2020年考研英语(一)真题及参考答案解析

2020年考研英语（一）真题及参考答案解析

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions：

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreach

numberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10

points)

Eveniffamiliesarelesslikelytositdowntoeattogether

thanwasoncethecase,millionsofBritonswillnonetheless

havepartakenthisweekendofoneofthenation'sgreat

traditions:theSundayroast.1acoldwinter'sday,few

culinarypleasurescan2it.Yetaswereportnow,the

foodpolicearedeterminedthatthis3shouldberendered

yetanotherguiltypleasure4todamageourhealth.

TheFoodStandardsAuthority(FSA)has5apublicwarning

abouttherisksofacompoundcalled

acrylamidethatformsinsomefoodscooked6

hightemperatures.Thismeansthatpeoplesho

uld7crispingtheirroastpotatoes,spurn

thin-crustpizzasandonly8toasttheirbread.Butwhereis

theevidencetosupportsuchalarmistadvice?9studies

haveshownthatacrylamidecancauseneurologicaldamage

inmice,thereisno10evidencethatitcauses

cancerinhumans.

Scientistssaythecompoundis”11tobecarcinogenic"but

havenohardscientificproof.12theprecautionary

principle,itcouldbearguedthatitis13tofollowtheFSA

advice.14,itwasrumoredthatsmokingcausedcancerfor

yearsbeforetheevidencewasfoundtoprovea15.

Doubtlessapieceofboiledbeefcanalwaysbe16uponSunday

alongsidesomesteamedvegetables,withouttheYorkshire

puddingandnowine.Butwouldlifebeworthliving?17,

theFSAsaysitisnottellingpeopletocutoutroast

foods18,buttoreducetheirlifetimeintake.

However,their19riskscomingacrossasexhortationand

nannying.Constanthealthscaresjust20withnoone

listening.

1.AInBTowardsCOnDTill

2.AmatchBexpressCsatisfyDinfluence

3.ApatienceBenjoymentCsurpriseDconcern

4.AintensifiedBprivilegedCcompelledDguaranteed

5.AissuedBreceivedCignoredDcanceled

6.AunderBatCforDby

7.AforgetBregretCfinishDavoid

8.ApartiallyBregularlyCeasilyDinitially

9.AUnlessBSinceCIfDWhile

10.AsecondaryBexternalCinconclusiveDnegative

11.AinsufficientBboundClikelyDslow

12.AOnthebasisofBAtthecostofCInadditiontoD

Incontrastto

13.AinterestingBadvisableCurgentDfortunate

14.AAsusualBInparticularCBydefinitionDAfterall

15.AresemblanceBcombinationCconnectionDpattern

16.AmadeBservedCsavedDused

17.ATobefairBForinstanceCTobebriefDingeneral

18.AreluctantlyBentirelyCgraduallyDcarefully

19.ApromiseBexperienceCcampaignDcompetition

20.AfollowupBpickupCopenupDendup

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbelow

eachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.Markyouranswersonthe

ANSWERSHEET.(40points)

Text1

AgroupoflabourMPs,amongthemYvetteCooper,arebringing

inthenewyearwithacalltoinstituteaUK“townofculture”

award.Theproposalisthatitshouldsitalongsidetheexisting

cityofculturetitle,whichwasheldbyHullin2017andhas

beenawardedtoCoventryforzozl.Cooperandhercolleagues

arguethatthesuccessofthecrownforHull,whereitbrought

inE220mofinvestmentandanavalacheofarts,outnottobe

confinedtocities.Britain'town,itistruearenotprevented

fromapplying,buttheygenerallylacktheresourcestoput

togetherabittobeattheirbiggercompetitions.Atownof

cultureawardcould,itisargued,becomeanannualevent,

attractingfundingandcreatingjobs.

Somemightseetheproposalasaboobyprizeforthefact

thatBritainisnolongerbeabletoapplyforthemuchmore

prestigioustitleofEuropeancapitalofculture,a

sought-afterawardbaggedbyGlasgowin1990andLiverpoolin

2008.AcynicmightspeculatethattheUKisonthevergeof

disappearingintoanendlessfeverofself-celebrationinits

desperationtoreinventitselffor,thepost-Brexitworld:

aftertownofculture,whoknowsthatwillfollow-villageof

culture?Suburbofculture?Hamletofculture?

Itisalsowisetorecallthatsuchtitlesarenotacure-all.

