高三英语二轮复习 第1部分 专题1 阅读理解-人教版高三英语试题

专题一阅读理解阅读理解怎么考？篇数篇长题数分数用时试题特点4篇约350个单词15个30分30－35分钟体裁各样；题材广泛。难易适中；区分度高年份试卷体裁题材细节理解主旨大意推理判断词义猜测情感态度篇章结构2016全国甲卷A.应用文B．记叙文C．说明文D．记叙文广告宣传个人故事网站介绍探险故事715200全国乙卷A.应用文B．议论文C．记叙文D．说明文人物介绍社会热点个人故事沉默的含义914100全国丙卷A.应用文B．记叙文C．说明文D．说明文广告宣传人物故事苹果节大众传媒823200试题选项如何设？Ⅰ.正确选项的命题方式和特征描述命题方式同义转换有据推理抽象概括正话反说/反话正说特征描述用不同的表达方式呈现原文内容。采用改变句子结构或替换原文关键词的方法，表达与原文相同或相近的意义。用合乎逻辑的推理和判断呈现原文隐含的意义、观点或结论。采用对原文提供的已知信息，如事实、论点、例证等依据做出合理判断，有效推导出未知的信息。用简明扼要的表达方式呈现原文内容。采用对原文中的具体事实进行抽象概括的方法，表达与原文内容相同或相近的意义。用恰恰相反的表达方式呈现原文内容。采用与原文相反的句式，如主动代替被动、否定代替肯定，反之亦然。或使用与原文相反的逻辑关系，如原文强调的是原因，而选项表达的是结果。Ⅱ.错误选项的命题方式和陷阱特征命题方式答非所问断章取义无中生有偷梁换柱因果倒置张冠李戴以偏概全过犹不及陷阱特征提取原文中出现的原话或将原话加以改变设置成选项，但原话却不能回答题干所提出的问题，也就是回答不是所问的内容。孤立地提取原文中的一句或几句话的意思，而不顾全篇文章的主旨或中心思想，以致引起与原文意思不符或歪曲了原文所表达的意思。所述内容或是凭空捏造的信息，或是生活常识，或是普遍接受的真理，但都脱离了原文，在文中找不到支持的依据。选项用了与原文相似的句子结构和大部分相同的词汇，却在不经意间对细微处做了些许改动，造成意义出现了差别。凡事有因才有果，有果必有因。选项混淆了事物间的因果关系，或将某一结果产生的原因作为结果，或将结果作为原因。选项所述内容弄错了事实和对象，把此人的事情或观点错加到彼人身上，或将此事物的特征错加到彼事物上。选项内容在原文中有提及，但只是细枝末节，不能代表全文的整体意思，犯了以局部代替整体，用片面的观点看待整体问题的错误。选项所述内容或对原文内容进行过度推理、概括，或对事情发生的范围过分扩大或缩小，或对某现象绝对肯定或否定。[真题例释](2016·全国甲卷·B)Fiveyearsago，whenItaughtartataschoolinSeattle，IusedTinkertoysasatestatthebeginningofatermtofindoutsomethingaboutmystudents.IputasmallsetofTinkertoysinfrontofeachstudent，andsaid：“MakesomethingoutoftheTinkertoys.Youhave45minutestoday—and45minuteseachdayfortherestoftheweek.”Afewstudentshesitatedtostart.Theywaitedtoseewhattherestoftheclasswoulddo.Severalotherscheckedtheinstructionsandmadesomethingaccordingtooneofthemodelplansprovided.Anothergroupbuiltsomethingoutoftheirownimaginations.OnceIhadaboywhoworkedexperimentallywithTinkertoysinhisfreetime.Hisconstructionsfilledashelfintheartclassroomandagoodpartofhisbedroomathome.Iwasdelightedatthepresenceofsuchastudent.Herewasanexceptionallycreativemindatwork.HispresencemeantthatIhadanunexpectedteachingassistantinclasswhosecreativitywouldinfect(感染)otherstudents.Encouragingthiskindofthinkinghasadownside．Irantheriskoflosingthosestudentswhohadadifferentstyleofthinking.Withoutfailonewoulddeclare，“ButI'mjustnotcreative.”“Doyoudreamatnightwhenyou'reasleep？”“Oh，sure.”“Sotellmeoneofyourmostinterestingdreams.”Thestudentwouldtellsomethingwildlyimaginative.Flyingintheskyorinatimemachineorgrowingthreeheads.“That'sprettycreative.Whodoesthatforyou？”“Nobody.Idoit.”“Really—atnight，whenyou'reasleep？”“Sure.”“Trydoingitinthedaytime，inclass，okay？”25．TheteacherusedTinkertoysinclassinorderto．A．knowmoreaboutthestudentsB．makethelessonsmoreexcitingC．raisethestudents'interestinartD．teachthestudentsabouttoydesign26．WhatdoweknowabouttheboymentionedinParagraph3?A．Helikedtohelphisteacher.B．Hepreferredtostudyalone.C．Hewasactiveinclass.D．Hewasimaginative.27．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“downside”inParagraph4probablymean?A．Mistake. B．Drawback.C．Difficulty. D．Burden.28．Whydidtheteacheraskthestudentstotalkabouttheirdreams?A．Tohelpthemtoseetheircreativity.B．Tofindoutabouttheirsleepinghabits.C．Tohelpthemtoimprovetheirmemory.D．