中国人民大学外国语学院《816英语语言学与英语教学》历年考研真题及详解

目录

2007年中国人民大学816英语语言学与英语教学考研真题及详解

2006年中国人民大学816英语语言学与英语教学考研真题及详解

2005年中国人民大学816英语语言学与英语教学考研真题及详解

2004年中国人民大学816英语语言学与英语教学考研真题及详解

2003年中国人民大学816英语语言学与英语教学考研真题及详解

2002年中国人民大学816英语语言学与英语教学考研真题及详解

2007年中国人民大学816英语语言学与英语

教学考研真题及详解

I.Fillintheblankswiththerightlinguisticconcepts(10points).

1.Humanlanguageisarbitrary.Thisreferstothefactthatthereisno

logicalorintrinsicconnectionbetweenaparticularsoundandthe______itis

associatedwith.

2.______satypeofword-formationbywhichashorterwordis

coinedbythedeletionofasupposedaffixofalongerformalreadypresentin

thelanguage.Forexample，theverbeditwasformedfromeditorby

droppingthesupposedderivationalsuffix-or.

3.Somemorphemeslike–ish,-ness，-ly，-dis，trans-.un-arenever

wordsbythemselvesbutarealwayspartsofwords.Theseaffixesare______

morphemes.

4.______anbedefinedasthestudyoflanguageinuse.

Sociolinguistics,ontheotherhand,attemptstoshowtherelationshipbetween

languageandsociety.

5.Oneoftheimportantdistinctionsinlinguisticsis______and

parole.TheformeristheFrenchwordfor“language”,whichistheabstract

knowledgenecessaryforspeaking，listening，writingandreading.The

lagerisconcernedabouttheactualuseoflanguagebypeopleinspeechor

writing.Paroleismorevariableandmaychangeaccordingtocontextual

factors.

6.H.P.Gricebelievesthatthereisasetofassumptionsguidingthe

conductofconversation.ThisiswhathecallstheCooperativePrinciple.

Accordingtothemaximumof______:Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobe

falseorforwhichyoulackevidence.Inotherwords，speaktruthfully;do

notlie.

7.______proposesthateveryspeakerknowsasetofprincipals

whichapplytoalllanguagesandalsoasetofparametersthatcanvaryfrom

onelanguagetoanother,butonlywithincertainlimits.

8.______referstovarietiesofalanguageusedbyindividual

speakers，withpeculiaritiesofpronunciation，grammarandvocabulary.In

fact，notwospeakersspeakexactlythesamedialect.Eachspeakerhas

certaincharacteristicfeaturesofhisowninhiswayofspeaking.

9.Accordingto______periodhypothesis，inchilddevelopment

thereisaperiodduringwhichlanguagecanbeacquiredmoreeasilythanat

anyothertime.Theperiodlastsuntilpuberty(aroundage12or13years),

andisduetobiologicaldevelopment.

10.______referstotiesandconnectionswhichexistwithintexts.They

arealsocalledformallinksbetweensentencesandbetweenclauses.

答案：

I.1.meaning

2.Back-formation

3.bound

4.Pragmatics

5.langue

6.quality

7.GenerativeGrammar

8.Idiolect

9.Critical

10.Cohesion

II.Giveshortanswertothefollowingquestions(10points)

I.Explaincriterion-referencedandnorm-referencedlanguagetests.

答案：Testscanbecategorizedintotwomajorgroups:norm-referenced

testsandcriterion-referencedtests.Thesetwotestsdifferintheirintended

purposes,thewayinwhichcontentisselected,andthescoringprocesswhich

defineshowthetestresultsmustbeinterpreted.

Atestthatmeasuresstudentknowledgeandunderstandinginrelationto

specificstandardsorperformanceobjectivesiscalledcriterion-referenced

testing(CRT).Itmeasuresstudents’performanceinrelationtostandards,not

inrelationtootherstudents;allstudentsmayearnthehighestgradeifall

meettheestablishedperformancecriteria.CRTsreporthowwellstudentsare

doingrelativetoapre-determinedperformancelevelonaspecifiedsetof

educationalgoalsoroutcomesincludedintheschool,district,orstate

curriculum.