Abadlyrun“yearofculture“washesinandoutofaplacelike

thetide,bringingprominenceforaspellbutleavingnolasting

benefitstothecommunity.Thereallysuccessfulholdersof

suchtitlesarethosethatdoagreatdealmorethanfillhotel

bedroomsandbringinhigh-profileartseventsandgoodpress

forayear.Theytransformtheaspirationsofthepeoplewho

1ivethere;theynudgetheselfimageofthecityintoabolder

andmoreoptimistic1ight.

Itishardtogetright,andrequiresaremarkabledegree

ofvision,aswellascooperationbetweencityauthorities,the

privatesector,communitygroupsandculturalorganizations.

Butitcanbedone:Glasgow'syearasEuropeancapitalof

culturecancertainlybeseenasoneofcomplexseriesof

factorsthathaveturnedthecityintothepowerofart,music

andtheatrethatitremainstoday.

A"townofculture"couldbenotjustabouttheartsbutabout

honouringatown,speculiarities-helpingsustainitshigh

street,supportinglocalfacilitiesandaboveallcelebrating

itspeopleandturnitintoaction.

21.Cooperandhercolleaguesarguethata“townofculture”

awardcould

[A]consolidatethetown-citytiesinBritain.

[B]promotecooperationamongBritain'stowns.

[C]increasetheeconomicstrengthofBritain'stowns.

[D]focusBritain'slimitedresourcesonculturalevents.

22.AccordingtoParagraph2,theproposalmightberegarded

bysomeas

[A]asensiblecompromise.

[B]aself-deceivingattempt.

[C]aneye-catchingbonus.

[D]aninaccessibletarget.

23.Theauthorsuggeststhatatitleholderissuccessful

onlyifit

[A]endeavourstomaintainitsimage.

[B]meetstheaspirationsofitspeople.

[C]bringsitslocalartstoprominence.

[D]commitstoitslong-termgrowth.

24.GlasgowismentionedinParagraph3to

present_________

[A]acontrastingcase.

[B]asupportingexample.

[C]abackgroundstory,

[D]arelatedtopic.

25.Whatistheauthor，sattitudetowardstheproposal?

[A]Skeptical

[B]Objective

[C]Favourable

[D]Critical

Text2

Scientificpublishinghaslongbeenalicencetoprintmoney.

Scientistsneedjournalsinwhichtopublish

theirresearch,sotheywillsupplythearticleswithout

monetaryreward.Otherscientistsperformthespecialisedwork

ofpeerreviewalsoforfree,becauseitisacentralelement

intheacquisitionofstatusandtheproductionofscientific

knowledge.

Withthecontentofpaperssecuredforfree,thepublisher

needsonlyfndamarketforitsjournal.Untilthiscentury,

universitylibrarieswerenotverypricesensitive.Scientific

publishersroutinelyreportprofitmarginsapproaching40%on

theiroperations,atatimewhentherestofthepublishing

industryisinanexistentialcrisis.

TheDutchgiantElsevier,whichclaimstopublish25%ofthe

scientificpapersproducedintheworld,madeprofitsofmore

than£900mlastyear,whileUKuniversitiesalonespentmore

than£210min2016toenableresearcherstoaccesstheirown

publiclyfundedresearch;bothfiguresseemtoriseunstoppably

despiteincreasinglydesperateeffortstochangethem.

Themostdrastic,andthoroughlyillegal,reactionhasbeen

theemergenceofSci-Hub,akindofglobalphotocopierfor

scientificpapers,setupin2012,whichnowclaimstooffer

accesstoeverypaywalledarticlepublishedsince2015.The

successofSci-Hub,whichreliesonresearcherspassingon

copiestheyhavethemselveslegallyaccessed,showsthelegal

ecosystemhaslostlegitimacyamongitsusersandmustbe

transformedsothatitworksforallparticipants.

InBritainthemovetowardsopenaccesspublishinghasbeen

drivenbyfundingbodies.Insomewaysithasbeenvery

successful.MorethanhalfofallBritishscientificresearch

isnowpublishedunderopenaccessterms:eitherfreely

availablefromthemomentofpublication,orpaywalledfora

yearormoresothatthepublisherscanmakeaprofitbefore

beingplacedongeneralrelease.