Tofindoutabouttheirwaysofthinking.本文是一篇记叙文。作为一名教师，作者用一种玩具培养孩子们的创造性和动手能力，其中一个孩子的创造性引起了作者的注意。25．A[设题方式为同义替换。题干中的inordertoknowmoreaboutthestudents与原文中的tofindoutsomethingaboutmystudents为同一含义，故A为正确选项。B、C、D陷阱方式均为无中生有，文中没有提到使课堂程更令学生激动，也没有提到提高学生对艺术的兴趣，更没有提到教学生进行玩具设计。]26．D[设题方式为有据推理。根据第三段中Herewasanexceptionallycreativemindatwork.可推知这个孩子很有想象力，故D为正确选项。A陷阱方式为断章取义，Ihadanunexpectedteachingassistantinclass只能表明他能够帮到我，而不能说明他喜欢帮助老师；B、C则是无中生有，文中没有提到他喜欢独自学习，也没有提到他在班上很活跃。]27．B[设题方式为有据推理。根据下文“作者要冒着失去那些有不同思考风格的学生的风险”可推知，downside的含义应该是drawback“不利条件，缺点”，故B为正确选项。A、C、D陷阱方式均为偷梁换柱，虽然四个选项非常类似，但是所猜词的后面介绍的是这种方式的弊端，而不是“错误、困难或负担”。]28．A[设题方式为有据推理。根据文中“白天在课堂上也试一试做梦，好吗？”可推知，作者让学生讲述他们的梦，是为了帮助学生看到自己的创造性，故A为正确选项。B、C、D陷阱方式均为无中生有，文中并没有说想弄清他们的睡眠习惯，没有提到想要提高他们的记忆力，也没有提到想要弄清他们的思维方式。]模式|文章(段落)的五种结构文章都是围绕一个中心点，通过一定的逻辑连接纽带，由恰当的段落组合而成。而段落也是围绕一个中心点，通过一定的逻辑连接纽带，由恰当的句子组合而成。文章或段落的写作风格、谋篇布局是不尽相同的。常见的文章(段落)结构有五种，阅读时明晰这些结构对把握文章(段落)的主旨大意，抓住特定的信息细节，理清上下文的逻辑关系，进行合理的推理判断会有非常大的帮助。结构结构特征“总→分”结构把最重要的内容，即中心主题句，放在文(段)首。作者先提出问题(论点)，随之用细节(论据)来支撑或发展主题句所表达的中心思想。但有时候主题句前可能有一句或几句引入的句子。“分→总”结构中心主题句出现在文(段)尾，即表达细节的句子在前，概括性的句子居后。作者先列出细节(论据)，后归纳出主题(论点)。“分→总→分”结构中心主题句出现在文章或段落的中间。作者先陈述细节(论据)，然后自然而然地引出主题(论点)，之后再用细节做进一步的支撑或发展。“总→分→总”结构即首尾呼应的写作方法。作者先提出主题(论点)，随之用细节(论据)来支撑或发展主题，结尾处再次点出主题，前后表达主题的句子不是简单重复，后面的表达往往会有进一步的引申。“分→分→分”结构文章或段落没有明确的中心主题句，主题句隐含在全文之中。读者要综合分析文章表达的所有细节以及文字之间的逻辑关系，归纳概括出主题句。[例1](2016·全国乙卷·D)Themeaningofsilencevariesamongculturalgroups.Silencesmaybethoughtful，ortheymaybeemptywhenapersonhasnothingtosay.Asilenceinaconversationmayalsoshowstubbornness，uneasiness，orworry.Silencemaybeviewedbysomeculturalgroupsasextremelyuncomfortable；thereforeattemptsmaybemadetofilleverygap(间隙)withconversation.Personsinotherculturalgroupsvaluesilenceandviewitasnecessaryforunderstandingaperson'sneeds.ManyNativeAmericansvaluesilenceandfeelitisabasicpartofcommunicatingamongpeople，justassometraditionalChineseandThaipersonsdo.Therefore，whenapersonfromoneoftheseculturesisspeakingandsuddenlystops，whatmaybeimplied(暗示)isthatthepersonwantsthelistenertoconsiderwhathasbeensaidbeforecontinuing.Inthesecultures，silenceisacallforreflection.Otherculturesmayusesilenceinotherways，particularlywhendealingwithconflictsamongpeopleorinrelationshipsofpeoplewithdifferentamountsofpower.Forexample，Russian，French，andSpanishpersonsmayusesilencetoshowagreementbetweenpartiesaboutthetopicunderdiscussion.However，Mexicansmayusesilencewheninstructionsaregivenbyapersoninauthorityratherthanberudetothatpersonbyarguingwithhimorher.Instillanotheruse，personsinAsianculturesmayviewsilenceasasignofrespect，particularlytoanelderorapersoninauthority.Nursesandothercare－giversneedtobeawareofthepossiblemeaningsofsilencewhentheycomeacrossthepersonalanxietytheirpatientsmaybeexperiencing.Nursesshouldrecognizetheirownpersonalandculturalconstructionofsilencesothatapatient'ssilenceisnotinterruptedtooearlyorallowedtogoonunnecessarily.Anursewhounderstandsthehealing(治愈)valueofsilencecanusethisunderstandingtoassistinthecareofpatientsfromtheirownandfromothercultures.