功能对等视角下《绝望的主妇》字幕翻译研究

ChapterTwoTheoreticalBasisTheoreticalguidanceisthematerialbasisofthispaper.Thispartisdividedintothreesections.Thefirstpartistheintroductionoffunctionalequivalencetheory,whichincludeshiscoreconceptsandcentralideas.Thesecondpartisthedefinitionofsubtitletranslation.ThethirdpartistheintroductionandlanguagefeaturesofDesperateHousewife.2.1IntroductiontoFunctionalEquivalenceTheoryIn1969,AmericanlinguistEugeneNidaputforwardthesamenesslogic.Nida,aleadinglinguist,isrenowneddomesticallyasacraftsmanandarchitect.Beforethat,hewaspresidentoftheLinguisticSocietyofAmerica,butthisworld-renownedfigureleftacademiaandhadbeenwiththeAmericanBibleSocietyforoverhalfacentury.HismainscientificactivitythroughouthislifewasthetranslationoftheBible.DuringtheperiodoftranslatingtheBible,Nidagraduallydevelopedthetheoryofrealityshetranslated,whichlaterbecameoneoftheclassicaltheoriesoftheTranslationInstitute.ThebasicideaofNida’stheoryisfunctionandcorrespondence.Itdoesnotmeantotranslatejusttofittheterms,torealizetheactualdefinitionthatexistsbetweenthetwolanguages.Tochangethestandardofbasicandtargetlanguageandreducethedifference,EugeneNidaputforwardthefamousdynamicequivalencetranslationtheory,whichexplainedthedistinctionbetweenlanguageandatthesametimeexplainedtheinstinctoftwowords.Asforthetranslationofthistheory,hesuggeststhatthedefinitionofNidustranslation,“inwhichthesemanticstyleoftheOriginalOfiErencetextisappropriate,naturalandcumulative”,isnotonlytranslatorsincludingsemanticstilistischenandstilistischen.Thecorrespondinginformationduringtranslationincludesabundantetymologicalinformationandprofoundculturalinformation.Thetwoscenariosof“behavioralequivalence”thushavefourelements.Amongthefourelements,Nidasaidtheimportanceoffindinganimportantformthatcanincreasetheculturalmeaningoftexts,whichcanharmculturalexchanges.AccordingtoNida'stheory,thetranslatorshouldimitatetheoriginaltextofthetargetlanguagewhentranslatingtheBible,whichincludesfourdynamiccorrespondenceelementssuchastranslationprinciples.Thebasicideaofthesetwotheoriesisthattherepresentationofthetranslatedtextshouldexpressthecontentsmoothlyandnaturallyandthatthereadersofthemanuscriptandthetranslatedtextshouldhavethesameresponse.2.2IntroductiontoSubtitleTranslationThesubtitlereferstodialogueintelevision,film,andstageproductions,aswellascharactersfromlaterfilmandtelevisionproductions.Subtitlesaredifferentwordssuchasmovietitle,subtitle,dialogue,poetry,text,characterintroduction,placename,andageunderamovieortelevisionscreen.Sincethecontentofmoviesandtelevisionworksiscloselyrelatedtolifeandtheoriginaltextisspokeninthelanguage.Thetranslationofthetextsmustbesimpleandunderstandable.Animportantcriterionformeasuringthequalityoftexttranslationiswhetherthereader(viewer)canhaveagoodculturalunderstandingofthesourcelanguage(translatedcontent)aboutthetargetlanguage,accordingtothetheoryoffunctionalequivalence.Whendesigningsubtitles,thepriorityistounderstandthemeaningoftextsamongtranslationlanguagerecipients.MoviesandTVproductionsarelargelybasedontherelationshipbetweencharacterstomakeupstories.Itoftenmanifestsitselfinconversation.Becauseitisaconversationallanguage.Itincludessimpleandunderstandablefeaturesofeverydayconversation.Theyareshort,direct,vividinformal,andexpressive.Subtitletranslationisoneofliterarytranslation,whichisverysimilartoit,butitisaspecialexistence.Thedifferenceisthatthetranslationoffilmandtelevisionworksismoreflexible.Filmandtelevisionitselfareacollectionofsoundandpainting,thelanguageisclosertolife.Itissimpleandinfectious.Therefore,subtitletranslationisalsorequiredtobeeasytounderstand,tofacilitatetheaudiencetounderstandandwatch.However,thesubtitles,picturesandsoundsinthefilmandtelevisionallpassquickly.Whileretainingthemaininformationofthesourcelanguage,thetranslationsubtitlesshouldberefinedandeasytounderstand.Atthesametime,theyshouldalsosynchronizewiththepicture,andfinallyensurethemovie'senjoyment.Therefore,themostbasicandimportantrequirementofsubtitletranslationistoenabletheaudiencetogetthesamefeelingastheaudienceintheoriginallanguagewiththehelpofsubtitleseventhoughtheycannotunderstandit.ThisshowsthatNida'stheoryoffunctionalequivalenceisofgreatguidingsignificanceinsubtitletranslation.Therefore,whendealingwithsomeproblemsinsubtitletranslation,wemaytrytousefunctionalequivalencetheoryasaguidingtheorytoexplore.2.3IntroductiontoDesperateHousewivesTheactiontookplaceinthevirtualcityofFairwayintheUnitedStates.ShewasMaryEllisYoung,ahousewife,andshetoldthestoryofWhestiaLaneandthelivesoffourhousewivesshemetinFairville,CeciliaLane.Thestoryofthehousewifereappearseveryday.SetinWisteriaLane,afictionalsuburbanneighborhoodinFairview,thecomedyseriesfollowsthelifestylesandvaluesofseveralglamorousmiddle-classwomenwithdifferentpersonalitiesandexaminesthelittle-knownlivesofmiddle-classhousewivesfromtheperspectiveofprotagonistMaryAliceYoung.Itshowsthevalues,morals,lifestyles,andsocialcustomsofmainstreamAmericansociety.Therearefourheroinesintheplay,respectivelyforthekind-hearteddivorcedhousewifeSusan,thepursuitofperfectionofthebeautifulwomanBree,astrongwomanwithfourchildrenLynette,formarriageandgiveuphercareerhousewifeGaby,theyarebeautifulandrichlife,butthelifeistroubled.Thecomedy“DesperateHousewives”notonlyhastwistsandturns,anexcitingplot,buttherearealsomanyclassiclinesandcleverdialogue,humorous,orimplicitprofound,orsharpwisdom,alwayscanbetheeuphemisticexpressionoftherealintention,inthetwistsandturnstoshowrichliteraryimplications,letthelistenerfeelalotofmeaning.Fromtheperspectiveoffunctionalequivalence,thispapertriestotranslatethelanguageasequallyaspossiblesothatChinesepeoplecanunderstanditswritingintention,justlikewatchingChinesefilmsandtelevisionworks.ChapterThreeEmbodimentofFunctionalEquivalenceTheoryintheSubtitleTranslationofDesperateHousewivesTheDesperateHousewifehasaheavylifeatmosphereinthisfilmandtelevisionwork,whichiseasytoresonatewithreaders,sotheuseoffunctionalequivalencetheorycanwelltranslatetheideasthattheoriginalauthorwantstoexpress.ThispartintroducesthesubtitletranslationofDesperateHousewivesfromfouraspects:lexical,syntactic,textualandstylistic.3.1LexicalEquivalenceThemeaningofthiswordliesisinitsapplicationtolanguage.Thelexicalequivalenceconsiststheseforms:accentedequivalents,synonyms,andseparatewordswhichcombinemeanings,whilethegeneralequivalentsconsistmainlyofspecificnounsandtechnicalwords.Everytwowordsdohavenotthesamemeaningintwolanguages.Butlanguagescanusedifferentformstoexpressthesamemeaning.Thispapermainlyintroducestwocases:polysemyandwordequivalence.3.1.1PolysemyPolysemyisatermusedtodenotethevarietyofmeaningsinvolvingcertainwordsorlanguagesymbols.Polysemyisaconceptthatreferstothevariousmeaningsthataphraseorexpressioncanhavedependingonthecontext.ThisisinthefirstappearanceofLynette,oneoftheheroines.Lynettewouldhaveappreciatedtheironyifshe’dthoughtaboutit.Lynettewouldhaveappreciatedtheironyifshe’dthoughtaboutit.thephrase“appreciatedtheirony”istranslatedintoanonlinedictionary,whichtranslatesto“欣赏讽刺”WithourChinesethinkingcannotunderstand,satirecanbeappreciated.Lynettehadababyandherhusbandthoughtitwouldbeeasierforhertoquitherjobandstayathomewiththebaby.Andthenshe'sholdingababyofafewmonthsinherarmsandlookingatherthreenoisysonsinfrontofher.It'snoteasy.Theironyisnotexpressedinthepictures.Accordingtothetranslationofirony,theironyisinlinewiththepictures.Example1:IfLinettethinksaboutit,she'llseeit'sallbackward.译:如果利奈特回头想想，她会发现一切都背道而驰。Appreciatedfromthetranslationhave领会、理解andwiththeactualtranslationinthebilingualsubtitles.IfIdon'treadChinesesubtitles,Iwilltranslateto:如果利奈特想想，她会发现一切都反着来了.Theword“opposite”isperfectlyusedhere,andtheidiomisbothphilosophicalandrhythmicallybeautifulbutalsoconveystheexactopposite.3.1.2WordEquivalenceWordEquivalenceTranslationmustfullyconveytheinformationintheoriginaltexttothetargetreader,ratherthanexpressitaccordingtotheneedsofthetargetreader.Moreover,intheprocessofconveyinginformation,itisnotallowedtoaddinformationthatisnotintheoriginaltext,nortoreducetheinformationthatisintheoriginaltext.Example2:Lynette:Well,it'sjust...Isawyoutwotogether,andI...Ididn'tknowthatyouwere...Andshelooksso...ForGod’ssake,Tom,thewomanhastobesomewhere...Justsighthedamlease.译:利奈特：只是……我看到你俩一起……我……我不知道你们……她看起来很……拜托……汤姆……她要赶去别的地方……快签了那个租约。OnDesperateHousewives,LynetteandTomareamarriedcouple.Lynettedidn'tlikeTomplayinginhergarage,soTomrentedawarehousefromahotyoungwomanwhowasarealestatedealer.LynettethoughtTomwashavinganaffair.Shewasalittleembarrassedwhenshefoundouthewasn't.Thoughshehadviolatedthefirstprincipleofquantitybynotstatingclearlywhatshewasthinkingthedegreeofdetailrequiredforthepresentpurposeofconversationherbrokenwordsbetrayedher.Theanswerintheoriginaltextwasnotcompleteintermittently,sothetranslationalsoviolatedtheprincipleofquantityandcouldnotbecomplete,sothatthereaderscouldfeeltheirinnerembarrassmentanddeduceLynette'sworriesandpreviousthoughts.Therefore,Lynettecouldonlyusetheliteraltranslationforthedialogueshehadbeenusingsinceshehadchildren.3.2SyntacticEquivalenceSyntacticequivalenceismorecomplexthanlexicalequivalence.Intranslation,oneofthemostobviousproblemsinvolvesthecategoryofsingularandplural.It’snotobviousinChinese,butinEnglish,pluralsareobvious.Inaddition,theconsistencyoftensesisalsoinvolvedintranslation.Thereisalsotheproblemoftense.InEnglish,thereisanobviousdistinctionoftense,whileinChinese,itisnotveryobvious.Thisisalsoaproblemthatneedstobepaidattentiontointranslation.BothEnglishandChinesehavetheirownspecialsentencemeanings.Chinesehasmanyproverbs;andidioms.Englishalsohasalotoflanguages,taboowords,andsoonwhenthefreetranslationwillplayabigrole.3.2.1TenseTensereferstotherelationshipbetweentheformofaverbandthetimeatwhichtheactionorstateitdescribestakesplace.InEnglish“Hour”referstothetimewhentheactiontakesplace,and“state”referstothemodestateoftheaction.Englishverbshavefourtypesoftime:presenttense,pasttense,futuretense,andpastfuturetense.Theactionmodecanbedividedinto“general”,“progressive”,“perfect”and“perfectprogressive”.Thismakesupthe16tensesofEnglishverbs.ThetensesofChineseverbsarenotexpressedbyconjugationbutbysomespecificwords.ThetimeofChineseactionsismostcommonlyexpressedbythetimenouns“现在”“如今”,“将来”“以后”,orbythetimeadverbs“曾经”“已经”“正在”“刚刚”,andthetenseauxiliarywords“着”“了”“过”,etc.Someofthemareexpressedbysyntacticmeans,inreality,fromthenarration,argument,andjudgmentofthewholesentence.Example3:ThenhegotthisZentolookonhisface,andhesaid,youknowSusan,mostmenlivelivesofquietdesperation.译:然后他摆出一脸无辜的表情说：“你知道的,Susan,大部分男人都在平静的绝望中过着他们的生活”TheChinesetenseauxiliaryword“着”indicatesthattheactionisinprogress.“了”indicatesthecompletionoftheaction.“过”indicatesthatthisactionhasoccurredandisnolongerinthepast.However,theChinesetenseauxiliariesaremainlyusedtoexpressthemodestateoftheaction,andcannotexpressthetimeoftheaction,becausetheycanbeusedinthe“现在”,“过去”and“未来”,sotheycannotbeequatedwiththeEnglishpresenttenseandpasttense.Youhavetofollowyourownlanguageandtrytostrikeabalancesothatpeopleinothercountriescanunderstandwhatyou'retryingtosay.3.2.2WordOrderWordorderreferstothepartsofasentencethatarelocated.IntheprocessoftranslatingEnglishsentences,thetranslationordershouldbeadjustedaccordingtotheexpressionhabitsofChinese,andcontextwillbeunderstoodastheseverseswillbeexplainedfurther.ItalsoimprovesthequalityandbenefitsoftheEnglishtranslation.WhenchangingtheEnglishformat,thinkaboutthenatureoftheversefirst,andthenusethetranslator'stranslationmethodstomeetthereader'sneeds.Insubtitletranslation,weshouldpayattentiontosomeclausesinthesentenceandmaintaintheformalequivalencewiththeoriginaltext.Forexample,whenLynettebroughthertwobabyboystoMary'sfuneralinthefirstepisodeofSeason1,shetriedtoscarethenaughtykidsintokeepingtheirheadsdown.Example4:Lynette:“Iknowsomeone,whoknowssomeone,whoknowsanelf.Andifanyoneofyouactsup,sohelpme,IwillcallSantaandtellhimyouwantsocksforChristmas."译:利奈特:“我认识个朋友，她的朋友里有人认识一个小恶魔。所以，今天如果你们谁捣蛋，我马上打电话给圣诞老人，我会告诉他，你们圣诞节只要短袜就可以了。”Thefirstsentencecontainstwoattributiveclauses.Thetranslatortranslatesthemrespectivelyintheorderoftheoriginaltext.Thelanguagestyleandthelengthofthetranslationaresimilartotheoriginaltext,whichisveryappropriate.3.2.3SingularandPluralExample5:Well,theleastIcoulddoismakesureyouboyshadadecentmealtolookforwardtointhemorning.译：嗯，至少这是我能做的，这样孩子们明天早上至少能吃顿好的。