaarefromtheBBCdocumentary,OneCup.AThousand

Sfo∕⅛s.”可知，作者通过描述场景来开始文章。故选A。

[27题详解】

细节理解题。根据文中“"TeaisasubjectclosetobothChineseandBritishpeople,shearts,sinceweare

allteadrinkerswithalonghistoryofsocialteadrinking.99saysSPriIIgford.”可知，最终选择了“茶”

这个主题，是因为因为茶在中国人和英国人中都很受欢迎。故选C。

【28题详解】

细节理解题。根据文中“ThedocumentaryhasalreadywonpraisefrommanyviewersinChina.A

youngmansaysthatthescenesshowthebeautyofChineseteaculture,makinghimlookforwardtoa

sk>w∙pacedlife.”可知，这部纪录片受到许多中国观众的高度评价。故选D。

D

Nowmoreandmorepeoplewhowanttolearnanewlanguageturntomobileappsforhelp.Whilethese

languagelearningappsallowuserstostudyanewlanguageanywhereatanytime,howeffective（有效的）are

they?

ThatisaquestionShawnLoewen,aprofessoratMichiganStateUniversity（MSU）,istryingtoanswer.He

recentlymadeastudyfocusingonBabbel,apopularlanguagelearningapp,toseeifitreallyworkedat

teachinganewlanguage.

''Millionsaroundtheworldarealreadyusinglanguagelearningapps,butfewstudieshaveresearched

whethertheycanhelpimproveone,sspeakingskills,,,Loewensaid.ςςTherearealmostnootherstudiesthat

havelookedatmobilelanguagelearningapps.So,thisstudyisveryimportanttothefield.,,

Inthestudy,85studentsatMSUusedBabbelfor12weekstolearnSpanish.Atthebeginningofthestudy,the

studentstookatesttoassess（评价）theirspeaking,vocabularyandgrammarinSpanish.After12weeks,the

54studentswhocompletedallstudyrequirementstookthesametestagaintoseehowmuchknowledgethey

hadgained.

ThestudyshowedthatnearlyallthestudentswhocompletedtherequirementsimprovedtheirSpanish

languageknowledgeandabilitytocommunicateafter12weeksofusingBabbeL

“Onthewhole,learnersinthisstudyincreasedtheiroralProfiCienCy（口语能力）.“Loewensaid."These

resultsshowthatBabbelnotonlyhelpsteachknowledgeofgrammarandvocabulary,butalsospeedsupthe

developmentoforalcommunicationskilɪs.^^

Also,learninggainsinoralproficiency,grammarandvocabularywereconnectedwithhowmuchtime

studentsspentusingtheapp.59%ofstudentsimprovedspeakingskillsbyatleastonelevelinanAmerican

foreignlanguageproficiencyassessingsystem.Thepercentageoflearnerswhoimprovedroseevenhigher

amongthosewhospentmoretimeusingtheapp.Forthosewhostudiedatleastsixhours,69%increasedat

leastonelevel,risingto75%forthosewhostudiedforatleast15hours.

33.WhatdoesLoewensayabouthisappstudy?

A.Itisbasedonalotofpublishedstudies.

B.Itcomparesmanylanguagelearningapps.

C.Itanswersaquestionaboutlearningnewlanguages.

D.Itmaybethefirsttostudyifappshelplanguagelearning.

34.Whatdidthestudentsdointhestudy?

A.TheylearntSpanishinclassusingBabbel.

B.Theytriedusingdifferentlanguagelearningapps.

C.Someofthemtooktwotestsbeforeandafter12weeks

D.Someofthemfinishedtheirstudyrequirementsin24weeks.

35.WhatdidLoewen,sstudyfindaboutBabbeI?

A.Itcanbeusefulforjustsomeofitsusers.

B.Iteffectivelyhelpsteachanewlanguage.

C.ItmightbethebestSpanishlearningtoolsofar.

D.Itdoesbetterinimprovingskillsthanknowledge.

36.Whatdothenumbersinthelastparagraphshow?

A.Therelationshipbetweenappusetimeandprogress.

B.Thedisadvantagesofusinglanguagelearningapps.

C.Thebigdifferencesinstudents,learninghabits.

D.Thedifficultiesoflearninganewlanguage.