本文为“总→分”结构，第一段为主题段，总体介绍沉默在不同的文化中有不同的含义。后面三段分别进行了介绍：第二段介绍了美国当地人、中国人和泰国人的沉默；第三段介绍了俄罗斯人、法国人、西班牙人以及墨西哥人等的沉默；第四段介绍了护士和其他护理人员对沉默的理解。[例2](2015·陕西高考·C)Theproductionofcoffeebeansisahuge，profitablebusiness，but，unfortunately，full－sunproductionistakingovertheindustryandbringingaboutalotofdamage.Thechangeinhowcoffeeisgrownfromshade－grownproductiontofull－sunproductionendangerstheveryexistenceofcertainanimalsandbirds，andevendisturbstheworld'secologicalbalance.Onalocallevel，thedamageoftheforestrequiredbyfull－sunfieldsaffectsthearea'sbirdsandanimals.Theshadeoftheforesttreesprovidesahomeforbirdsandotherspecies(物种)thatdependonthetrees'flowersandfruits.Full－suncoffeegrowersdestroythisforesthome.Asaresult，manyspeciesarequicklydyingout.Onamoregloballevel，thedestructionoftherainforestforfull－suncoffeefieldsalsothreatens(威胁)humanlife.Medicalresearchoftenmakesuseoftheforests'plantandanimallife，andthedestructionofsuchspeciescouldpreventresearchersfromfindingcuresforcertaindiseases.Inaddition，newcoffee－growingtechniquesarepoisoningthewaterlocally，andeventuallytheworld'sgroundwater.Bothlocallyandglobally，thecontinuedspreadoffull－suncoffeeplantations(种植园)couldmeanthedestructionoftherainforestecology.Thelossofshadetreesisalreadycausingaslightchangeintheworld'sclimate，andstudiesshowthatthelossofoxygen－givingtreesalsoleadstoairpollutionandglobalwarming.Moreover，thenewgrowingtechniquesarecontributingtoacidic(酸性的)soilconditions.Itisobviousthatthewaymuchcoffeeisgrownaffectsmanyaspectsoflife，fromthelocalenvironmenttotheglobalecology.Butconsumersdohaveachoice.Theycanpurchaseshade－growncoffeewheneverpossible，althoughatahighercost.Thefuturehealthoftheplanetandmankindissurelyworthmorethananinexpensivecupofcoffee.本文为“总→分→总”结构。第一段从整体上介绍咖啡豆的新种植技术带来的危害，中间第二、三、四段详细介绍了具体的危害，最后一段介绍这种新的种植技术影响我们生活的各个层面，消费者要做出正确的选择。命题角度1|细节理解题事实认定数学计算顺序排列图表鉴别通过阅读，认定文中出现的who，what，when，where，which，how等具体事实信息。对文中所涉及的年代、年龄、数量、钱款等进行规整、计算、换算，得出试题所要求的答案。对文中所列举的事实、事项、事件等按照时间、空间或逻辑顺序的关系进行恰当排序。用图表代替具体事实，使文中的某些信息更直观、更形象地得以展现。解题技巧(1)略读、跳读，锁定与问题相关的信息范围，定位相关的词语或句子。(2)读选项，理解各选项的意义，比较各选项的意义差别。(3)通过直接信息认定、同义替换对应，筛选出正确答案。(4)重点关注给出的例证、类比、顺序等重要信息点。[例1](2016·全国甲卷·A)What'sOn?ElectricUnderground7．30pm—1.00amFreeattheCyclopsTheatreDoyouknowwho'splayinginyourarea?We'rebringingyouanexcitingeveningofliverockandpopmusicfromthebestlocalbands.Areyouinterestedinbecomingamusicianandgettingarecordingcontract(合同)?Ifso，comeearlytothetalkat7.30pmbyJulesSkye，asuccessfulrecordproducer.He'sgoingtotalkabouthowyoucanfindtherightpersontoproduceyourmusic.GeeWhizz8．30pm—10.30pmComedyatKaleidoscopeComeandseeGeeWhizzperform.He'sthefunnieststand－upcomedianonthecomedyscene.Thisjoyfulshowwillpleaseeveryone，fromtheyoungesttotheoldest.GeeWhizzreallyknowshowtomakeyoulaugh!Ourbarisopenfrom7.00pmfordrinksandsnacks(快餐)．Simon'sWorkshop5．00pm—7.30pmWednesdaysatVictoriaStageThisisagoodchanceforanyonewhowantstolearnhowtodocomedy.Theworkshoplooksateverykindofcomedy，andpracticesmanydifferentwaysofmakingpeoplelaugh.Simonisacomedianandactorwhohas10years'experienceofteachingcomedy.Hisworkshopsareexcitingandfun.AneveningwithSimonwillgiveyoutheconfidencetobefunny.CharlotteStone8．