Englishnounshavecountableanduncountable,personalpronounsandcountablenounshavesingularandplural.AlthoughChinesenounscanbedividedintosingularandpluralinlogic,thereisnomorphologicalchangeofendingsinthenounitself,andthepluralisgenerallyexpressedbyprefacingnumeralsandquantifiers.Ofcourse,modernChinesealsohasacommonpluralnotation:“Thecharacter们meansthepluralofpersonalpronouns,andthepluralofcertainnouns.”Mr.LvShuxiangonceinvestigatedthehistoryofpluralendings“们”andfoundthattheearliestformswere“弥”and“伟”inTangDynastydocuments.Thereare“懑,满,瞒,门，们”“们”alwaysbeenusedafterthemiddleoftheMingDynasty.AnyonewhohasstudiedEnglishknowsthatoneofthemoststrikingdifferencesbetweenEnglishnounsandChinesenounsisthatChinesenounsaremorelikelytousewordorderandfunctionwordstoexpressmeaning,whileEnglishnounsaremorelikelytousetheformtoexpressmeaning.SingularandpluralchangesarethemostcommonchangesinEnglishnouns.Generallyspeaking,thebasicmeaningofEnglishnounsstaysthesamewhentheychangefromsingulartoplural,butsomenouns(quiteafew)havenewmeaningswhentheybecomeplural,andsomehavemorethanonemeaning.Suchasadvicetranslatesinto忠告itspluralformadvicetranslatesinto消息.Thisishowlanguagedifferencesarise.ThemainreasonfortheprocedureisNido'stheory.The“equivalent”createsapracticalequivalenceofthetwolanguages.Reducethegaptoimprovethedifferencebetweenthesourcelanguageandthelanguageofthetranslationthatappears.Therefore,itisimportanttocombinethethoughtoftheoriginalauthorwiththelanguageinordertoachievethemostactivecontactpossible.3.3TextualEquivalenceIfwewanttoknowthetextualequivalence,beyondanalyzingonlylanguage,languagehowtoimpliesmeaningandfunctioninaparticularcontext.TextualEquivalencehastwopartsthatareco-textcontextandsituationcontext.3.3.1Co-textContextBecauseofthespecificcontextofthesentence,theseparatetranslationsshouldconsiderthepremise.Accordingtothelanguageversion,themeaningofthewordsintheoriginaltextisexaminedinordertoensurethattheentirephraseisproperlytranslated.Example6:Everyonehasalittledirtylaundry.译:每个人都有一些不可告人之事。Forexample,inthesecondepisodeofSeason1,Maryhasthisline:“Everyonehasalittledirtylaundry.”Thedeepmeaningofthetranslatedsentenceconveysthemessageoftheoriginallanguagewell.Thesurfacemeaningofthissentenceis:“每个人都有一些要洗的脏衣服。”Iftranslatedthisway,manyviewersmaybeconfusedandhaveahardtimeunderstandingtheconnectionbetweenthedialogueandtheplot.3.3.2SituationContextItisspecificpeopleandthingsinvolvedintheexchange.Thewayofcommunicationandtherelationshipsandemotionsbetweentheparticipants.Whenpeoplespeak,theywillnotunderstandotherlanguageevents.Therefore,thecurrentdefinitioncanonlybeexplainedbytalkingaboutevents,participantsandcommunicationmethodswhenusinglanguage.Example7:Susan:ThenwhoshouldItalktoaboutsellingmyshareofthebusiness?译:Version1:苏珊：若有人想卖掉我的股份，我应该和谁谈？