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Chapter11ArchitectureGroup12AGlimpseofChineseCultureTeachingAssignmentsArchitectureinancientChineseandfamousstylesofancientChinesearchitecture.(CaoLihua)TypicalChineseStructuresandornament.(AnYaping)Chinesebridges.(Zou
Dawei)PartOneCaoLihuaArchitectureinAncientChinaTheCharacteristicsofChineseAncientArchitectureTimber(木材)frameworkPlain,flexibleandbeautifullayout(布局)ThebuildingmaterialsTheartisticroofdesignThecolorfuldecorationsTimberframework
AncientChinesearchitecturefeaturedtimberframework
asthesupportingstructure.Walls
werenotloadbearing;they
wereonlyusedtoseparatespaces.Thetimberframesupportedmostoftheweightofthehouse.Theframeworkwas
resistanttoearthquakes
whilepossessingtheadvantagesof
flexibilityandadaptability.Plain,flexibleandbeautifullayoutChinesestructuresarebasedontheprincipleofbalanceandsymmetry(对称).Themainstructureistheaxis(轴线).Thesecondarystructuresarepositionedastwowingsoneithersidetoformthemainroomandyard.ThebuildingmaterialsWoodenancientChinesebuildingsandstructureswerethemostcommonbutsomewerebuiltwitheitherredorgreybricks.Althoughthetimberweretransportable,itwaseasytobeattractedbythefire,sotheancientChinesealsousedbricksandtiles(瓦片,瓷砖).Asweallknow,
thecoloroftherooftilesindicatedthestatusoftheresidents.Now,whocantellusaboutitindetail?Bluetiles:usedfortheprince’sresidences.Yellow-glazedtiles:fortemples,imperialfamilyresidences.Gray-tiledroofs:forthosewhoarenon-imperial,includingthoseofnoblesandrichlandlords.TheartisticroofdesignAncientbuildingstendtohavehugeroofswithextendedeaves(屋檐).Thiswastoensureenoughlightingandavoidthedampeningofthewalls.
WhyancientChineseplacedanimalfiguresonroofridges?Becauseitwasbelievedthatimmoralbeingsandvariousbeatsservedtoprotectsacred(神圣的)buildingsandkeepevilspiritsaway.What’stherelationshipbetweenarchitectureinancientChinaandmodernChina?Frommyperspective,ancientbuildingsreflecttherespectfortheenvironment,andadhereto(遵循)theenvironmentalcharacteristicsandgeographicalfeatures.Although,modernarchitecturesareusuallyadopttowesternarchitecturalstyles,
theancientarchitecturaluniqueapplicationofwoodstructurestillhaveadeepinfluencetomodernconstruction.ThecolorfuldecorationsColoredpaintnotonlyfunctionsasdecoration,butalsoasasignorsymbolofprotection.Initially,paintwasusedonwoodforantisepsis(防腐)
whilelateritbecameanarchitecturalornament(装饰).
Theuseofcolorwasrestricted,usually,agoldpower(金粉)orfoildragon(铝箔龙)orphoenix(凤凰)paintedonagreenbackgroundgivesthestructureanobleimage.FamousStylesofAncientChineseArchitectureTherearevariousarchitecturalstylesinChinesehistory,ofwhichtheimperial,religiousandcivilianarchitectureshavetheirowncharacteristics.ImperialArchitecture
Imperialmausoleums(皇家陵墓)
areimportantexamplesofancientChinesearchitecturesincetheyusuallyrepresentedthehighestarchitecturaltechniquesoftheirtimes.Thesemausoleums(陵墓)wereusuallybuiltagainsthillsormountainsandfaceplains.Otherimperialstructuressuchasdrainage(排水)systemsbeneathhugehillsofclay,wereoftenbuiltbesidethetombs.Imperialpalaces(皇家宫殿)
arewhereemperorslivedandadministeredtheircourtduringtheirreign(统治时期).Theyarethemostrevered,luxuriousandgrandiose(宏伟的)architecturaltypesfromancientChina.
Examples:ForbiddenCityinBeijingandImperialpalaceinShenyang.Thenumbernine
carriedaspecialmeaninginancientChina.Itwasdeemedthatodd(奇数)numbersrepresentyangwhileeven(偶数)numbersyin.Sincenineisthelargestoddnumberunderten,itwasregardedanextremelyluckynumber.So,emperorslikedtomonopolize(垄断)ittosymbolizetheirsuperiority.
Designsrelatedtonineappearedalmostoneveryimperialstructure.
