高考英语新人教版必修2一轮复习提分单元加餐练第二辑Unit3Computers

Unit3puters单元加餐练Ⅰ.阅读理解A(2017·北京高考)Hollywood'stheorythatmachineswithevil(邪恶的)mindswilldrivearmiesofkillerrobotsisjustsilly.Therealproblemrelatestothepossibilitythatartificialintelligence(AI)maybeeextremelygoodatachievingsomethingotherthanwhatwereallywant.In1960awell­knownmathematicianNorbertWiener,whofoundedthefieldofcybernetics(控制论),putitthisway：“Ifweuse,toachieveourpurposes,amechanicalagencywithwhoseoperationwecannoteffectivelyinterfere(干预),wehadbetterbequitesurethatthepurposeputintothemachineisthepurposewhichwereallydesire.”Amachinewithaspecificpurposehasanotherquality,onethatweusuallyassociatewithlivingthings:awishtopreserveitsownexistence.Forthemachine,thisqualityisnotin­born,norisitsomethingintroducedbyhumans;itisalogicalconsequenceofthesimplefactthatthemachinecannotachieveitsoriginalpurposeifitisdead.Soifwesendoutarobotwiththesingleinstructionoffetchingcoffee,itwillhaveastrongdesiretosecuresuccessbydisablingitsownoffswitchorevenkillinganyonewhomightinterferewithitstask.Ifwearenotcareful,then,wecouldfaceakindofglobalchessmatchagainstverydetermined,superintelligentmachineswhoseobjectivesconflictwithourown,withtherealworldasthechessboard.Thepossibilityofenteringintoandlosingsuchamatchshouldconcentratethemindsofputerscientists.Someresearchersarguethatwecansealthemachinesinsideakindoffirewall,usingthemtoanswerdifficultquestionsbutneverallowingthemtoaffecttherealworld.Unfortunately,thatplanseemsunlikelytowork：wehaveyettoinventafirewallthatissecureagainstordinaryhumans,letalonesuperintelligentmachines.SolvingthesafetyproblemwellenoughtomoveforwardinAIseemstobepossiblebutnoteasy.Thereareprobablydecadesinwhichtoplanforthearrivalofsuperintelligentmachines.Buttheproblemshouldnotbedismissedoutofhand,asithasbeenbysomeAIresearchers.Somearguethathumansandmachinescancoexistaslongastheyworkinteams—yetthatisnotpossibleunlessmachinessharethegoalsofhumans.Otherssaywecanjust“switchthemoff”asifsuperintelligentmachinesaretoostupidtothinkofthatpossibility.StillothersthinkthatsuperintelligentAIwillneverhappen.OnSeptember11,1933,famousphysicistErnestRutherfordstated,withconfidence,“Anyonewhoexpectsasourceofpowerinthetransformationoftheseatomsistalkingmoonshine.”However,onSeptember12,1933,physicistLeoSzilardinventedtheneutron­induced(中子诱导)nuclearchainreaction.篇章导读：本文是一篇议论文。人工智能随着科技的发展可能超出人类的控制，人类应如何应对此类安全问题，文章对此进行了讨论。1．Paragraph1mainlytellsusthatartificialintelligencemay________.A．runoutofhumancontrolB．satisfyhuman'srealdesiresC．mandarmiesofkillerrobotsD．workfasterthanamathematician答案：A段落大意题。由第一段中的“artificialintelligence(AI)maybeeextremelygoodatachievingsomethingotherthanwhatwereallywant”并结合本段内容可推断出，第一段主要告诉我们人工智能可能会超出人类的控制。故选A。2．Machineswithspecificpurposesareassociatedwithlivingthingspartlybecausetheymightbeableto________.A．preventthemselvesfrombeingdestroyedB．achievetheiroriginalgoalsindependentlyC．doanythingsuccessfullywithgivenordersD．beathumansininternationalchessmatches答案：A推理判断题。由第二段第一句“Amachinewithaspecificpurposehasanotherquality,one...associatewithlivingthings:awishtopreserveitsownexistence.”及该段内容可知，具有特殊用途的机器与生物有联系，部分是因为这种机器可能会防止自己被损害。故答案选A。3．Accordingtosomeresearchers，wecanusefirewallsto________.A．helpsuperintelligentmachinesworkbetterB．besecureagainstevilhumanbeingsC．keepmachinesfrombeingharmedD．avoidrobots'affectingtheworld答案：D细节理解题。由第三段中的“Someresearchersarguethatwecanseal...neverallowingthemtoaffecttherealworld.”可知，一些研究者认为，我们可以把这些机器封闭在一种防火墙内，用它们来解决难题，但从不允许它们影响真实世界，故选D项“避免机器人影响世界”。4．Whatdoestheauthorthinkofthesafetyproblemofsuperintelligentmachines?A．ItwilldisappearwiththedevelopmentofAI.B．