Yetthenewsystemhasnotworkedoutanycheaperforthe

universities.Publishershaverespondedtothedemandthatthey

maketheirproductfreetoreadersbychargingtheirwriters

feestocoverthecostsofpreparing

anarticle.Theserangefromaround£500to$5,000.A

reportlastyearpointedoutthatthecostsbothof

subscriptionsandofthese''articlepreparationcosts,'

hadbeensteadilyrisingatarateaboveinflation.Insomeways

thescientificpublishingmodelresemblestheeconomyofthe

socialinternet:labourisprovidedfreeinexchangeforthe

hopeofstatus,whilehugeprofitsaremadebyafewbigfirms

whorunthemarketplaces.Inbothcases,weneedarebalancing

ofpower.

26.Scientificpublishingisseenas“alicencetoprint

money"partlybecause

[A]itsfundinghasenjoyedasteadyincrease.

[B]itsmarketingstrategyhasbeensuccessful.

[C]itspaymentforpeerreviewisreduced.

[D]itscontentacquisitioncostsnothing.

27.AccordingtoParagraphs2and3,scientificpublishers

Elsevierhave

[A]thrivedmainlyonuniversitylibraries.

[B]gonethroughanexistentialcrisis.

[C]revivedthepublishingindustry.

[D]financedresearchersgenerously.

28.HowdoestheauthorfeelaboutthesuccessofSci-Hub?

[A]Relieved.

[B]Puzzled.

[C]Concerned

[D]Encouraged.

29.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraphs5and6thatopenaccess

terms_________

[A]allowpublisherssomeroomtomakemoney.

[B]renderpublishingmucheasierforscientists.

[C]reducethecostofpublicationsubstantially.

[D]freeuniversitiesfromfinancialburdens.

30.Whichofthefollowingcharacterisesthescientific

publishingmodel?

[A]Trialsubscriptionisoffered.

[B]Labourtriumphsoverstatus.

[C]Costsarewellcontrolled.

D]Thefewfeedonthemany.

Text3

Progressivesoftensupportdiversitymandatesasapathto

equalityandawaytoleveltheplayingfield.Butalltoooften

suchpoliciesareaninsincereformofvirtue-signalingthat

benefitsonlythemostprivilegedanddoes1ittletohelp

averagepeople.

ApairofbillssponsoredbyMassachusettsstateSenator

JasonLewisandHouseSpeakerProTemporePatriciaHaddad,to

ensure"genderparity"onboardsandcommissions,providea

caseinpoint.

HaddadandLewisareconcernedthatmorethanhalfthe

state-governmentboardsarelessthan40percentfemale.In

ordertoensurethatelitewomenhavemoresuchopportunities,

theyhaveproposedimposinggovernmentquotas.Ifthebills

becomelaw,stateboardsandcommissionswillberequiredto

setaside50percentofboardseatsforwomenby2022.

Thebillsaresimilartoameasurerecentlyadoptedin

California,whichlastyearbecamethefirststatetorequire

genderquotasforprivatecompanies.Insigningthemeasure,

CaliforniaGovernorJerryBrownadmittedthatthelaw,which

expresslyclassifiespeopleonthebasisofsex,isprobably

unconstitutional.

TheUSSupremeCourtfrownsonsex-basedclassifications

unlesstheyaredesignedtoaddressan“important“policy

interest,BecausetheCalifornialawappliestoallboards,

evenwherethereisnohistoryofpriordiscrimination,courts

arelikelytorulethatthelawviolatestheconstitutional

guaranteeof"equalprotection”.

Butaresuchgovernmentmandatesevennecessary?Female

participationoncorporateboardsmaynotcurrentlymirrorthe

pereentageofwomeninthegeneralpopulation,butsowhat?

Thenumberofwomenoncorporateboardshasbeensteadily

increasingwithoutgovernmentinterference.Accordingtoa

studybyCatalyst,between2010and2015theshareofwomenon

theboardsofglobalcorporationsincreasedby54percent.

Requiringcompaniestomakegendertheprimary

qualificationforboardmembershipwillinevitablyleadtoless

experiencedprivatesectorboards.Thatisexactlywhat

happenedwhenNorwayadoptedanationwidecorporategender

quota.

WrtinginTheNewRepublic,AliceLeenotesthatincreasing

thenumberofopportunitiesforboardmembershipwithout

increasingthepoolofqualifiedwomentoserveonsuchboards

hasledtoa，zgoldenskirt,'phenomenon,wherethesameelite

womenscoopupmultipleseatsonavarietyofboards.