OnthegateoftheForbiddenCity,thereare81gold-platedbronzestuds(饰钉)whichwerearrangedinninecolumns(列)andninerows(行).CivilianResidentialHousingSinceChinaisacountryofdiversenaturalenvironmentsandculturaltraditions,itscivilianresidentialhousingfeaturesdiversestyles.Beijingquadrangles(北京四合院)QuadrangledwellingsinBeijingareformedbyfourinward-facinghouses,linkedbyenclosingwalls.Theprincipalroomatthecenteriswherefamilyrituals(仪式)takeplaceanddistinguishedguestsarewelcomed.Thehousesallfaceacourtyard,connectedbyverandas(走廊).Shanxicavedwellings(窑洞)
CavedwellingsarecommoninthenorthwestLoessPlateau(黄土高原)ofChinaandatthemiddleandupperreachesoftheYellowRiver.Thenaturalconditionofdryweather,coldwinterandlimitedtimberleftaroomforthedevelopmentandcontinuityofcavedwellings.Theyarewarminwinterandcoolinsummer.
Types:cliff(崖庄窑),ground(下沉式地坑院窑洞),andhoop(箍窑).HuizhouresidentialhousesHuizhouresidentialhousesembracedlocalphysicalfeaturesofthearea.Theyincorporated(合并,包括在内)fengshuiconceptsandaesthetictrends,withblacktiles,whitewallsanddecorationsplacedelegantlyonupturned(向上翘的)eaves.Agardenstylewasamajorfeatureoftheseoldbuildings.Allbuildingshadexquisite(精致的)wood,stoneandbrickcarvingsonthedoorsandwindows.
Hakkacastle-likedwellings(客家土楼)
Theoverallbuildingcomplexesareroundorsquare,andsomeinthestyleoflargemansionsorintheshapeoftheEightTrigrams.Thereareusuallythreetofourfloors,butthetallestcomplexeshaveuptosixfloors.Includingthehousesintheyard,
suchabuildingusuallyholdsmorethan50families.What’sthecharacteristicsofHakkacastle-likedwellings(客家土楼)?RoundorsquareUsuallythreetofourfloorsCanholdmorethan50familyFellowtheruleofbalanceandsymmetryApondinfrondofeachhousecollectswaterdrainedfromthehouseAllkindsofthepublichousearealllocatedwithintheyardSomeEthnicHousesDaibamboohouseSquare,two-storybamboohouseshavebeenthetraditionaldwellingsoftheDaipeopleformorethan1,000years.Theupperstoryislivingquarters,supportedby20woodenpolesandaremorethantwometersabovetheground.Theopen-walledlowerstoryisforraisingdomesticanimalsandforstorage.Thebuildinghasanoblique(斜的)roof,shapedasanupsidedownV,coveredwithgrassortiles.Theupperstoryofthehouseisdividedintotwoparts:innerbedroomsandanouterlivingroom.Theupperstoryhasacorridor(走廊)andabalcony.Stonechamber(雕舫diaofang)
ThestonechamberisthemostpopulardwellinginTibetandsomeareasofInnerMongolia.Builtmostlyofstoneandearth,theylooklikediaolou
(blockhouse),hencethenameofdiaofang.Thefirstfloorisoftenusedforlivestockandpoultry(家禽),and
thesecondcontainsbedrooms,livingrooms,kitchensandstorehouses.Somehaveathirdfloorasafamilysutra(佛经)hallandabalcony.Mongolianyurts(蒙古包)Mongolianyurtsarefelttents.Woodenwattlesarefastenedwithleatherthongsandstudstoformafence-likestructure.Eachpartoftheyurtisquiteconvenienttodisassemble(分解)andcarry.Comparedwiththearchitecturestyleofforeignorwestern,whichonedoyoulikebetter?Why?IftherewereachanceforyoutochooseadwellingfromaancientChinesearchitectureandalargemodernmansion,whichonewouldyouliketochoose?Why?PartTwoAnYapingTypicalChineseStructuresandOrnamentsThereisavarietyoftypicalChinesestructuresandornamentsandeachexemplifiesChina’sricharchitecturalheritage.Iwillintroduce......ChineseStoneLionsHuabiaoPavilionsPagodasPaifangChineseStonelionsWhatisthesignificanceaboutlionsinChina?LionsinChinathekingofanimalsruleroftheforestasymbolofpowerandgrandeurofferprotectionfromevilspiritsInfrontofthegatesoftraditionalpalacehalls,oldgovernmentoffices,mansions,templesandotherhousesofstyle,apairofstonelionsareoftenseenstandingguards.Carvedfromstone(somemaybegildedorcastinironorbronze),themaleisontheleft,hisrightpawrestingonaball,andthelionessontheright,herleftpawfondlingacub.
