新编英语教程5Unit12Text2-Customs习俗省公开课金奖全国赛课一等奖微课获奖课件

CustomsClydeKluckhohn1/21OutlineStructurePara1~5Para6~92/21StructureⅠ.Para(1~2)Introductionof“culture”:cultureconstitutesablueprintoflife’sactivities.Ⅱ.Para(3)Knowingapeople’sdesignforlivingishelpfulinpredictinghumanbehavior.Ⅲ.Para(4~8)AfewexamplesofcultureinfluenceonhumanbehaviorⅣ.Para(9)Atbottomallhumanbeingsaremuchalike.3/21Para1~54/21

WhydotheChinesedislikemilkandmilkproducts?WhywouldtheJapanesediewillinglyinaBanzaichargethatseemedsenselesstoAmericans?Whydosomenationstracedescentthroughthefather,othersthroughthemother,stillothersthroughbothparents?Notbecausedifferentpeopleshavedifferentinstincts,notbecausetheyweredestinedbyGodorFatetodifferenthabits,notbecausetheweatherisdifferentinChinaandJapanandtheUnitedStates.Sometimesshrewdcommonsensehasananswerthatisclosetothatoftheanthropologist:“becausetheywerebroughtupthatway.”By“culture”anthropologymeansthetotallifewayofapeople,thesociallegacytheindividualacquiresfromhisgroup.Orculturecanberegardedasthatpartoftheenvironmentthatisthecreationofman.万岁！havingorshowinggoodjudgmentandcommonsense;astute5/21

Thistechnicaltermhasawidermeaningthanthe“culture”ofhistoryandliterature.AhumblecookingpotisasmuchaculturalproductasisaBeethovensonata.Inordinaryspeechamanofcultureisamanwhocanspeaklanguagesotherthanhisown,whoisfamiliarwithhistory,literature,philosophy,orthefinearts.Insomecliquesthatdefinitionisstillnarrower.TheculturedpersonisonewhocantalkaboutJamesJoyce,Scarlatti,andPicasso.Totheanthropologist,however,tobehumanistobecultured.Thereiscultureingeneral,andthentherearethespecificculturessuchasRussian,American,British,Hottentot,Inca.Thegeneralabstractnotionservicestoremindusthatwecannotexplainactssolelyintermsofthebiologicalpropertiesofthepeopleconcerned,theirindividualpastexperience,andtheimmediatesituation.Thepastexperienceofothermenintheformofcultureentersintoalmosteveryevent.Eachspecificcultureconstitutesakindofblueprintforalloflife’sactivities.sonata[sə'nɑ:tə]n.奏鸣曲6/21

Oneoftheinterestingthingsabouthumanbeingsisthattheytrytounderstandthemselvesandtheirownbehavior.WhilethishasbeenparticularlytrueofEuropeansinrecenttimes,thereisnogroupwhichhasnotdevelopedaschemeorschemestoexplainman’sactions.Totheinsistenthumanquery“why?”themostexcitingilluminationanthropologyhastoofferisthatoftheconceptofculture.Itsexplanatoryimportanceiscomparabletocategoriessuchasevolutioninbiology,gravityinphysics,diseaseinmedicine.Agooddealofhumanbehaviorcanbeunderstood,andindeedpredicted,ifweknowapeople’sdesignforliving.Manyactsareneitheraccidentalnorduetopersonalpeculiaritiesnorcausedbysupernaturalforcesnorsimplymysterious.Eventhoseofuswhoprideourselvesonourindividualismfollowmostofthetimeapatternnotofourownmaking.Webrushourteethonarising.Weputonpants—notaloinclothoragrassskirt.Weeatthreemealsaday—notfourorfiveortwo.Wesleepinabed—notinahammockoronasheeppelt.Idonothavetoknowtheindividualandhislifehistorytobeabletopredicttheseandcountlessotherregularities,includingmanyinthethinkingprocess,ofallAmericanswhoarenotincarceratedinjailsorhospitalsfortheinsane.aclearexplanationorunderstandingofaparticularsubject以……为豪缠腰布Hammock:吊床；sheeppelt:羊皮bekeptinprison7/21

TotheAmericanwomanasystemofpluralwivesseems“instinctively”abhorrent.Shecannotunderstandhowanywomancanfailtobejealousanduncomfortableifshemustshareherhusbandwithotherwomen.Shefeelsit“unnatural”toacceptsuchasituation.Ontheotherhand,aKoryakwomanofSiberia,forexample,wouldfindithardtounderstandhowawomancouldbesoselfishandsoundesirousoffemininecompanionshipinthehomeastowishtorestrictherhusbandtoonemate.unacceptableandmorallywrong对……不存念想8/21盘点世界上一夫多妻制（polygamy）国家一夫四妻制——信仰伊斯兰教国家沙特阿拉伯(SaudiArabia)阿联酋（UAE:UnitedArabEmirates）卡塔尔（Qatar）利比亚（Libya）伊拉克（Iraq）埃及（Egypt/ArabRepublicofEgypt）苏丹（Sudan）9/21真主在《古兰经》中说：“你们能够择娶你们爱悦女子，各娶两妻、三妻、四妻；假如你们恐怕不能公平待遇她们，那么，你们只能够各娶一妻，或以你们女奴为满足。这是更近与公平。”阿拉伯国家信仰伊斯兰教，实施一夫多妻制，但最多只能是四个。10/21娶妻无节制国家喀麦隆（Cameroon）喀麦隆实施一夫多妻制，一个男人有四五个老婆很正常，几十个老婆还有，每个老婆住一座圆形土屋，男人单独住，男人给老婆排一个值日表，天天晚上老婆按照值日表上安排去男人屋子里“值日”，长得漂亮一点机会就多一点。坦桑尼亚（Tanzania）坦桑尼亚有一个马赛部落，马赛人以牛数量和妻子多少来衡量这个男人穷富，老婆是用牛换，牛多了换来老婆越多，这个男人就越有面子。老婆多了也就不珍惜了，闲着也是闲着，老婆和别男人睡觉并不生气，只要孩子归自己就行。