【答案】33.D34.C35.B36.A

【解析】本文告诉读者研究应用程序是否有助于语言学习。

【33题详解】

推理判断题。根据文章第三段最后一句"Therearealmostnootherstudiesthathavelookedatmobile

languagelearningapps.So,thisstudyisveryimportanttothefield.”可知,它可能是第一个研究应用

程序是否有助于语言学习的公司。故选D。

【34题详解】

细节理解题。根据文章第四段第一句"Inthestudy,85studentsatMSUusedBabbelfor12weeksto

learnSPaIli§h.”及“After12weeks,the54studentswhocompletedallstudyrequirementstookthe

sametestagaintoseehowmuchknowledgetheyhadgained.”可知，有些人在12周之前和之后进行

了两次测试。故选C。

【35题详解】

细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段""Onthewhole,learnersinthisstudyincreasedtheiroral

proficiency（口语能力）”LoeWenSaid.”可知，它能有效地帮助教授一门新语言。故选B。

【36题详解】

推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Also,learninggainsinoralproficiency,grammarandvocabulary

wereconnectedwithhowmuchtimestudentsspentusingtheapp...69%increasedatleastonelevel,

risingto75%forthosewhostudiedforatleast15hours.”可知，应用程序使用时间与进度的关系。

故选A。

[2022•江苏扬州市江都区中考英语一模试题]

C

Doestheendlessmessagesandthethoughtofreplyingtounopenedtextsmakeyoustressed?Textingstressis

arealthing,andmorecommonthanyou,dthink.

Inthelast25years,textinghasalreadychangedthewaywecommunicate.FromQQtoWeChat,likes,shares

andgroupchatsjointraditionalformsofcommunicationlikeemailandtexting.Manyfindthemselvestired

outfromtheendlessnoticesandgroupconversations.

Theaveragepersonin2022checkstheirphone262timesaday,upfromadailyaverageof80in2016.On

average,eachpersonwillhave47unreadtextmessagesand1,602unopenedemails.Yettheaveragephone

screentimeismorethaneverbefore,at4.2hoursperday.

LeahAguirre,apsychotherapistexplainsthattextconversationsareusuallyacauseofstressastheycome

withalotofuncertainty.44Wedon'tknowhowsomeonewillreply,iftheywillreply,orhowquicklytheywill

reply.Wecan,tcontrolotherpeople'sactionsorbehaviourorhowtheythink,andforpeoplethataremore

likelytobestressedthiscanbehardtodealwith.”

Textstresscaninfluenceyourrelationshipswithfriendsandɪovedones.A2018studyfoundthatfriendships

arefarmoresuccessfulwhenyouandtheotherpersonhaveasimilartextingstyle.Ifbothofyoureplyto

textsquickly,therelationshipislesslikelytohittherocks.Similarly,ifeveryoneishappytogohours,days,

evenweekswithreplyingtotexts,thentherelationshipisbetter.

Aguirresuggestslimitingthetimeyouareonyourphonewillhelpyoufeelrelaxed."Youcantellyourself

thatyouhavenocontroloveranotherperson,sreactionorbehaviour.Remindyourselfthatthisisjustaphone

oratextmessageandthatyouareokayandwillbeOkayJshesaid.

Now,timetogettoallthoseunansweredtexts.

38.Thewriterlistedthedata（数据）inParagraph3totellus.

A.textinghastakenuptoomuchofourtime

B.technologyhasdevelopedfastovertheyears

C.cellphonehasbecomeausefultoolindailylives

D.peoplewouldliketocommunicatethroughmessages

39.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?

A.Itmaybeimpolitenottoreplyallthetextmessages.

B.Peopledon,tgetstressediftheyhavesimilartextingstyles.

C.Groupconversationsaremorelikelytomakepeoplestressed.

D.Whetherpeoplegetstresseddependsonhowsomeonereplies.

40.AccordingtoAguirre,wecanreducetextingstressby.

(Dspendinglesstimeonthephone

②Payingnoattentiontomessages

©communicatinginanotherway

©remindingourselvestorelax

A.①③B.②④C.②③D.①④

41.Whichpartofthenewspaperisthepassageprobablyfrom?

A.Education.B.Science.C.Society.D.Culture.

【答案】38.A39.C40.D41.C

【解析】本文主要介绍了短信造成的压力及其应对方法。

【38题详解】

推理判断题。根据“Theaveragepersonin2022checkstheirphone262timesaday,upfromadaily

averageof80in2016.Onaverage,eachpersonwillhave47unreadtextmessagesand1,602

unopenedemails.Yettheaveragephonescreentimeismorethaneverbefore,at4.2hoursperday.”