Itwillgetworsewithhumaninterference.C．Itwillbesolvedbutwithdifficulty.D．Itwillstayforadecade.答案：C推理判断题。由最后一段首句“SolvingthesafetyproblemwellenoughtomoveforwardinAIseemstobepossiblebutnoteasy.”可知，作者认为，解决超级智能机器的安全问题是可能的，但并非易事。故选C。BModerntechnologyhasastronginfluenceonmanythingswedo.Infact,technologyisshapingalmosteverypartofourday­to­dayexistence,includingeducation.AshokGoelisaprofessorattheGeorgiaInstituteofTechnology.Everytermover300graduatestudentstakehisclassonartificialintelligence(AI).Thestudentsnevermeetinperson.Alloftheclassestakeplaceonline—throughawebsite.HavinghundredsofstudentsinaclassmeansAshokGoelhastoanswerthousandsofquestions.Hehaseightteachingassistantstohelphim.Buteventhatisnotenoughtogiveallthestudentsthehelptheyneed.So,inJanuary,hedecidedtotryanexperiment.Atthestartofthespring2016semester,headdedanewmembertohisteachingteam:JillWatson.Shewasabletoanswerquestionsfasterthanmostotherteachingassistants.Andshewasavailable24hoursaday.ItwasonlyattheendofthesemesterthatGoel'sstudentslearnedWatson'ssecret:shewasnotarealperson.JillWatsonisanAIputerprogram.GoelsaysonlytwostudentscameclosetopredictingWatson'strueidentity.Hewasworriedabouttellinghisstudentsbecausehethoughttheywouldnotlikebeingpartoftheexperiment.ButoncetheylearnedWatson'sidentity,theybecameveryexcited.“Then,youknowwhathappened?TheynotonlyaskedthatquestionaboutJill，”“IssheanAI?OncetheidentityofJillwasrevealed,theyalsoaskedifIwasanAI，”hesaid.GoelnowusesWatsonintwoclasses,butstilldoesn'ttellhisstudentswhichofhisteachingassistantsisaputerprogram.Hehopesthistechnologywillmakeiteasierforteacherstocreatetheirprogramstouseinandoutsidetheclassroom.篇章导读：本文是一篇记叙文。全文主要讲述了一个教授在学生问问题太多、忙不过来的时候选择使用人工智能计算机程序来辅助教学的这样一件事，告诉读者科学技术能够使教育变得更容易。5．HowdoesGoelgivehisstudentshelp?A．Throughbooks.B．Bywritingtothem.C．Byface­to­faceteaching.D．ThroughtheInternet.答案：D细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“Atthestartofthespring2016semester,headdedanewmembertohisteachingteam:JillWatson....”以及后面的“JillWatsonisanAIputerprogram.”可知，Goel利用人工智能计算机程序，给学生提供帮助，为他们解答难题。故选D。6．WhydidGoeldecidetotryanexperiment?A．Becausesomequestionsweredifficultforassitantstoanswer.B．Becauseitwashardtoanswersomanystudents'questions.C．Becausehewastootiredtoanswerthosequestions.D．Becausehewantedtoimprovestudents'self­studyability.答案：B细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的前四句可知，因为有几百名学生问问题，即使有8名助教来帮忙，也很难应对。由此，他决定做一个实验，使用人工智能计算机程序。故选B。7．What'sthestudents'responsetoJillWatson?A．Beingsurprised. B．Beingindifferent.C．Beingexcited. D．Beingshocked.答案：C细节理解题。根据文章第二段最后一句“ButoncetheylearnedWatson'sidentity,theybecameveryexcited.”可知，当他们得知了Watson的真实身份，学生们变得兴奋不已。故选C。8．What'sthebesttitleofthispassage?A．TechnologyMakingEducationEasierB．AshokGoel,aProfessorShapingEducationC．JillWatson,aRealTeachingAssistantD．TheInternetHasaStrongImpactonOurLife.答案：A标题判断题。文章主要讲述了一个教授在学生问问题太多、忙不过来的时候选择使用人工智能计算机程序来帮忙的这样一件事说明科学技术能够使教育变得更容易。故选A。Ⅱ.七选五Youaresittingonthedesk.Ateacheriswritingontheblackboard.Kidsareyellingintheplaygroundoutside.Abookfallsoffthedesknexttoyou.Suddenly,theteacherhandsyouapopquiz.Don'tpanic!__1__You'reina“virtual(虚拟的)classroom”.Everythingyouseeandhearisingtoyouthroughaputer­operateddisplaythatyou'rewearingonyourheadlikeapairofverybigglasses.Wearingthiskindofvirtual­realityequipment,youcanfindyourselfsittinginaclassroom,touringafamousmuseum,wanderingacrossastrangelandscape,flyingintospace,orplayingwithacartooncharacter.__2__Virtual­realityequipmentthatdeliversimagesandsoundsdirectlytoyoureyesandearsmakesthesefakeworldsseemlifelike.Unliketheclassroom,thetechnologyisreal.It'satypeoftechnologythatusesputerprogramstoimitaterealworldsituation.