Version2:苏珊：若有人妄想卖掉我的股份，这还需要谈?ThisdialoguehappensinthesituationwhereSusanisinformedthatsomebody,uponherreturnfromvacation,attemptstosellhershareofthebusiness(stripclub)inheritedfromherlatehusband.Atthattime,Susanlivesapoorlifewhenlosingherjobandhusband,anditisthehardesttimeforher.Thus,whenshehearsaboutthetradingmessagethatherstripclub,theoneandonlytreasuretoher,istobesoldoutbysomebadguy,sheisboilingwithanger.Inthefirstversion,theoriginalistranslatedinto“我应该和谁谈?”asthekeynote,whichconveysthatSusandoesnotknowtowhomsheshouldtalkaboutthistradewhentryingtorestrainheranger.Whileinthesecondversion,arhetoricalquestionisusedthat“这还需要谈?”whichconveysangerofSusanatthispieceofnewsvividly.AsfarasSusanisconcerned,sheownstheshareofthestripclubbylaw,andnobodyelsehastherighttostealitfromherinbroaddaylight.Thus,sheratesittotallyridiculousandillegalforotherpeopletogetaccesstothisproperty.Takingintoaccountthespecificcontextofthedialogue,theaudiencecouldperceivethatSusanisshockedbythismessageandburstingintoangeraboutothers’attemptatsellingherclubbehindherwhichsheratesasa‘crime’somehow,ratherthanaskingtowhomsheshouldtalkaboutthistradebecauseshenevergivesathoughttosellingit.Therefore,thesecondversionispreferred.3.4StylisticEquivalenceDifferentkindsoftranslationhavedifferentlinguisticcharacteristics.Ifthetranslatordevelopsthecharacteristics,meaningandmeaningoftheoriginaltext,heorshecancreateatranslationcorrespondingtotheoriginaltextforhimselforherself.Thedifferenceinlanguagealsomeansthattherearedifferentculturalelementsinlanguage.Therefore,translatinginformationintothetargetlanguageismuchmoreimportantthantranslatingintothelanguageandculture.Infact,inliteraryworks,cultureisanimportantdeterminantoftranslation.Regardlessofculture,Itmeansthere'snofleshandbloodleftbutwords.Therefore,agoodtranslatormusttakeintoaccounttheculturalchangesinliterature.3.4.1LanguageLayerTheultimategoalofsubtitletranslationistomaketheaudienceunderstandtheplotanddifferenceswhichbackgroundculturalandlanguageexpressionhabitsbetweenChinaandabroad.Inordertomaketheaudienceeasilyunderstandandacceptthetranslation,weshouldmaketheunconventionalexpressionsintheoriginaltextfortheaudienceofthetargetlanguageprocessedandtransformedintofamiliarexpressions.Example8:Bree:Changeinbehaviorisawarningsignandyouhavebeenasfreshaspaintforthelastsixmonths.译:布里：行为的改变是一种危险的前兆，过去半年你精力出奇地旺盛。Literallymeansofasfreshaspaintiscleanaspaint.Itisobviousthatthistranslationdoesnotmakesense.Therefore,accordingtothecontext,theabovetranslationshouldbefollowedinorderfortheaudiencetounderstand.Forthepastsixmonths,thetranslationintohalfayearismoreinlinewithChinesecustomandsavesscreenspace.3.4.2CulturalLayerBecauseDesperateHousewiveshasalotofhumorouslanguage,wecannotfeelitscharmbecauseofthelanguagebarrier,atthistime,subtitletranslationreflectsitsimportance.Weallknowthathumorisproducedbyknowledgeofspecificculturalbackgrounds.Audiencesindifferentcountrieshavedifferentculturesanddifferentunderstandingsofthesamething,soflexibletranslationstrategiesareneeded.Andtheideaoffunctionalequivalencefitsrightinwiththat：Example9:Porter:Howwastheplay?Tom:Lincolnhadabettertimeinthetheater.译:皮特:话剧怎么样?汤姆：林肯在剧院都比我们玩的开心。