Nexttimesomebodypushescorporatequotasasawayto

promotegenderequity,rememberthatsuchpoliciesarelargely

self-servingmeasuresthatmaketheirsponsorsfeelgoodbut

dolitletohelpaveragewomen.

31.TheauthorbelievesthatthebillssponsoredbyLewis

andHaddadwills

[A]helplittletoreducegenderbias.

[B]poseathreattothestategovernment.

[C]raisewomen'spositioninpolitics.

[D]greatlybroadencareeroptions.

32.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheCaliforniameasure?

[A]Ithasirritatedprivatebusinessowners.

[B]ItiswelcomedbytheSupremeCourt,

[C]ItmaygoagainsttheConstitution.

[D]Itwillsettlethepriorcontroversies.

33.TheauthormentionsthestudybyCatalystto

ilustrate(by:ww.gotu.top)

[A]theharmfromarbitraryboarddecision.

[B]theimportanceofconstitutionalguaranees.

[C]thepressureonwomeninglobalcorporations.

[D]theneedlessnessofgovernmentinterventions.

34.Norway*sadoptionofanationwidecorporategenderquota

hasledto

[A]theunderestimationofelitewomen'srole.

[B]theobjectiontofemaleparticipationonboards.

[C]theentryofunqualifiedcandidatesintotheboard.

[D]thegrowingtensionbetweenlaborandmanagement.

35.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthetext?

[A]Women'sneedinemploymentshouldbeconsidered.

[B]Feasibilityshouldbeaprimeconcerninpolicymaking.

[C]Everyoneshouldtryhardtopromotesocialjustice.

[D]Majorsocialissuesshouldbethefocusoflegislation.

Text4

LastThursday,theFrenchSenatepassedadigitalservices

tax,whichwouldimposeanentirelynewtax

onlargemultinationalsthatprovidedigitalservicesto

consumersorusersinFrance.Digitalservicesinclude

everythingfromprovidingaplatformforsellinggoodsand

servicesonlinetotargetingadvertisingbasedonuserdata,

andthetaxappliestogrossrevenuefromsuchservces.Many

Frenchpoliticiansandmediaoutletshavereferredtothisas

a“GAFAtax,“meaningthatitisdesignedtoapplyprimarily

tocompaniessuchasGoogle,Apple,FacebookandAmazon-in

otherwords,multiationaltechcompaniesbasedintheUnited

States.

Thedigitalservicestaxnowawaitsthesignatureof

PresidentEmmanuelMacron,whohasexpressedsupportforthe

measure,anditcouldgointoeffectwithinthenextfewweeks.

Butithasalreadysparkedsignificantcontroversy,withthe

UniteSatestraderepresentativeopeninganinvestigationinto

whetherthetaxdiscriminatesagainstAmericancompanies,

whichinturncouldleadtotradesanctionsagainstFrance.

TheFrenchtaxisnotjustaunilateralmovebyonecountry

inneedofrevenue.Instead,thedigitalservicestaxispart

ofamuchlargertrend,withcountriesoverthepastfewyears

proposingorputtinginplaceanalphabetsoupofnew

internationaltaxprovisions.ThesehaveincludedBritain's

DPT(divertedprofitstax),Australia'sMAAL(multinational

antiavoidancelaw),andIndia，sSEP(significanteconomic

presence)test,tonamebutafew.Atthesametime,theEuropean

Union,Spain,Britainandseveralothercountrieshaveall

seriouslycontemplateddigitalservicestaxes.

Theseunilateraldevelopmentsdifferintheirspecifics,

buttheyarealldesignedtotaxmultinationalsonincomeand

revenuethatcountriesbelievetheyshouldhavearighttotax,

evenifinternationaltaxrulesdonotgrantthemthatright.

Inotherwords,theyallshareaviewthattheinternational

taxsystemhasfailedtokeep;upwiththecurrenteconomy.

Inresponsetothesemanyunilateralmeasures,the

OrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment(OECD)

iscurrentlyworkingwith131countriestoreachaconsensus

bytheendof2020onaninternationalsolution.BothFrance

andtheUnitedStatesareinvolvedintheorganization'swork,

butFrance(sdigitalservicestaxandtheAmericanresponse

raisequestionsaboutwhatthefutureholdsforthe

internationaltaxsystem.

France'splannedtaxisaclearwarning:Unlessabroad

consensuscanbereachedonreformingtheinternational

taxsystem,othernationsarelikelytofollowsuit,and

Americancompanieswillfaceacascadeofdifferenttaxesfrom

dozensofnationsthatwillproveburdensomeandcostly.