00pm—11.00pmPizzaWorldFinefoodwithbeautifuljazzmusic；thisisagreateveningout.CharlotteStonewillperformsongsfromhernewbestsellingCD，withJamesPickeringonthepiano.ThemenuisItalian，withexcellentmeatandfreshfish，pizzasandpasta(面食)．Bookearlytogetatable.Ourbarisopenallday，andservescocktails，coffee，beer，andwhitewine.1．Whocanhelpyouifyouwanttohaveyourmusicproduced?A．JulesSkye. B．GeeWhizz.C．CharlotteStone. D．JamesPickering.2．Atwhichplacecanpeopleofdifferentagesenjoyagoodlaugh?A．TheCyclopsTheatre. B．Kaleidoscope.C．VictoriaStage. D．PizzaWorld.3．WhatdoweknowaboutSimon'sWorkshop?A．Itrequiresmembershipstatus. B．Itlaststhreehourseachtime.C．Itisrunbyacomedyclub. D．ItisheldeveryWednesday.4．WhenwillCharlotteStoneperformhersongs?A．5.00pm—7.30pm. B．7.30pm—1.00am.C．8.00pm—11.00pm. D．8.30pm—10.30pm.1.A[细节理解题之事实认定。可采用定位的方法，锁定与问题相关的信息范围。通过把题干中的haveyourmusicproduced与第一则广告中produceyourmusic进行对比，可得知JulesSkye会提出一些建议来帮助你。]2．B[细节理解题之事实认定。可定位相关的句子，从而锁定与问题相关的信息范围。通过题干中的enjoyagoodlaugh与第二则广告中的makeyoulaugh进行对比，把题干中peopleofdifferentages与广告中的everyone，fromtheyoungesttotheoldest进行对比可判定应为第二则广告的地点Kaleidoscope。]3．D[细节理解题之事实认定。可通过直接信息认定，筛选出正确答案。从题干得知本题涉及第三则广告的相关信息，从5.00pm－7.30pmWednesdaysatVictoriaStage可以判定，该活动每个星期三举办。]4．C[细节理解题之事实认定。可通过直接信息认定，筛选出正确答案。从题干可知本题的信息来自最后一则广告，该广告开头就交代了时间：晚上8点到11点。][例2](2015·四川高考·C·节选)Mothershavelongknownthattheirhomeworkloadwasjustasheavyaspaidwork.Now，thenewstudyhasshownthatiftheywerepaidfortheirparentallabours，theywouldearnasmuchas￡172，000ayear.Thestudylookedattherangeofjobsmothersdo，aswellasthehourstheyareworking，todeterminethefigure.Thiswouldmaketheiryearlyincome￡30，000morethanthePrimeMinisterearns.38．HowmuchwouldamotherearnayearifworkingasthePrimeMinister?A．￡30，000. B．￡142，000.C．￡172，000. D．￡202，000.B[细节理解题之数字计算。可通过定位相关句子，锁定与问题相关的信息范围。根据文中的“theywouldearnasmuchas￡172，000ayear”可以得知母亲们一年可赚￡172，000；而根据文中“Thiswouldmaketheiryearlyincome￡30，000morethanthePrimeMinisterearns.”可以得知她们比首相多赚￡30，000；把两者相减即可得出首相的年薪，也就是￡142，000。]命题角度2|主旨大意题确定标题概括全文主题概括段落大意写作目的标题是文章的题目，它不是主题，但限定主题的范围，可表达主题，是对主题的提炼和浓缩，表现形式多为短语，尤其是名词短语。主题是文章的中心思想，是作者所要表达的中心意思，有的直接出现在文中，有的需通过综合全文的内容概括归纳得出。段落大意是指段落的中心意思。文章常由多个段落组成，共同支撑全文主题，但每段又分述不同的意思，可通过归纳、演绎等方法概括得出。作者写文章的目的有三：toexpressone'sfeelings，attitudeandideas；toaffectreaders；toinformreaders。可细分为tointroduce，describe，explain，inform，analyze，express，convey，argue，encourage，praise，criticize，advocate等。解题技巧1.细读文章或段落的首句、中间句和尾句，主题往往就在这些地方出现。2．特别关注however，but等表示转折的信息词，主题很可能就在这类词的后面出现。3．表示结论性的信息词如so，thus，therefore等后面通常会出现主题句。4．对记叙文要会根据所述事件进行归纳概括，领会其寓意，总结出文章的主题。5．标题是对主题句的高度概括，用词更少，简明扼要，有时会用形象化的语句。[例1](2016·全国甲卷·C)Readingcanbeasocialactivity.Thinkofthepeoplewhobelongtobookgroups.Theychoosebookstoreadandthenmeettodiscussthem.NowthewebsiteBookCturnsthepageonthetraditionalideaofabookgroup.Membersgoonthesiteandregisterthebookstheyownandwouldliketoshare.BookCrossingprovidesanidentificationnumbertostickinsidethebook.Thenthepersonleavesitinapublicplace，hopingthatthebookwillhaveanadventure，travelingfarandwidewitheachnewreaderwhofindsit．