Atestdesignedtomeasureandcompareindividualstudents’

performancesortextresultstothoseofanappropriatepeergroup(thatis,

normgroup)attheclassroom,localor,nationalleveliscallednorm-

referencedtesting(NRT).Studentswiththebestperformanceonagiven

assessmentreceivethehighestgrades.Itisgenerallyusedtohelpteachers

selectstudentsfordifferentabilitylevelreadingormathematicsinstructional

groups.

2.Explaintheseventypesofmeaninganduseexamplestoillustrate

yourideas.

答案：TheseventypesofmeaningwerefirstpostulatedbyG.Leech.

Theyarerespectivelyillustratedasfollows:

(1)Conceptualmeaning,whichreferstological,cognitive,ordenotative

content.Thistypeofmeaningis“denotative”inthatitisconcernedwiththe

relationshipbetweenawordandthethingitdenotes,orrefersto.Itoverlaps

toalargeextenttotheconceptofreference,butLeechalsousestheshort

form“sense”forthesameindication.SoLeech’sconceptualmeaning

containstwoparts:senseandreference.

(2)Connotativemeaning,whatiscommunicatedbyvirtueofwhat

languagerefersto.Itreferstosomeadditional,especiallyemotive,meaning.

(3)Socialmeaning,referringtowhatiscommunicatedofthesocial

circumstancesoflanguageuse.

(4)Affectivemeaning,whichreferstowhatiscommunicatedofthe

feelingsandattitudesofthespeaker/writer.

(5)Reflectedmeaning,whichreferstowhatiscommunicatedthrough

associationwithanothersenseofthesameexpression.

(6)Collocativemeaning,whatiscommunicatedthroughassociation

withwordswhichtendtooccurintheenvironmentofanotherword.

Thefivetypesofmeaningsfrom(2)to(6)arecollectivelyknownas

Associativemeaninginthesensethatanelementaryassociationisttheoryof

mentalconnectionsisenoughtoexplaintheiruse.

(7)Thematicmeaning,whatiscommunicatedbythewayinwhichthe

messageisorganizedintermsoforderandemphasis.Itismoreperipheral

sinceitisonlydeterminedbytheorderofthewordsinasentenceandthe

differentprominencetheyeachreceive.

III.Readthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthenstateyourown

positionconcerningtheuseofknowingsomelinguistics.(10points)

Onefamousscholarsaysthatlanguageisaninterestingsubjecttostudy

onitsownright,forthesimplereasonthateverybodyusesiteveryday.Itis

unbelievablethatweknowverylittleaboutsomethingwearesofamiliar

with.Justafewquestionswillarouseourinterestinlanguage.Whyshould

wecallthethingwesitonchair?Can’twecallchairtableandtablechair?

Howisitthatchildrendon’tseemtomakeabigeffortinlearningtheirfirst

languagewhileweadultshavetoworkveryhardtolearnasecondlanguage?

Whycanwetalkaboutyesterdayandlastyearwhilecatsanddogsnever

seemtomakenoisesabouttheirpastexperience?Doyouthinkwecanthink

asclearlywithoutlanguageaswithlanguage?Doeslanguagedeterminewhat

wethinkorthoughtdetermineswhatwesay?Thesequestionsmakeus

curiousaboutlanguageandlinguisticscansatisfyourcuriosity.Toseekthe

answertoanyofthesequestionsisagoodreasonforstudyinglinguistics.

答案：Languageisessentialtohumanbeings;itplaysacentralrolein

ourlivesasindividualandsocialbeings.Wehavetobefullyawareofthe

natureandmechanismofourlanguage,orwewillbeignorantofwhat

constitutesouressentialhumanity.Therefore,thereiseverynecessityto

studylanguage.AndLinguisticsservesasawayforustolearnmoreabout

language,andtoexplainsomephenomenawhichwehavetakengrantedfor

butwhichinfactisquiteinterestingorpuzzling.Forexample,withthehelp

oflinguistics,peoplecouldexplainwhywecallthethingwesitona“chair”

butnota“cat”or“dog”,orwhywecantalkaboutyesterdayandeven

tomorrowwhileanimalscannot.Thesetwokindsofphenomenaareall

attributedtothedesignfeaturesoflanguagewhichmakeituniquefromand

advantageousoveranimallanguages.Thelinguistshavefoundthathuman

languageisarbitrarybecausethereisno“natural”connectionbetweena

linguisticanditsmeaning.What’smore,humanlanguagehasalsothe

propertyofdisplacementwhichenablesthelanguageuserstotalkabout

thingsandeventsnotpresentintheimmediateenvironment.