11/21尼日利亚（Nigeria）尼日利亚犹罗巴族人也是一夫多妻，妻子越多男人地位越高，越受人尊敬，听说有一位名字叫阿布莱卡酋长有400个妻子（够他忙活，一晚上一个一年都轮不到头），妻子能够买卖，最低价在700美元，假如一个女人嫁给了只有一个老婆男人，她就会认自己很不幸。南非（SouthAfrica）南非祖鲁人实施一夫多妻制，南非总统祖马就是祖鲁人，他已经有五个老婆了，最近又娶了一个年轻貌美。农村部落娶妻子还是用牛换，娶一个妻子要十几头牛。

12/21孟加拉（Bengal）孟加拉国实施娶老婆缴税制度，只要你有钱能缴税你就能够多娶老婆，第一个老婆免税，第二个老婆交1万塔卡，第三个老婆3万塔卡，第四个老婆4万塔卡......以这类推。斯威士兰（TheKingdomofSwaziland）斯威士兰实施二元制君主立宪制，国王地位是世袭，国王能够拥有没有限个妻子，国王每年都要选妃子。13/21SomeyearsagoImetinNewYorkCityayoungmanwhodidnotspeakawordofEnglishandwasobviouslybewilderedbyAmericanways.By“blood”hewasasAmericanasyouorI,forhisparentshadgonefromIndianatoChinaasmissionaries.Orphanedininfancy,hewasrearedbyaChinesefamilyinaremotevillage.AllwhomethimfoundhimmoreChinesethanAmerican.ThefactsofhisblueeyesandlighthairwerelessimpressivethanaChinesestyleofgait,Chinesearmandhandmovements,Chinesefacialexpression,andChinesemodesofthought.ThebiologicalheritagewasAmerican,buttheculturaltraininghadbeenChinese.HereturnedtoChina.Orphan:v.使……沦为孤儿Rear：tobringupandeducate思维方式14/21Para6~915/21

Anotherexampleofanotherkind:Ionceknewatrader’swifeinArizonawhotookasomewhatdevilishinterestinproducingaculturalreaction.Guestswhocameherwaywereoftenserveddelicioussandwichesfilledwithameatthatseemedtobeneitherchickennortunafishyetwasreminiscentofboth.Toqueriesshegavenoreplyuntileachhadeatenhisfill.Shethenexplainedthatwhattheyhadeatenwasnotchicken,nottunafish,buttherich,whitefleshoffreshlykilledrattlesnakes.Theresponsewasinstantaneous---vomiting,oftenviolentvomiting.Abiologicalprocessiscaughtinaculturalweb.Devilish:魔鬼似tunafish：金枪鱼

Bereminiscentof:waslikevomit：呕吐16/21AhighlyintelligentteacherwithlongandsuccessfulexperienceinthepublicschoolsofChicagowasfinishingherfirstyearinanIndianschool.WhenaskedhowherNavahopupilscomparedinintelligencewithChicagoyoungsters,shereplied,“Well,Ijustdon’tknow.SometimestheIndiansseemjustasbright.Atothertimestheyjustactlikedumbanimals.Theothernightwehadadanceinthehighschool.IsawaboywhoisoneofthebeststudentsinmyEnglishclassstandingoffbyhimself.SoItookhimovertoaprettygirlandtoldthemtodance.Buttheyjuststoodtherewiththeirheadsdown.Theywouldn’tevensayanything.”Iinquiredifsheknewwhetherornottheyweremembersofthesameclan.“Whatdifferencewouldthatmake?”Navaho:AmericanIndianpeopleofNewMexicoandArizonaClan:宗族，宗派17/21“Howwouldyoufeelaboutgettingintobedwithyourbrother?”Theteacherwalkedoffinahuff,but,actually,thetwocaseswerequitecomparableinprinciple.TotheIndianthetypeofbodilycontactinvolvedinoursocialdancinghasadirectlysexualconnotation.Theinsecttaboosbetweenmembersofthesameclanareassevereasbetweentruebrothersandsisters.TheshameoftheIndiansatthesuggestionthataclanbrotherandsistershoulddanceandtheindignationofthewhiteteacherattheideathatsheshouldshareabedwithanadultbrotherrepresentequallynonrationalresponse,culturallystandardizedunreason.（符合文化习俗不理智）inahuff:inabadmoodTheinsecttaboo:乱伦禁忌Indignation：愤恨，愤慨18/21

Allthisdoesnotmeanthatthereisnosuchthingasrawhumannature.Theveryfastthatcertainofthesameinstitutionsarefoundinallknownsocietiesindicatesthatatbottomallhumanbeingsareverymuchalike.ThefilesoftheCross-CultureSurveyatYaleUniversityareorganizedaccordingtocategoriessuchas“m