36.TheFrenchSenatehaspassedabillto

[A]regulatedigitalservicesplatforms.

[B]protectFrenchcompanies，interests.

[C]imposealevyontechmultinationals.

[D]curbtheinfluenceofadvertising.

37.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph2thatthedigital

servicestax

[A]maytriggercountermeasuresagainstFrance.

[B]isapttoarousecriticismathomeandabroad.

[C]aimstoeaseinternationaltradetensions.

[D]willpromptthetechgiantstoquitFrance.

38.Thecountriesadoptingtheunilateralmeasuressharethe

opinionthat

[A]redistributionoftechgiants'revenuemustbeensured.

[B]thecurrentinternationaltaxsystemneedsupgrading.

[C]techmultinationals'monopolyshouldbeprevented.

[D]allcountriesoughttoenjoyequaltaxingrights.

39.ItcanbelearnedfromPara5thattheOECO,scurrent

work

[A]isbeingresistedbyUScompanies.

[B]needstobereadjustedimmediately.

[C]isfacedwithuncertainprospects.

[D]needstoininvolvemorecountries.

40.Whichofthefollowingmightbethe.besttitleforthis

text?

[A]FranceIsConfrontedwithTradeSanctions

[B]FranceleadsthechargeonDigitalTax

[C]FranceSays"NO"toTechMultinationals

[D]FranceDemandsaRoleintheDigitalEconomy

PartB

Directions:

Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.For

Questions41-45,choosethemostsuitableone

fromthefistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.

Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.

MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(10points)

[A]Eyefixactionsarebrief

[B]Toomucheyecontactisinstinetivelyfelttoberude

[C]Eyecontactcanbeafriendlysocialsignal

[D]Personalitycanaffecthowapersonreactstoeyecontact

[E]Biologicalfactorsbehindeyecontactarebeing

investigated

[F]Mostpeoplearenotcomfortableholdingeyecontactwith

strangers

[G]Eyecontactcanalsobeaggressive.

Inasocialsituation,eyecontactwithanotherpersoncan

showthatyouarepayingattentioninafriendlyway.Butit

canalsobeantagonisticsuchaswhenapoliticalcandidateturns

towardtheircompetitorduringadebateandmakeseyecontact

thatsignalshostility.Here'swhathardsciencerevealsabout

eyecontact:

41.__________________

Weknowthatatypicalinfantwillinstinctivelygazeinto

itsmother'seyes,andshewilllookback.Thismutualgaze

isamajorpartoftheattachmentbetweenmotherandchild.In

adulthood,lookingsomeoneelseinapleasantwaycanbea

complimentarysignofpayingattention.Itcancatchsomeone's

attentioninacrowdedroom,“Eyecontactandsmile"cansignal

availabilityandconfidence,acommon-sensenotionsupportedin

studiesbypsychologistMonicaMoore.

42.__________________

NeuroscientistBonnieAugeungfoundthatthehormone

oxytocinincreasedtheamountofeyecontactfrommentoward

theinterviewerduringabriefinterviewwhenthedirectionof

theirgazewasrecorded.Thiswasalsofoundinhigh-

functioningmenwithsomeautisticspectrumsymptoms,whomay

tendtoavoideyecontact.Specificbrainregionsthatrespond

duringdirectgazearebeingexploredbyotherresearches,

usingadvancedmethodsofbrainscanning.

43._________________

Withtheuseofeye-trackingtechnology,JuliaMinsonofthe

HarvardKennedySchoolofGovernmentconcludedthateyecontact

cansignalverydifferentkindsofmessages,dependingonthe

situationWhileeyecontactmaybeasignofconnectionor

trustinfriendlysituations,it'smorelikelytobeassociated

withdominanceOFintimidationinadversarialsituations.

Whetheryou'reapoliticianoraparent,itmightbehelpful

tokeep'inmindthattryingtomaintaineyecontactmay

backfireifyou，retryingtoconvincesomeonewhohasa

differentsetofbeliefsthanyou,“saidMinson.

44._________________

Whenwelookatafaceorapicture,oureyespauseonone

spotatatime,oftenontheeyesormouth.Thesepauses

typicallyoccurataboutthreepersecond,andtheeyesthen

jumptoanotherspot,untilseveralimportantpointsinthe

imageareregisteredlikeaseriesofsnapshots.Howthewh