BrucePederson，themanagingdirectorofBookCrossing，says，“Thetwothingsthatchangeyourlifearethepeopleyoumeetandbooksyouread.BookCrossingcombinesboth.”Membersleavebooksonparkbenchesandbuses，intrainstationsandcoffeeshops.Whoeverfindstheirbookwillgotothesiteandrecordwheretheyfoundit.Peoplewhofindabookcanalsoleaveajournalentrydescribingwhattheythoughtofit.E－mailsarethensenttotheBookCrosserstokeepthemupdatedaboutwheretheirbookshavebeenfound.BrucePedersonsaystheideaisforpeoplenottobeselfishbykeepingabooktogatherdustonashelfathome.BookCrossingispartofatrendamongpeoplewhowanttogetbacktothe“real”andnotthevirtual(虚拟)．Thesitenowhasmorethanonemillionmembersinmorethanonehundredthirty－fivecountries.12．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．OnlineReading：AVirtualTourB．ElectronicBooks：ANewTrendC．ABookGroupBringsTraditionBackD．AWebsiteLinksPeoplethroughBooksD[主旨大意题之确定标题。通过文章首段和中间段判定。文章首段的第四句提到了BookCrossing这个网站，然后一直在介绍这个网站，可判定主旨大意与此网站有关。再结合第三段中的“thepeopleyoumeetandbooksyouread.BookCrossingcombinesboth.”可知，此网站通过书的传递将人们联系了起来。][例2](2016·北京高考·A)December15，2014DearAlfred，Iwanttotellyouhowimportantyourhelpistomylife.Growingup，IhadpeopletellingmeIwastooslow，though，withanIQof150＋at17，I'manythingbutstupid.ThefactwasthatIwasfoundtohaveADHD(注意力缺陷多动障碍)．Anxiousallthetime，Iwasunabletokeepfocusedformorethananhouratatime.However，whensomethingdidinterestme，Icouldbecomeabsorbed.Inhighschool，Ibecamecuriousaboutthecomputer，andbuiltmyfirstwebsite.Moreover，IcompletedtheseniorcourseofComputerBasics，plusfiverelevantpre－collegecourses.WhileIwasexploringmycuriosity，mydiseasegotworse.Iwantedtogotocollegeafterhighschool，butcouldn't.So，IwaskillingmytimeathomeuntilJune2012whenIdiscoveredtheonlinecomputercoursesofyourtrainingcenter.Sincethen，IhavetakencourseslikeDataScienceandAdvancedMathematics.Currently，I'mlearningyourProbabilitycourse.Ihavehundredsofprinterpaper，coveredinself－writtennotesfromyourvideos.Thishasgivenmeapurpose.Lastyear，Ispentallmytimelookingforajobwhere，withoutdealingwiththepublic，Icouldworkalone，butstillhaveateamtotalkto.Luckily，Idiscoveredthejob—DataAnalyst—thismonthandhavebeengoingfullsteamahead.IwanttoprovethatIcanteachmyselfarespectfulprofession，withoutgoingtocollege，andbejustasgoodas，ifnotbetterthan，mycompetitors.Thankyou.You'vegivenmehopethatIcanfollowmyheart.Forthefirsttime，IfeelgoodaboutmyselfbecauseI'mdoingsomething，notbecausesomeonetoldmeIwasdoinggood.Ifeelwhole.Thisiswhyyou'resavingmylife.Yours，Tanis58．Taniswrotethisletterinorderto．A．explainwhyshewasinterestedinthecomputerB．sharetheideasshehadforherprofessionC．showhowgratefulshewastothecenterD．describethecoursesshehadtakensofarC[主旨大意题之写作目的。应细读文章的首段、中间段和尾段。作者在文章开头直接说明写信的目的：你的帮助对我的人生是多么重要；然后描述自己的病情，未了的大学梦，以及艾尔弗雷德开办的网站给作者带来的学习快乐，因此本文的写作目的是表明她对这个学习中心的感激。]命题角度3|推理判断题隐含信息、言外之意作者的观点、看法文章出处、读者对象预测后文通过归纳、演绎、类比等方式从已知信息中推出未知信息，由已言之意，推未言之意。通过对事件、景物、话语的深入分析推出作者含蓄、隐晦地表达出的观点或看法。通过对格式、结构、内容的分析，推出文章的出处、题材范围和阅读此文章的主要读者群。