Linguisticsdoesnotonlytrytoexplainthephenomenaoflanguage

itself,butalsotrytostudytheinterrelationbetweenitandotheraspectsofthe

wholehumansociety.Thus,wehavesociolinguistics,whichstudiesthe

relationoflanguagewithsociety,andwhichtriestoclearouttherelationship

oflanguagetothesocietyandculture;psycholinguistics,whichaimsto

answersuchquestionsashowthehumanmindworkswhenweuselanguage,

howweasinfantsacquireourmothertongue,howwememorize,andhow

weprocesstheinformationwereceiveinthecourseofcommunication;

appliedlinguistics,whichrelatessomefindingsinlinguisticstudiestothe

solutionofsuchpracticalproblemsastherecoveryofspeechability,foreign

languageteachings.

Ofcourse,thepresentlinguisticstudiescannotexplainadequatelyall

thephenomenaconcernedwithlanguage,forexample,whetheritislanguage

determinescultureorthatculturedetermineslanguage.Evenwiththe

theorieswhichseemtoworkwelloncertainaspectsoflanguageweshould

notstaysatisfied;forthetheoryisnowacceptedastrueonlybecauseit

haven’tbeenprovedwrong.

2006年中国人民大学816英语语言学与英语

教学考研真题及详解

I.Fillintheblankswiththerightlinguisticconcepts(22points).

1.Saussuredistinguishedthelinguisticcompetenceofthespeakerand

theactualphenomenaordataoflinguistics(utterances)as(1)and(2).The

formerreferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofa

speechcommunity,andthelatteristheconcretemanifestationoflanguage

eitherthroughspeechorthroughwriting.

2.(3)grammarsattempttotellwhatisinthelanguage,while(4)

grammarstellpeoplewhatshouldbeinthelanguage.Mostcontemporary

linguistsbelievethatwhateveroccursnaturallyinthelanguageshouldbe

described.

3.(5)studieshowthespeechsoundsaremade,transmitted,and

received,and(6)studiestherulesgoverningthestructure,distributionand

sequencingofspeechsoundsandtheshapeofsyllables.

4.Wordswhichhavedifferentmeaningsbutarewrittendifferentlyand

soundalikearecalled(7).

5.Oneoftheimportantdistinctionsinlinguisticsis(8)and

performance.

6.Therearetwofieldsofmorphology:thestudyof(9)andthestudy

of(10).

7.“Theworldislikeastage”isanexampleof(11),and“Allthe

worldisastage”isanexampleo

-f(12).Theyareoftenusedinanalyzingfeaturesofliterary

language.

8.(13)studiesmeaninginlanguage,(14)saboutprinciplesof

formingandunderstandingcorrectEnglishsentences,and(15)is

concernedwiththeinternalorganizationofwords.Theyareallamongthe

mainbranchesoflinguistics.

9.(16)isthestudyofthelanguage-processingmechanisms.Itis

concernedwiththestorage,comprehension,productionandacquisitionof

language;(17),ontheotherhand,attemptstoshowtherelationship

betweenlanguageandsociety.Theybothbelongtobranchesof

macrolinguistics.

10.Thepartoflinguisticsthatstudiesthelanguageofliteratureiscalled

(18).Itfocusesonthestudyoflinguisticfeaturesrelatedtoliterarystyle.

11.Childrenfrequentlysaytoothsandmouses,insteadofteethand

mice.Theseareexamplesof(19).

12.(20)isarelativelycomplexformofcompoundinginwhicha

newwordisformedbyjoiningtheinitialpartofonewordandthefinalpart

ofanotherword.