可知，人们花费在看手机、收发短信上的时间在不断增长，第三段列这些数据是为了告诉我们“发短

信占用了我们太多的时间”。故选A。

【39题详解】

推理判断题。根据"Manyfindthemselvestiredoutfromtheendlessnoticesandgroupconversations.^^

可知，许多人发现自己被没完没了的通知和群组对话弄得筋疲力尽。由此推出群组对话更容易让人

感到压力。故选C。

【40题详解】

细节理解题。根据"Aguirresuggestslimitingthetimeyouareonyourphonewillhelpyoufeel

relaxed.”可知，Aguirre建议花费更少时间在手机上，再由"Remindyourselfthatthisisjustaphone

oratextmessageandthatyouareokayandwillbeOkay”可知，要提醒自己放松。故选Do

[41题详解】

推理判断题。本文主要介绍了短信造成的压力及其应对方法，这最可能出现在“社会”栏。故选C。

D

Themomenttheyarepickedupfromkindergarteneachday,TanXinyanandherfriendsrushedintoa

playgroundwithnewswings,climbingframesandslides.

'Tmsurprisedthatsuchasmallchangecanbringthechildrensomuchjoy,,,saysTan,smotherHuYufeng

whiletalkingabouttheplaygroundinhercommunity.

Theappearanceinoldneighborhoodsofwell-equippedchildren'splaygroundsshowsthatChinaistaking

stepstocreatebetterconditionsforraisingachild.

Thecountrywiththelargestpopulationispreparingforthelowfertilityofrates（生育率），atalowlevelof1.3

in2020.

In2015,Chinabegantoallowallcouplestohaveasecondchild.In2021,thiswas▲tothree

childrenforeachfamily.Itwasfollowedbyaseriesofsupportiveactions.Thecountry'snewpopulationand

familyplanninglawwasalsomadetobuildamorebirth-friendlysociety.

Evenso,mostofthecouplesdon,twanttoasecondorathirdchildmainlybecauseoftheheavystressof

bearing,raisingandeducatingchildren.Asaresult,supportfromlocalgovernmentincludeslongerpaternity

IeaVe（产假），extraparentalleaveandbetterpublicservices.

Havinggrownupastheonlychildinherfamily,the35-year-oldmotheralwaysenviedthosewhohad_

siblingstoplaywithandoffersupport.However,shedoubtedwhethertohaveasecondchildinthebeginning,

worryingthatherparentsandparents-in-lawarealreadyintheirlate60s,andsheandherhusbandbothhave

busycareers.

“Ifwecouldnotofferthechildrentheattentionandcaretheyneedforahappyandhealthychildhood,we

wouldn,thaveasecondchild“Husays.

Asitturnsout,shefoundmorehappinesswithtwochildren.44Whatdoubledisnottheworkload,butthejoy

andgoodmemoriestheycreated,,,Husays.

Withsupportiveactionsbeingtaken,moremothers-to-beaimingfortwoorthreechildrenareexpectedtofeel

thesameway.

Ingeneral,childrenarethecreatorsofourfuture,andit,sthejobofusgrown-upstocreateanenvironmentto

makethiscometrue.

42.What,sthepurposeofthefirstthreeparagraphs?

A.Toexpressopinions.B.Tointroducethetopic.

C.Toshowfeelings.D.Todrawaconclusion.

43.Whichofthefollowingwordscanbeputintheblank▲?

A.Returned.B.Included.C.Reduced.D.Increased.

44.What,sthemainreasonwhymostcouplesdon,twantasecondorathirdchild?

A.Theirparentsandparents-in-lawarealreadyintheirlate60s.

B.Mostcoupleshavebusycareersandonlycareaboutthemselves.

C.Thestressofbearing,raisingandeducatingchildrenisheavy.

D.Theycannotofferthechildrentheattentionandcaretheyneed.

45.Theunderlinedword“siblings“means.