通过理解上文情节、事理的叙述，结合行文逻辑分析，推出文章后文要讲述的内容。解题技巧1.推理判断要符合逻辑，在文中要有事实依据。2．学会readbetweenthelines和readbeyondthelines，透过字里行间，去推断隐含意义。3．利用归纳法、演绎法、类比法对文中的论据进行分析，从而推出论点和结论。4．整合信息，由因推果，由果推因；由一般推特殊，由特殊推一般；由具体推抽象，由抽象推具体。[例1](2016·四川高考·B·节选)Ourownexperienceworkingtogetheronhealth，development，andenergythelasttwentyyearshasbeenoneofthemostrewardingpartsofourlives.Ithaschangedwhoweareandcontinuestofuelouroptimismabouthowmuchthelivesofthepoorestpeoplewillimproveintheyearsahead.27．Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?A．Theauthorbelievesthelivesofthepoorestwillgetbetter.B．Muchmoreprogresswillbemadeinthenearfuture.C．Theworkonhealthisthemostvaluableexperience.D．People'seffortshavebeenmateriallyrewarded.A[推理判断题之隐含信息、言外之意。根据文章最后一段的信息Ithaschangedwhoweareandcontinuestofuelouroptimismabouthowmuchthelivesofthepoorestpeoplewillimproveintheyearsahead.可知，作者认为努力就有回报，最穷困的人在以后会改善生活。][例2](2016·浙江高考·A·节选)Theeffectsofgossipvarydependingonthesituation.Thenexttimeyoufeeltheurgetospreadthelatestnews，thinkaboutwhyyouwanttogossipandwhateffectsyour“juicystory”mighthave.45．Whatadvicedoestheauthorgiveinthepassage?A．Neverbecomeagossiper.B．Stayawayfromgossipers.C．Don'tletgossipturnintolies.D．Thinktwicebeforeyougossip.D[推理判断题之作者的观点、看法。可透过字里行间去推断隐含意义。根据最后一段中的Thenexttimeyoufeeltheurgetospreadthelatestnews，thinkaboutwhyyouwanttogossipandwhateffectsyour‘juicystory’mighthave.可推知，作者的建议是在你有想传播小道消息的欲望时，要三思而后行。]命题角度4|词义猜测题单词、短语的含义单词表示的对象句子的含义代词的指代对象根据上下文猜测单词或短语的含义。猜测单词(一般是名词)代表什么范畴的东西。根据上下文猜测某个句子的含义。根据上下文猜测代词it，they，that，these，those代指的人或物。解题技巧1.利用针对性的解释，如定义、同位语、定语从句、重述等。2．利用标点符号，如破折号、冒号、分号、引号后面的内容或括号中的内容。3．利用文中列举的例子或给出的同义词、反义词等。4．根据内文逻辑关系，如并列、对比、因果关系等。5．根据构词法，如前缀、后缀、复合词等。[例1](2016·全国乙卷·C·节选)IamPeterHodes，avolunteerstemcellcourier．SinceMarch2012，I'vedone89trips—ofthose，51havebeenabroad.Ihave42hourstocarrystemcells(干细胞)inmylittleboxbecauseI'vegottwoicepacksandthat'showlongtheylast.Inall，fromthetimethestemcellsareharvestedfromadonor(捐献者)tothetimetheycanbeimplantedinthepatient，we'vegot72hoursatmost.SoIamalwaysconsciousoftime.29．Whichofthefollowingcanreplacetheunderlinedword“courier”inParagraph1?A．provider B．deliverymanC．collector D．medicaldoctorB[词义猜测题之单词的含义。根据画线单词后的句子“I'vedone89trips—ofthose，51havebeenabroad.Ihave42hourstocarrystemcells(干细胞)inmylittlebox...”可知，“我”是一个运送干细胞的人。][例2](2016·四川高考·C·节选)Hisblack－and－whitepicturespresentaworldalmostlostintime.Thesepicturesshowpeopleseeminglypushedintoaworldthattheywereunpreparedfor.Theselocalcitizensnowhavetobalancetheirtraditionalself－supportinghuntinglifestylewiththelifestyleofferedbythemodernFrenchRepublic，whichbringswithitnotonlynecessarystatewelfare，butalsoalcoholism，betrayalandevensuicide.31．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“it”inthelastparagraphreferto?A．ThemodernFrenchlifestyle.B．Theself－supportinghunting.C．Theuncivilizedworld.D．TheFrenchRepublic.A[词义猜测题之代词指代，可利用并列关系解题。withit与前面的withthelifestyleofferedbythemodernFrenchRepublic是并列关系，故it指代的是现代的法国的生活方式。句意：这些当地居民不得不兼顾他们传统的自给自足的狩猎生活方式和法兰西共和国带给他们的现代的生活方式，伴随这种生活方式的不仅仅有必不可少的国家福利，还有酗酒、背叛，甚至自杀。]