Forexample,theEnglishwordsmogismadefrom(21)and

(22).

答案：

(1)langue(2)parole(3)descriptive(4)prescriptive(5)

phonetics

(6)phonology(7)homophones(8)competence(9)inflectional

(10)lexical/derivational(11)simile(12)metaphor(13)semantics

(14)syntax

(15)morphology(16)psycholinguistics(17)sociolinguistics(18)

stylistics

(19)overgeneralization(20)blending(21)smoke(22)fog

II.Givebriefdefinitionsofthefollowingterms(18points).

1.Phoneme2.CALL

3.ICanalysis4.Linguisticrelativity

5.Silentperiod6.Gradableantonym

答案：

1.Phoneme.Itreferstotheabstractelementofsound,identifiedas

beingdistinctiveinaparticularlanguage.Forexample,inEnglish,/p/is

describedasaphoneme.

2.CALL.Itistheabbreviationofcomputer-assistedlanguagelearning,

whichreferstotheuseofacomputerintheteachingorlearningofasecond

orforeignlanguage.InthiskindofCALLprograms,thecomputerleadsthe

studentthroughalearningtaskstep-by-step,askingquestionstocheck

comprehension.Dependingonthestudent’sresponse,thecomputergivesthe

studentfurtherpracticeorprogressestonewmaterial.

3.ICanalysis.ICanalysis(immediateconstituentanalysis)referstothe

analysisofasentenceintermsofitsimmediateconstituents---wordgroups(or

phrases),whichareinturnanalyzedintotheimmediateconstituentsoftheir

own,andtheprocessgoesonuntiltheultimateconstituentsarereached.In

practice,forthesakeofconvenience,weusuallystopatthelevelofword.

4.Linguisticrelativity.ThisisoneoftwopointsinSapir-Whorf

hypothesis.Itstatesthatsimilaritybetweenlanguagesisrelative,thegreater

theirstructuraldifferentiationis,themorediversetheirconceptualizationof

theworldis.Forexample,noteverylanguagehasthesamesetofwordsfor

thecolors;inSpanishthereisnowordthatcorrespondstotheEnglish

meaningof“blue”.

5.Silentperiod.Itreferstoaperiodintheinitialphaseofthelanguage

acquisitionprocess,duringwhichchildrenacquiringanewlanguagein

naturalsettingsaresilentandconcentrateoncomprehension.Andtheymay

respond,ifnecessary,onlyinanon-verbalwayorbymakinguseofasetof

memorizedphrases.Thisphenomenonisalsoobservedwhenweseehow

childrenacquiretheirmothertongue.

6.Gradableantonym.Gradableantonymsareantonymsthatare

gradablebecausethereareoftenintermediateformsbetweenthetwo

membersofapair.Forexample,coldandwarmconstituteapairofgradable

antonyms.

III.GiveShortanswerstothefollowingquestions(40points):

1.Inwhatwaysdopeoplecooperateintheirconversations?

答案：Indailyconversationspeopledonotusuallysaythingsdirectly

buttendtoimplythem,andaccordingtoGrice,theyseemtoobserve

willinglyorunwillinglycertainprinciple,whichiscalled“cooperative

principle”:“Makeyourconversationalcontributionsuchasisrequired,atthe

stageatwhichitoccurs，bytheacceptedpurposeordirectionofthetalk

exchangeinwhichyouareengaged”.Underthisprinciple,therearefour

maxims,namely,Quantity,Quality,Relation,andManner.

2.Howistheillocutionaryactdifferentfromtheperlocutionaryact?

答案：Anillocutionaryactistheactofexpressingthespeaker’s

intention;itistheactperformedinsayingsomething.Thus,ifsomeonesays

“Morning”,wecanaskquestionslike“Whatdidhemean?”andtheanswer

couldbe“Heofferedagreeting.”

Aperlocutionaryact,however,istheeffectoftheutterance.Bytelling

somebodysomethingthespeakermaychangetheopinionoftheheareron

something,ormisleadhim,orsurprisehim,orinducehimtodosomething,

andsoon.Therefore,theperlocutionaryactofthesaying“Morning”could

betokeepfriendlyrelationswiththehearer.