(林肯在剧院遇刺身亡）ThisconversationtakesplaceafterTomandLynettesawareallybadplay.Whenhissonaskedhowtheplaywasgoing,Tomsaidthiswithoutdirectlyansweringwhetheritwasgoodornot.TheAmericanpublicknowsthatLincolnwasassassinatedinthetheaterandthereforeunderstandsTom'shumorouscomment,“Itwouldbefunniertodiethantoseethisplay.”Itsucks.ButthelackofknowledgeofAmericanhistoryandculturemadeitdifficultforChineseaudiencestounderstandthemeaningofthelines.Thehumorisimmediatelyclearwhenannotated.ChapterFourGuidingSignificanceofFunctionalEquivalenceTheorytoSubtitleTranslation4.1GuidanceonTranslationTheoryAculturalheritagethatalongwithglobalization,translatesmanytextsoftentooskinnytounderstandwhatitmeans.Therefore,workplaceequalityandthehighqualityoftexttranslationareespeciallyimportant.InEnglishtranslation,therearegoodandbadlanes.Thereisnoscientificknowledge,translationandexecutionwillexplainthequalityofthebesttext.Howtocreatesubtitlesinthefirstfilmofall,weneedtheorymanagement,whichisaveryusefulNadalpointinthisregard.Thetheoryofinteractionisbasedontranslationsandplaces.Forperformance,Nadamonitorscontentandforms;anddefinesinformationnotonlyasamatterofconceptbutalsoaslanguageformats.Hebelievesconsistencyintheworkplacerequiresnotonlytherelevanceoftheinformationbutalso,ifpossible,therightshapebecausetheformatitselfmeans.Tomeasuretheeffectivenessoftranslation,itisnecessarytocomparetheoriginalmeaning,meaningandmethodofexpressionandenablethereadertoevaluateit.TranslatorsshouldfocusonthemeaningandcharacteroftheBible,notonlanguageandstyle.4.2GuidanceonTranslationMethodsBasedonthetheoryof“functionalequivalence”andtheresearchonsubtitletranslationofDesperateHousewivesinthispaper,weconcludethatintranslationpractice,thetranslationshouldbeconsideredtofollowingfourcriteria:conveyingtheinformationoftheoriginaltext,reproducingthestyleandspiritoftheoriginaltext,naturalandsmoothlanguage,conformingtothetargetlanguagenormsandexpressionhabits.Therearegreatdifferencesbetweenlanguagesinformandcontent,andtheapplicationoftheconceptof“formalequivalence”isrelativelylimited.Nidalaysspecialemphasisonthelatter,arguingthattheconceptof“dynamicequivalence”reflectstheincompatibilityoftranslation.Theinformationequivalenceratherthanformalfinalcorrespondence.DuetothegreatdifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglish,itisnecessarytomaintainthespecificityoftheoriginallanguage,sometimesliteraltranslationcannotmeetalltheneeds.Sosometimesfreetranslationisoftenusedinsubtitletranslation.In“dynamicequivalence”,Nidahighlightstheideaof“contentfirst,formsecond”,interpretstheoriginalauthor'sideasfromvariousaspects,andthencombinessomelanguagehabitsandculturalaspectsofreaderstogetsomemoreaccuratetranslations.Inshort,thetheoryoffunctionalequivalenceisatheorycenteredontranslationandreaders.Theoretically,infunctionalequivalence,Nidastillinsistsongivingprioritytotheformerintermsofcontentandform,toconveytheinformationoftheoriginalworkandreproducethestyleandspiritoftheoriginalwork,sothatreaderscanbetterunderstandthecharmofforeignliterature.Intermsoftranslationmethods,thetheoryoffunctionalequivalencerequiresinformationequivalenceandtriesitsbesttodisseminatetheinformationstyleandspiritoftheoriginalauthor,whichprovidesagoodideaanddirectionforfuturetranslationChapterFiveConclusionWiththedevelopmentofscience,technology,andtheeconomy,audio-visualactivitiesintheUKareincreasinglybecomingpartoftheculturaldietofChineseconsumers.However,manypeopledonotfullyunderstandtheor