命题角度5|情感态度题作者流露出的情感作者所持有的态度、采用的语气“喜、怒、哀”为情感。作者在字里行间中会流露出某种情感，读者要认真阅读、细心体会才能感知。“赞、批、悯”为态度。作者对某种观点或现象的态度常表现为：积极、消极、客观；赞成、反对、中立。语气有：夸赞、怀疑、惊讶、讽刺等。解题技巧1.抓住文中的褒贬性词汇或语句，尤其是形容词和副词，可推断作者的情感态度。2．依据文章的文体可推断作者的态度，议论文、说明文中作者的态度一般为客观、中立。3．依据文章最后的“结论”可推断作者是赞成还是反对。[例1](2016·四川高考·C·节选)“IhaveaspeciallovefortheFrenchGuianesepeople.Ihaveworkedthereonandoffforalmosttenyears，”saysGin.“I'vebeenabletokeepfirmfriendshipswiththem.ThusIhavebeenallowedtogainaccesstotheirlivingenvironment.Idon'tseeitasalawlessland.ButratherIseeitasanareaoffreedom.”30．WhatisGin'sattitudetowardsthelivesoftheindigenousGuianese?A．Cautious. B．Doubtful.C．Uninterested. D．Appreciative.D[情感态度题。从文中的haveaspeciallovefor与keepfirmfriendshipswith可知，Gin对这群土著居民有特殊的爱，他们之间有深厚的友谊。再从“Idon'tseeitasalawlessland.ButratherIseeitasanareaoffreedom.”可判定Gin认为这是一块自由的土地。由这些描述可知Gin欣赏这群土著居民的生活方式。][例2](2016·北京高考·D·节选)WhyCollegeIsNotHomeThecollegeyearsaresupposedtobeatimeforimportantgrowthinautonomy(自主性)andthedevelopmentofadultidentity.However，nowtheyarebecominganextendedperiodofadolescence，duringwhichmanyoftoday'sstudentsarenotshoulderedwithadultresponsibilities.Forpreviousgenerations，collegewasadecisivebreakfromparentalcontrol；guidanceandsupportneededtocomefrompeopleofthesameageandfromwithin.Inthepasttwodecades，however，continuedconnectionwithanddependenceonfamily，thankstocellphones，e－mailandsocialmedia，haveincreasedsignificantly.Someparentsgosofarastohelpwithcoursework.Insteadofpromotingtheideaofcollegeasapassagefromtheshelterofthefamilytoautonomyandadultresponsibility，universitieshavegivenintotheideathattheyshouldprovidethesameenvironmentasthatofthehome.67．What'stheauthor'sattitudetowardcontinuedparentalguidancetocollegestudents?A．Sympathetic. B．Disapproving.C．Supportive. D．Neutral.B[情感态度题。第一段中作者提到大学期间应该让学生培养自主性，让他们向成年人的身份转变，但是如今的大学生没有肩负起成年人的职责；第二段中作者分析了原因，指出这是因为家长在孩子读大学之后还通过手机、邮件等方式帮助上大学的子女，结果，大学就成了与家庭一样的环境。由此可推知，作者对于这种现象是不赞成的。]类型1|人物传记考查要点方法技巧1.人物最显著的性格、品德特征。2．人物的重大、有影响的经历。3．人物最杰出的功绩、贡献、成就。4．人物成长的时代背景。1.把握事件发生的时间、空间及顺序。2．理清事情发生的背景、起因、过程及结果。3．感悟人物的情感和心理活动。(2016·全国乙卷·A)YouprobablyknowwhoMarieCuriewas，butyoumaynothaveheardofRachelCarson.Oftheoutstandingladieslistedbelow，whodoyouthinkwasthemostimportantwomanofthepast100years?JaneAddams(1860－1935)AnyonewhohaseverbeenhelpedbyasocialworkerhasJaneAddamstothank.Addamshelpedthepoorandworkedforpeace.Sheencouragedasenseofcommunity(社区)bycreatingsheltersandpromotingeducationandservicesforpeopleinneed.In1931，AddamsbecamethefirstAmericanwomantowintheNobelPeacePrize.RachelCarson(1907－1964)Ifitweren'tforRachelCarson，theenvironmentalmovementmightnotexisttoday.Herpopular1962bookSilentSpringraisedawarenessofthedangersofpollutionandtheharmfuleffectsofchemicalsonhumansandontheworld'slakesandoceans.SandraDayO'Connor(1930－present)WhenSandraDayO'ConnorfinishedthirdinherclassatStanfordLawSchool，in1952，shecouldnotfindworkatalawfirmbecauseshewasawoman.ShebecameanArizonastatesenator(参议员)and，in1981，thefirstwomantojointheU．