Theballsymbolizes
theunityoftheempire,andthecubwiththelionessrepresents
thrivingoffspring.HuabiaoWhatisthefeaturesofHuabiao?Huabiao(华表)Huabiaoarepairedceremonialcolumnserectedinfrontofapalaceortomb,usually
carvedwithdragonandphoenixpatterns,withatransverse-engravedstoneslabonitstop.Itcanbeupto
20metersinheight
and
ameterorsoindiameter.Atypicalhuabiao
has
aroundoroctagonalbase.Pavilions
AcommonsightinthecountryistheChinesepavilion,whichisbuiltof
wood,stone
or
bamboo
andthefloorplandesignmayadopt
asquare,triangular,hexagonal,octagonal,five-petalflowerorfanshape.Allpavilionshavecolumnstosupporttheroof,butnowalls.Inparksoratscenicspots,pavilionsarebuilteitheronslopestocommandpanoramic(全景的)viewsorbythelakesidetocreateintriguing(有魅力的)imagesinthewater.diversepavilions,diversepurposeskiosk---providewearywayfarerswithaplacetorestandashelterstelepavilions---protecttheengravedrecordofanimportanteventdormerwindows---allowthesuntocastitsraysintothewellPagodas
Chinesepagodascomeinvarioussizesandshapes.Someresembletowers,otherspavilionsandstillothersaresimilartopyramids.Somestandalone,andothershavebeenbuiltinclusters.Tower-stylepagodas
(楼阁塔)aremulti-storytowerswithprotrudingupturnedeaves.TheoldestandtallestofthistypeisthemagnificentYingCountyWoodenPagoda(应县木塔)inShanxiProvince.Builtin1056,itisa67.1-meter-highoctagonalstructureoffivestories.Multi-eavedpagodas
(密檐式塔)
taketheirnamesfromthemanytiersofcloselyseteavesatthetopofthestructures.Mostpagodasofthissortarebuiltofbricksandstones.Theyarewithoutdoorsorwindowsbuthaveholestoletinlight.TheearliestexampleisatSongyueTempleonMountSongshaninHenanProvince.Builtin520,itstands40metershighandhas12sidescappedby15tiersofeaves.Pavilionorone-storypagodas
wereusedastombsforabbotsandotherhigh-rankingmonks.Theearliestofthesestillexistingisthe1,400-year-oldSimenPagodaatShentongTempleinShangdongProvince.Itissquare,withasingleroofandonedooroneachside.Lamaistpagodas(喇嘛塔)
aresimilartoIndianstupa([佛教]舍利塔).Thepagodasaredome-shapedstructuressetonlargepyramidalplatforms.OnefamousexampleistheWhitePagodainBeihaiParkinBeijing.Paifang
(牌坊)Paifang,alsocalledpailou,isanarchwayusuallymadefromfinewoodorstone,andpaintedordecoratedwithglazedtiles.Calligraphersareusuallyrequestedtowritemoralinscriptionstobecarvedintothemiddlebeam.Thesestructuresusuallystandindowntownareas,orattheentrancesofmausoleums,temples,bridgesandparks.That'sallThankyou
PartThreeChineseBridgesZou
DaweiTheContentsThestoneArchBridgeTheZigzagBridgeThePavilionBridgeOtherkindsofbridgesinChinaChinahasinheritedinnumerablebridgesfromherpast.Thereare,itissaid,4millionbridgesifonecountsthestonearchbridgesalone.Inthesouthernregionsofriversandlakes,thelandscapeisdottedwithbridgesofvarioussizesanddescriptions.
NAME:Lurenqiao(Wayfarers’Bridge)
TIME:in
theyearof282
Location:near
theancientluoyangpalace
Itisthefirstarchshone
TheStoneArchBridge(石拱桥)NAME:LugouqiaoorMarcoPoloBridgeTIME:from1189to1192LOCATION:inthesouthernvicinityofBeijingLENGTH:265metresItcomprises11archeswithspansrangingfrom16to20metresThe485stonelionsarelivelyandexquisitewithdifferentexpressionsandpostures(502)
世界上最好的,独一无二的桥——《马可.波罗游记》
NAME:Anji
Bridge(ZhaoZhouBridge)TIME:at
theendofthesixthcenturyLOCATION:JiaoheRiverinZhaoxianCounty,HebeiProvinceARCHITECT:the
mason(石匠)LiChun
ItisoneofthebridgeswiththelongestservicelifeintheworldtodayNAME:Jide
BeltBridge(玉带桥)LOCATION:intheSummerPalace(颐和园)TheZigzagBridge(曲折桥)Asalandscapingstructure,thezigzagbridgeisfound.Itisintendedtogiveaninterestingscenicfeatureonlakesandponds.
TheNine-BendBridge(九曲桥)inYuyuanGarden(豫园)ofShanghai’soldtownisatypicalexample.Crossing30metresofthelake,thebridgewindsmorethan100metresbecauseofitsninetwistsandturns.ThePavilionBridge(亭桥)
Thepavilionbridgeisoftenbuiltoverthesurfaceofaquietlake,formingasmallscenicareaandprovidingsightseerswithaplaceofrest,shelteredfromthesunandrain.The
Five-PavilionBridge
inYangzhouCity,JiangsuProvince,isafineexampleofthisstyle.Builtin1757,resemblingabeltwornonthenarrowwaistofSlenderWestLake,ithasfivepavilions.Onepavilionishigherthantheotherfour,twooneachsideinperfects
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