A.relativesandfriendsB.fatherandmother

C.teachersandstudentsD.brothersandsisters

[答案】42.B43.D44.C45.D

【解析】

【导语】本文主要介绍了国家为了鼓励多孩政策所创造的一些便利条件，同时介绍了家长对二胎或

三胎的不同看法和担忧。

【42题详解】

段落大意题。根据前三段的内容可知，从社区一些娱乐项目的改变引出现在政府为了提高生育率所

创造的一些便利条件这个主题，故选B。

【43题详解】

推理判断题。根据“In2015,Chinabegantoallowallcouplestohaveasecondchild.In2021,this

was...tothreechildrenforeachfamily”可知，2015年开始开放二胎，2021年增加到三胎，故选D。

[44题详解】

推理判断题。根据"Evenso,mostofthecouplesdon,twanttoasecondorathirdchildmainly

becauseoftheheavystressofbearing,raisingandeducatingChikiren.”可知，主要是因为生育、抚养

和教育孩子的巨大压力，故选C。

[45题详解】

词义猜测题。根据“Havinggrownupastheonlychildinherfamily,the35-year-oldmotheralways

enviedthosewhohadsiblingstoplaywithandOffersupport.”可知，作为独生女总是会羡慕别人有兄

弟姐妹可以一起玩耍和互相支持，所以SibIingS表示“brotherSalIdSiSters",故选D。

[2022年南京市金陵中学中考英语一模试题】

Acastlewasthefortress（堡垒）andhomeofakingornobleman.

MostofthecastlesWethinkoftodaywerebuiltinEurope.Theywerebuiltfromabout1,000ADto

about1,500AD,duringaperiodknownastheMiddleAges.

CastlesplayedanimportantroleafterthefalloftheRomanEmpire.Whenakinggrantedlandtonobles,

thenoblespromisedinreturntoservethekingandprovidehimwithsoldiers.Noblesbuiltcastlesonthe

landsgiventothem.Butsomenoblessimplyclaimedlandastheirownandbuiltacastleonit.Thatwas

askingfortrouble.Thereweremanypowerstrugglesbetweennoblesandkings,andamongthenobles

themselves.

Atypicalstonecastlehadseveralmainparts.Atthecentreofthecastlewasatallandverystrong

buildingcalledthekeep.Thisiswherepeopleinthecastlemadetheirlaststandiftheouterdefences（防御）

failed.Thekeepwassetinacourtyard,wheretherewereworkshops,stables,andakitchen.

High,thickwallssurroundedthekeepandthecourtyard.Strong,rounddefensivetowersstoodatthe

comersofthewalls.Guardswalkedalongthetopsofthewallsandtowers.

Manystonecastlesweresurroundedbyawideditchcalledamoat（扩】城7可）.Somemoatswerefilled

withwater,butmanywerenot.Theonlywayintothecastlewasacrossawoodendrawbridgeoverthemoat.

Ifenemiesattacked,thedefendersraisedthebridge.Thentheyloweredaheavyiron-and-woodbarriercalled

aportcullistoblocktheentrancetothecastle.

Awell-builtcastlewasaprettysafeplacetobe.Attackershadahardtimegettingin.Buttheystillhad

someoptions.Theycouldgooverthewallsusingladders.Theycouldsmash（撞碎）throughthewallsor

doors.Ortheycoulddigunderthewallsandtrytogetpartofthewalltofalldown.Ifnoneofthose

thingsworked,theycouldjustcampoutsideuntilthedefendersranoutoffood.

Attackerssometimesbroughtlargemachinescalledsiegeengineswiththemtobreakthroughcastle

doorsorwalls.Thiswasaheavywoodenbeamwithametalcap.Intheearly1500s,cannonsenteredwideuse

inwarfare.Cannonballscoulddigintothebaseofstonewallsandweakenthem.Thewallsthenfellunder

theirownweight.Asaresult,castleswerenolongerneeded.

29.Theunderlinedword“That”referstothefactthat.

A.noblesbuiltcastlesonthelandsgiventothemB.thenoblespromisedtoservethekinginreturn

C.somenoblessimplyclaimedlandastheirownD.thenoblesprovidedthekingwithsoldiers

30.Howmanychoicesarementionedtooccupyacastlebeforethesixteenthcentury?

A.3B.4C.5D.6

31.Whatcanweinferfromthepassage?

A.Somecastleswerebuilttoattractmorevisitors.

B.KingsinancientEuropeweremoregenerous.

C.Portculliseswereusedtobreakthroughcastledoors.

D.Warfaremustbecommonfrom1,OOOADtoabout1,500AD.

32.Whatisthebestsubtitleofthelasttwoparagraphs?