S.SupremeCourt.O'Connorgavethedecidingvoteinmanyimportantcasesduringher24yearsonthetopcourt.RosaParks(1913－2005)OnDecember1，1955，inMontgomery，Alabama，RosaParkswouldnotgiveupherseatonabustoawhitepassenger.HersimpleactlandedParksinprison.ButitalsosetofftheMontgomerybusboycott.Itlastedformorethanayear，andkickedoffthecivil－rightsmovement.“TheonlytiredIwas，wastiredofgivingin，”saidParks.21．WhatisJaneAddamsnotedforinhistory?A．Hersocialwork.B．Herteachingskills.C．Hereffortstowinaprize.D．Hercommunitybackground.22．WhatwasthereasonforO'Connor'sbeingrejectedbythelawfirm?A．Herlackofpropertraininginlaw.B．Herlittleworkexperienceincourt.C．Thediscriminationagainstwomen.D．Thepoorfinancialconditions.23．Whomadeagreatcontributiontothecivil－rightsmovementintheU．S.?A．JaneAddams.B．RachelCarson.C．SandraDayO'Connor.D．RosaParks.24．Whatcanweinferaboutthewomenmentionedinthetext?A．Theyarehighlyeducated.B．Theyaretrulycreative.C．Theyarepioneers.D．Theyarepeace－lovers.语篇解读：本文主要介绍了100年以来历史上四位在不同领域做出杰出贡献的女性先驱。长难句解读：Ifitweren'tforRachelCarson，theenvironmentalmovementmightnotexisttoday.分析：本句为含有条件状语从句的复合句，使用了虚拟语气。翻译：如果不是RachelCarson的话，今天的环保活动就可能不会存在。21．A[细节理解题。根据JaneAddams下的第一句话“AnyonewhohaseverbeenhelpedbyasocialworkerhasJaneAddamstothank.(任何一个受到社会工作者帮助的人都要感谢JaneAddams)”可知，在历史上，JaneAddams以她的社会工作而出名，故选A项。]22．C[细节理解题。根据SandraDayO'Connor下的第一句中“shecouldnotfindworkatalawfirmbecauseshewasawoman”可知，她没能在法律事务所找到工作，是因为她是一名女性，这与C项“对于女性的歧视”相符，故选C项。]23．D[细节理解题。根据RosaParks下的“...italsosetofftheMontgomerybusboycott.Itlastedformorethanayear，andkickedoffthecivil－rightsmovement.”可知，它导致了蒙哥马利巴士抵制运动，这场运动持续了一年多，开始了民权运动，故选D项。]24．C[推理判断题。通读全文可知文中提到的这几位女性都是不同领域的先驱，都在各自领域中做出了巨大贡献，故选C项。]A(2016·河南省六市第一次联考)DidyouknowthatAlbertEinsteincouldnotspeakuntilhewasfouryearsold，andcouldnotreaduntilhewasseven？Hisparentsandteachersworriedabouthismentalability.Beethoven'smusicteachersaidabouthim,“Asacomposer(作曲家)heishopeless.”Whatifthisyoungboyhadbelievedit?WhenThomasEdisonwasayoungboy，histeacherssaidhewassostupidthathecouldneverlearnanything.Heoncesaid，“IrememberIusedtoneverbeabletogetalongatschool.Iwasalwaysatthefootofmyclass...MyfatherthoughtIwasstupid，andIalmostdecidedthatIwasastupidperson.”WhatifyoungThomashadbelieved，whattheysaidabouthim?Whenthesculptor(雕刻家)AugusteRodinwasyoung，hehaddifficultylearningtoreadandwrite.Today，wemaysayhehadalearningdisability.Hisfathersaidofhim，“Ihaveanidiot(白痴)forason.”Hisuncleagreed.“He'suneducable，”hesaid.WhatifRodinhaddoubtedhisability?WaltDisneywasoncefiredbyanewspapereditorbecausehewasthoughttohaveno“goodideas”.EnricoCarusowastoldbyonemusicteacher，“Youcan'tsing.Youhavenovoiceatall.”AndaneditortoldLouisaMayAlcottthatshewasunabletowriteanythingthatwouldhavepopularappeal.Whatifthesepeoplehadlistenedandbecomediscouraged?WhatwouldourworldbewithoutthemusicofBeethoven，theartofRodinortheideasofAlbertEinsteinandWaltDisney?AsOscarLevantoncesaid，“It'snotwhatyouarebutwhatyoudon'tbecomethathurts.”Youhavegreatpotential.Whenyoubelieveinallyoucanbe，ratherthanallyoucannotbecome，youwillfindyourplaceonearth.本