3.WhydidChomskymakethedistinctionbetweendeepandSurface

structures?

答案：Ingenerativegrammar,deepstructureistheabstractsyntactic

representationofasentence,theunderlyinglevelofstructuralorganization

whichspecifiesallthefactorsgoverningthewaythesentenceshouldbe

interpreted.Ontheotherhand,surfacestructureisthefinalstageinthe

syntacticrepresentationofasentence,whichprovidestheinputtothe

phonologicalcomponentofthegrammar,andwhichthusmostclosely

correspondstothestructurewearticulateandhear.

AccordingtoChomsky,itisnecessarytomakethedistinction,sinceitis

helpfultodifferentiateandanalyzesyntacticstructuressuchas“Johniseasy

toplease”and“Johniseagertoplease”,andalsotodisambiguatestructures

like“theshootingofthehunters”.Moreimportantly,itreflectstwoofthe

stagesofhowthelanguageisprocessedthroughthegenerativegrammar:the

deepstructure,whichanunderlyingstructure,hastobetransformedtothe

surfacestructureviaasetoftransformationalrules.

4.Whatarethemajorconcernsofpragmatics?

答案：Pragmaticsisthestudyofthelanguageinuse.Itismainlyabout

howspeakersuselanguageappropriatelyandeffectivelyinaccordancewitha

givencontext.Itisconcernedwiththestudyofmeaningascommunicatedby

aspeaker(orwriter)andinterpretedbyalistener(orreader).Ithasmoreto

dowithparticipantsofcommunicationandcontextinwhichcommunication

takesplace.Hencethestudyofspeakermeaning,thatofcontextualmeaning,

ofwhatisunsaidbutcommunicated.

5.Forthesystemoftransitivity,Hallidayidentifiedsixkindsofprocess,

eachwithdifferenttypesofparticipants.Listfouroftheprocessesand

commentontheeffectivenessofsuchclassification.

答案：Forthesystemoftransitivity,Hallidayhasidentifiedsixkindsof

process,andfourofthemarematerialprocess,relationalprocess,behavioral

process,andmentalprocess.

Suchaclassificationhasalottodowiththesystemic-functional

approachofgrammarinterpretation.Theclassificationofthesystemof

transitivityhelpsrevealthefunctionsofthecomponentsinrelationtothe

wholeclause;itisaninterpretationofgrammarintermsofideational

function.Thesesixtypesofprocesshavedividedupthesemanticsystemof

ideationalfunction,byshowingthevariouswaysoflanguagetoreactonthe

materialworldaroundus,andmakesenseoftheirexperienceofwhatgoeson

aroundthemandinsidethem,orinotherwords,toperformtheideational

function.

IV.Answerthefollowingquestions,citingexamplestosupportyour

ideas(40points).

1.Whatarethesevenfunctionsofhumanlanguage?

答案：AccordingtoHuZhuanglin,languagehasatleastseven

functions,andtheyareillustratedasfollows:

1)Informativefunction.Itmeansthatlanguageistheinstrumentof

thoughtandlanguageservesaninformationalfunctionwhenusedtotell

something.Itisalsocalledideationalfunctionintheframeworkoffunctional

grammar.Thedeclarativesentencessuchas“Thisisabook.”arethetypical

illustrationofthisfunction.

2)Interpersonalfunction.Theinterpersonalfunctionmeanspeoplecan

uselanguagetoestablishandmaintaintheirstatusinasociety.Itisthemost

importantsociologicaluseoflanguage.Intheframeworkoffunctional

grammar,thisfunctionisconcernedwithinteractionbetweentheaddresser

andaddresseeinthediscoursesituationandtheaddresser'sattitudetoward

whathespeaksorwritesabout.Forexample,thewaysinwhichpeople

addressothersandrefertothemselves(suchasDearSir,DearProfessor,

Johnny,yours,yourobedientservant)indicatethevariousgradesof

interpersonalrelations.