__3__Moviedirectorsandvideogameproducershavebeenusingputersforyearstocreateevermorerealisticspecialeffects.Somepaniesarenowbuildingthree­dimensional(三维)fantasyworldsinwhichplayers,linkedbyputernetworks,appeartomeetandgoonexplorationstogether.__4__Theyseevirtualrealitytechnologyasausefultoolforlearningmoreaboutwhypeopleactastheydo.Itcouldhelppsychologistsdeteridentifyandeupwithsolutionsforbehaviorproblems,forexample.“We'vespentthelast100yearslookingforcertainlawsinhowpeopleinteractwiththerealworld，”sayspsychologistAlbert.“__5__Thisispsychologist'sdream.”A．Youaren'tactuallyinschool.B．Thistechnologyhasbeenusedinmanyfields.C．Somepsychologistsarealsogettingintotheact.D．Grown­ups,too,standachanceofbenefitingfromthistechnology.E．Aspartofoneclassictest,youwatchlettersflashedonaputerscreen.F．Youdon'thavetoleaveyourroomtoexperienceallthatmentionedabove.G．Now,we'vegotapowerfultoolthatletsuscreateworldsandseehowpeopleperform.篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文，讲述了虚拟现实技术。虚拟现实技术可以让人足不出户就进行各种体验。这种技术已应用在了很多领域，心理学家们也用这种技术来解决难题。1．A根据上文“Don'tpanic！”及下文“You'reina‘virtual(虚拟的)classroom’．”可知，这一句话应该是要解释为什么不要惊慌。故选A。2．F根据“Wearingthiskindofvirtual­realityequipment,youcanfindyourselfsittinginaclassroom,touringafamousmuseum,wanderingacrossastrangelandscape,flyingintospace,orplayingwithacartooncharacter.”可知，虚拟现实装备可以让人足不出户就体验各种情景。故选F。3．B根据“Moviedirectorsandvideogameproducershavebeenusingputersforyearstocreateevermorerealisticspecialeffects.Somepaniesarenowbuildingthree­dimensional(三维)fantasyworldsinwhichplayers,linkedbyputernetworks,appeartomeetandgoonexplorationstogether.”可知，虚拟现实技术应用在了很多领域当中。故选B。4．C根据下文“Itcouldhelppsychologistsdeteridentifyandeupwithsolutionsforbehaviorproblems,forexample.”可知，“Theyseevirtualrealitytechnologyasausefultoolforlearningmoreaboutwhypeopleactastheydo.”中的“They”是指心理学家。故选C。5．G根据“Thisispsychologist'sdream.”可知，本处应该填心理学家的梦想。故选G。Ⅲ.语法填空Flyingcarsmaysoonbeea__1__(real).TherideshareserviceUberhasasked__2__expertfromNASA,theAmericanspaceagency,__3__(help)thepanydevelopcarsthatcanfly.Uberplanstouseflyingvehicles__4__thefuturetoavoidtrafficinandaroundcities.Thepanywantstouseasmall,totallyelectricaircraft,__5__cantakeoffandlandlikeahelicopterontopofparkinggarages.Ubersaiditsflyingvehicleswouldbemuch__6__(quiet),costlesstooperateandproducelesspollutionthanhelicopters.OnepersoninSanFranciscowroteonTwitter(推特),“Iusedtothinkthatflyingcars__7__(be)aridiculousidea.__8__IchangedmymindthismorningwhenIsatinaheavytraffic.”AnotherpersonaddedfromMumhai,India,“I'mreadingaboutUber__9__(hire)aNASAengineertobuildflyingcars,whileI'mstuckintraffic.Thereishope.”Theexpertpredictstherewillbeseveralearlymodelsofcarsthatcan'tfly__10__(they)butwithhumanpilotswithinonetothreeyears.1．________2.________3.________4.________5.________6.________7.________8.________9.________10.________篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了Uber公司正在研发飞行汽车，这种汽车操作噪声小、耗能低、污染少。1．reality考查词性转换。句意：飞行汽车可能很快成为现实。空格前有不定冠词“a”限定，空格处应用名词，因此用所给词real的名词形式reality。2．an考查冠词。句意：Uber拼车公司已经邀请了一名来自美国航空机构——美国航空航天局的专家帮助研发一种可飞行的汽车。此处泛指一名专家，且expert的发音以元音音素开头，故用不定冠词an。3．tohelp考查非谓语动词。asksb.todosth.是常用短语，意为“要某人做某事”。故填tohelp。4．in考查介词。固定短语inthefuture“在未来，在将来”。故填in。5．which考查定语从句的引导词。句意：Uber公司想利用一种体积小、完全由电力供能的飞行器，这种飞行器能像直升机一样在停车场上空起飞和着陆。空格处引导非限制性定语从句，指代先行词“aircraft”，在从句中作主语。故填which。6．quieter考查形容词的比较级。根据后面的连词“than”可知，此处用比较级形式。故填quieter。7．was考查动词的时态和主谓一致。此处描述的是过去发生的事情，应用一般过去时；主语“flyingcars”表示的是一类事物，并结合空格后的“aridiculousidea”可知，谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。故填was。8．But考查连词。根据语境可知，此处表