A.AttackingacastleB.VisitingacastleC.AprettysafeplaceD.Weaknessofacastle

【答案】29.A30.B3LD32.A

【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述的是城堡的历史。

【29题详解】

词义猜测题。根据"Noblesbuiltcastlesonthelandsgiventothem.Butsomenoblessimplyclaimed

landastheirownandbuiltacastleonit.”可知，此处是说但有些贵族干脆宣称土地是自己的，并在

上面建了一座城堡。这引起很多麻烦，由此可知“That”指的是贵族们在给他们的土地上建造城堡。

故选A。

【30题详解】

细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“TheycoUkigooverthewallsusingladders.Theycouldsmash（撞碎）

throughthewallsordoors.Ortheycoulddigunderthewallsandtrytogetpartofthewalltofall

down•"和"Attackerssometimes...Intheearly1500s,cannonsenteredwideusein

VVarfare.”可知，攻击城堡的方式有：用梯子翻墙、砸碎墙壁或门、或者在墙下挖掘让墙的一部分

倒塌以及使用大炮。因此是4种方式。故选B。

[31题详解】

推理判断题。根据"Theywerebuiltfromabout‰000ADtoabout1,500AD,duringaperiodknown

astheMiddleAges."和"CastlesplayedanimportantroleafterthefalloftheRomanEmPire.”可知,

此处是说城堡大多建于公元1000年至公元1500年以及说城堡在罗马帝国灭亡后发挥了重要作用。

由此可推断在这一时期有很多战争。故选Do

【32题详解】

标题归纳题。根据倒数第二段开头“Awell-builtcastlewasaprettysafeplacetobe.Attackershada

hardtimegettingin.ButtheystillhadsomeOPtiOnS.”和最后一段“Attackerssometimesbrought

largemachinescalledsiegeengineswiththemtobreakthroughcastledoorsorWanS.”可知，最后两

段主要是讲述攻击者怎么攻击城堡的。因此A项“攻击一座城堡”符合题意。故选A。

Doyouknowsomepeoplehavememoriesthatarecompletelywrong?Theyrememberthingsthatnever

happened.Sometimes,manypeoplehavethesamewrongmemory∙Whenthishappens,it,sbelievedthatitis

becauseoftheMandelaEffect.

PeoplefirstnoticedtheMandelaEffectin2013.Thatyear,NelsonMandelapassedaway.However,

thousandsofpeoplerememberedhimdyinginthe1980s.Theydescribedwatchinghisfuneral（葬礼）onTV.

Butinfact,Mandelalivedtobe95yearsold.Howcouldthatbe?Howcouldsomanypeoplehavethesame

wrongmemory?

MostexpertsexplaintheMandelaEffectusingbrainscience.Whenwemakememories,ourbrainskeep

themingroups.Eachgroupincludesmemoriesthataresimilartoeachother.Sometimes,ourbrainsmessed

up。昆舌L）.Theymixtwosimilarmemoriestogether.That,swhypeoplethoughtNelsonMandeladiedinthe

1980s.Theyknewhewasimprisoned（坐牢）duringthe1980s.Forsomereason,theymixedhis

imprisonmentwithhisdeath.

Thatwouldexplainwhysomanypeoplein2013thoughtNelsonMandelawasalreadydead.Butwould

itexplainwhyallthosepeoplegavesimilardescriptionsofhisfuneral?Couldallthosepeoplehavemixedup

thesametwomemories?

TherearemanyotherexamplesoftheMandelaEffect.HaveyoueverseentheMonaLisa?Manypeople

rememberthewomaninthepaintingwithafrown（皱眉）.Otherssayshewasstraight-faced.Ifyoulookat

theMonaLisatoday,you,Ilfindshe,ssmiling.Didyoueverreadaseriesofchildren,sbooksaboutThe

BerensteinBears?No,youdidn,t.Inourreality,thebooksareaboutTheBerensteinBears,spelledwithan"a"

insteadofan"e''.Still,thousandsofpeoplebelievetheyrememberthenamespelleddifferently.

Arethesewrongmemoriestheresultofmixedmemories,oristhereanotherexplanation?Without

furtherscienceresearch,wecan,tsayforsure!

33.WhatistheMandelaEffect?

A.Somepeoplehaveworsememorythanothers.

B.Somepeoplemayhavethesamewrongmemory.

C.Peoplearebetteratrememberingcertainthings.

D.Peoplerememberunhappyexperiencesmoreeasily.

34.WhydoestheauthorgivetheexampleinPara.2?

A.Toprovehispoint.B.rIbintroducethetopic.

C.Tocorrecttheviewabove.D.Toprovidethebackground.

35.WhatisthereasonfortheMa