3)Performativefunction.Theperformativefunctionoflanguageis

primarilytochangethesocialstatusofpersons,asinmarriageceremonies,

thesentencingofcriminals,theblessingofchildren,thenamingofashipata

launchingceremony,andthecursingofenemies.Thekindoflanguage

employedinperformativeverbalactsisusuallyquiteformalandeven

ritualized.Theperformativefunctioncanextendtothecontrolofrealityason

somemagicalorreligiousoccasions.Forexample,inChinesewhensomeone

breaksabowloraplatethehostorthepeoplepresentarelikelytosaysuisui

pingan(everyyearbesafeandhappy)asameansofcontrollingtheforces

whichthebelieversfeelmightaffecttheirlives.

4)Emotivefunction.Theemotivefunctionisoneofthemostpowerful

usesoflanguagebecauseitissocrucialinchangingtheemotionalstatusof

anaudiencefororagainstsomeoneorsomething.Itisameansofgettingrid

ofthenervousenergywhenpeopleareunderstress,forexample,swear

words,obscenities,involuntaryverbalreactionstobeautifulartorscenery;

conventionalwords/phrases,forexample.God,My,Damnit,Wow,Ugh,

Ow,etc.

5)Phaticcommunion.Thephaticcommunionreferstothesocial

interactionoflanguage.Peoplealwaysusesomesmall,seemingly

meaninglessexpressionssuchasGoodmorning,Godblessyou,Niceday,

etc.,tomaintainacomfortablerelationshipbetweenpeoplewithoutany

factualcontent.

6)Recreationalfunction.Therecreationalfunctionmeanspeopleuse

languageforthesheerjoyofusingit,suchasababy’sbabblingorachanter’s

chanting.

7)Metalingualfunction.Themetalingualfunctionreferstothefactthat

peoplecanuselanguagetotalkaboutitself.Forexample,Icanusetheword

“book”totalkaboutabook,andIcanalsousetheexpression“theword

book”totalkaboutthesign“b-o-o-k”itself.

2.WhatarethemajortypesofsemanticChanges?

答案：Therearemainlythreekindsofsemanticchanges,namely,

broadening,narrowing,andmeaningshift.Classshiftandfolketymology

alsocontributetochangeinmeaning

(1)Broadening

Broadeningisaprocesstoextendorelevatethemeaningfromits

originallyspecificsensetoarelativelygeneralone．Forinstance，theword

holidayusedtomean“holyday”inreligiousEnglish.Todayitmeans“aday

forrest”regardlessofitsreligiousnature.

(2)Narrowing

Contrarytobroadening，theoriginalmeaningofawordcanbe

narrowedorrestrictedtoaspecificsense．Atypicalexampleistheword

meatwhichoriginallymeant"food".Inthecourseoftime,therangeof

meaningwasnarrowedtomeanspecifically"thefleshofanimalsusedas

food".

(3)Meaningshift

Allsemanticchangesinvolvemeaningshift．Yet,initsnarrowsense,

meaningshiftreferstothechangeofmeaning,whichhasnothingtodowith

generalizationorrestriction.Whatmakesthemeaningofaworddifferentis

itsdeparturefromitsoriginaldomainasaresultofitsmetaphoricalusage.

Forinstance，thewordbeadoriginallymeans“prayer”,butlateritrefersto

“theprayerbead”,thevisiblemanifestationofaprayer,finally“small,ball-

shapedpieceofglass,metalorwood”.

(4)Classshift

Byshiftingthewordclassonecanchangethemeaningofawordfroma

concreteentityornotiontoaprocessorattribution.Thisprocessofword

formationisalsoknownaszero-derivation,orconversion.Thewordengineer

asanounmeans“apersontrainedinabranchofengineering”,butitmeans

“toactasanengineer”or“toplan,tomaneuver”whenusedasaverb.

(5)Folketymology

Itreferstoachangeinformofawordorphraseresultingfroman

incorrectpopularnotionoftheoriginormeaningofthetermorfromthe

influenceofmorefamiliartermsmistakenlytakentobeanalogous.Asa

resultofthismodification，thewordsparrowgrassinEnglishderivedfrom

asparagus;theSpanishcucarachachangedintoEnglishcockroach．

V.TranslatethefollowingintoChinese(30points).

SupposethatJohnSmith,happilymarriedtoMarySmith,addresses

hiswifeas“Mary,Smith,howmanytimeshaveIaskedyounottoflip

throughtheTVchannels?”Therewouldbereasontotookbeyondthewords

forthe“meaning”ofthisunusualformofaddress.Mr.Smithmayaddresshis

wifeas“MarySmith”toshowhisexasperation,asinthisexample.By

addressingheras“MarySmith”insteadoftheusual“Mary”,heconveys

frustrationandannoyance.Hischoiceofnamethus“means”thatheis

exasperated.ContrastthetoneofthatSentenceWithasimilaroneinwhich

JohnSmithaddressedMarySmithas“dear”.

Thelevelofmeaningthatconveysthelanguageuser’sfeelings,

includinghisattitudeorevaluationinshapinghisuseoflanguageisCalled

affectivemeaningoremotivemeaning.Itislargelyaparasiticcategoryinthe

sensethattoexpressouremotionswedependonthemediationofother

categoriesofmeaningasconceptual,connotativeorsocial.Forexample,

nigger,originallyaworddenotingacertainrace,hasvirtuallybecomeaterm

ofabuseorcontempt;andasimilardevelopmenthasoccurredwithpartof

thepoliticalvocabulary,suchasfascist.

【参考译文】

假设约翰·史密斯开心地娶了玛丽小姐后却这样称呼他的妻子：“玛

丽·史密斯，我告诉过你多少次了，换台时不要老那么快！”撇开字面意

思，这不寻常的称呼的出现是有理由的。在这个例子中，史密斯先生称

呼他妻子为“玛丽·史密斯”用以表达他的愤怒。用这样的称呼而非“玛

丽”，正传达了史密斯先生的不满和恼怒。因此可以说这样用词的“隐含

意义”是：他被激怒了。假设有另外一个类似的句子，其中约翰·史密斯

称呼妻子为“亲爱的”，我们就可以进行比较并发现两个句子语气的不

同。

用以表达语言使用者的情感，包括调整其在语言使用过程中的态度

及评价的这层意义就叫感情意义。这类意义实际上是依附于其它意义之

上的。要表达情绪，总是要依靠其它类别的意义——概念意义，内涵意

义，又或者社会意义——来调节。例如，“黑鬼”一词最初是某个特定种

族的名字，而现在已变成用来辱骂他人或者是表达对他人的蔑视。同

样，某些政治词语也经历了相似的发展，比如“法西斯”。

2005年中国人民大学816英语语言学与英语

教学考研真题及详解

I.Completion.(10points)

Thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentare

called(1)features.Theyincludestress,tone,andintonation.Thedefining

propertiesofhumanlanguageare(2),(3),(4)(5),and(6)

.Inthelightofthe(7)principle,fourmaximsarespecified.Theyarethe

maximofquantity,maximof(8),maximof(9)andthemaximof

(10)

答案：

(1)suprasegmental(2)arbitrariness(3)productivity(4)duality

(5)displacement

(6)culturaltransmission(7)cooperative(8)quality(9)relation

(10)manner

II.Questions.(10points)

1.Citeanexampletoexplainsynchroniclinguistics.

答案：SynchronicLinguisticsisthedescriptionofalanguageatsome

pointoftimeinhistory.Itfocusesonthecharacteristicsofthelanguageata

certaintime.Forexample,whenwestudyEnglish,welearnaboutthe

vocabulary,thelanguagepointsandoralEnglishetc.Atthistime,weare

learningEnglishofcurrenttimeinsynchronicmethod.

2.ThefollowingisastatementbyaJapanesebusinessman:“Youbuyin

yourownlanguage,butyousellinyourcustomer’slanguage.”Howdoyou

understandit?

答案：Thisreflectssomefeaturesofpidginwhichisaspeciallanguage

varietythatmixesorblendslanguagesanditidusedbypeoplewhospeak

differentlanguagesforrestrictedpurposessuchastrading.Andalso,it

reflectsthetendencyofinterculturalcommunicationfromtheaspectof

language.

2004年中国人民大学816英语语言学与英语

教学考研真题及详解

Ⅰ.Identification(10Points)

Identifythes