新译林版高中英语必修3Unit1NatureinthebalanceGrammar课时作业

Unit1Natureinthebalance1.2Grammar：省略句省略句 省略句的定义：为了避免重复，或为了使句子更简练，在一些句子中常常省去一个或某几个成分，这种语法现象在英语中叫省略。在英语句子中，常见的省略情况有以下几种：一.状语从句中的省略1.在when,while,if,asif,though,although,as,until,once,whether,unless等连接的状语从句中，若从句中的主语与主句主语一致且谓语中含有be动词，常省略状语从句中的主语和be动词。当从句的主语为it时，则从句中主语和be动词常被省略。=1\*GB3①Shefellasleepwhile(hewas)doinghishomework.他在做作业时睡着了。=2\*GB3②Oftenshewouldweepwhen(shewas)alone.她一个人时，常常哭泣。=3\*GB3③If(itis)possible,I'llgoouting.如果可能的话，我将去郊游。【跟踪典例】完成句子=1\*GB3①While___________(cycle),don'tforgetthetrafficlights.骑车时，不要忘记看红绿灯。=2\*GB3②Heopenedhismouthasif___________(say)something.他张开嘴好像要说什么。=3\*GB3③If___________(leave)

untreated,thecondition

may

becomechronic.

如果得不到治疗，此病可能会转成慢性。【答案】①cycling②tosay=3\*GB3③left注意：有些由if构成的省略结构，已属固定短语，如ifany,ifnecessary,ifpossible,ifnot,ifso：=1\*GB3①Therearefew,ifany,mistakesinthatbook.那本书就是有错误也不多。=2\*GB3②Ifnecessary,ringmeathome.如果必要，可以打电话到我家找我。=3\*GB3③Ifpossible,Iwishtogotherenextsummer.如果可能，我希望明年夏天去。=4\*GB3④Hemaybebusy.Ifso,I’llcalllater.Ifnot,canIseehimnow?他可能很忙，要是这样，我以后再来拜访。要是不忙，我现在可以见他吗?2.在than,as等引导的比较状语从句中常省略某些成分。=1\*GB3①Iknowyoubetterthan(Iknow)him.我了解你胜过了解他。=2\*GB3②HerunsasfastasBob(runs)．他跑得和鲍勃一样快。二．定语从句和宾语从句中的省略1．定语从句中的省略(1)在限制性定语从句中，作宾语用的关系代词whom,which,that可省略(但whom,which紧跟在介词后时不能省略)。Theman(who/whom/that)youwanttomeethascome.你要见的人来了。(2)修饰way的关系词that/inwhich可以省略。Doyouknowtheway(that/inwhich)workismeasured?你知道衡量工作的方式吗？2．宾语从句中的省略(1)及物动词后接宾语从句时，连接词that一般可以省略；但如果及物动词接两个或两个以上that引导的宾语从句，那么只有第一个that可以省略。=1\*GB3①Ibelieve(that)beautycomesfromwithin.我相信美丽来自内心。=2\*GB3②Hesaid(that)thetextwasveryimportantandthatweshouldlearnitbyheart.他说这篇课文很重要，我们应该牢记在心。(2)when,where,how和why引导的宾语从句有时可以仅保留引导词。ShewantstolearnEnglishwell,yetshedoesn'tknowhow(shecanlearnitwell)．她想学好英语，但她不知道怎样才能学好。【跟踪典例】把句中可以省略的部分用横线标出来①Amongthemanydangerswhichsailorshavetoface,probablythegreatestofallisfog.②Pleasesendusalltheinformationthatyouhaveaboutthecandidatefortheposition.③Jerrydidnotregretgivingthecommentbutfeltthathecouldhaveexpresseditdifferently.④Shedidn'tgotoschoolyesterday.Idon'tknowwhyshedidn'tgtoschoolyesterday.【答案】①Amongthemanydangerswhichsailorshavetoface,probablythegreatestofallisfog.②Pleasesendusalltheinformationthatyouhaveaboutthecandidatefortheposition.③Jerrydidnotregretgivingthecommentbutfeltthathecouldhaveexpresseditdifferently.④Shedidn'tgotoschoolyesterday.Idon'tknowwhyshedidn'tgotoschoolyesterday.三.动词不定式的省略1．当不定式在形容词afraid,anxious,eager,glad,happy,ready,willing等后作状语时，to后的内容常省略。Youcan'tforcehimtoanswerthequestionifhe'snotreadyto(answerthequestion)．如果他不愿意回答这个问题，你不能强迫他。2．某些使役动词如：make,let,have等和感官动词如：see,watch,notice,observe,hear等后面作宾补的不定式须省略to，但若这些动词用于被动语态，则to不省略。WeoftenhearhersinganEnglishsongintheclassroom.→SheisoftenheardtosinganEnglishsongintheclassroom.(被动语态)我们经常听见她在教室里唱英语歌。3．并列的不定式可以省略后面的不定式符号to。但若两个不定式之间表示对比关系时，不省略to。=1\*GB3①Helikestoswimmorethan(to)skate.比起溜冰他更喜欢游泳。=2\*GB3②Hebelievesitimportanttostudyratherthantoplaycomputergames.(比较)他认为最重要的是学习而不是玩电脑游戏。4．当不定式在某些动词后作宾语时，常可省略。常见的动词有agree,afford,expect,forget,hope,know,manage,pretend,remember,refuse,want,wish,wouldlike等。Iaskedhimtoseethefilm,buthedidn'twantto(seethefilm)．我请他看电影，但是他不想去。5．介词but,except(除了)前有实义动词do的具体形式时，后面的不定式不带to。Allhecoulddowasnothingbutwaitandsee.他所能做的只有等等看。6．当不定式在begoingto,beableto,haveto,oughtto,usedto后作复合谓语时，不定式可省略。Theydon'tgoshoppingasmuchastheyusedto(goshopping)．他们不像过去那样经常去购物了。注意：(1)省略的不定式内容若含有作助动词用的have或be的任何形式时，to后要保留原形的have或be。(2)类似这样用法的还有动词短语begoingto,beaboutto,besupposedto,haveto,usedto及形容词glad,happy,pleased,delighted等。=1\*GB3①Hedidn'tcome,butheoughttohave(come)．他没来，但他应该来。=2\*GB3②—Areyouafarmer?—No,butIusedtobe(afarmer)．——你是个农民吗？——不是，但我过去是。【跟踪典例】单句改错①Thereweresomanycarsheldupbytheheavyrainontheroadthatwehadnoalternativebutwait.②Wecandonothingbuttogiveup.③Hewasnoticedleavetheoffice.④Thecitynowismuchnoisierthanitusedto.⑤Mymotherwouldn'tletmetogotoseethefilm.【答案】①but后加to②去掉to③noticed后加to④to后加be⑤去掉第一个toⅠ.单句语法填空1.Once__________(addict)toonlinegames,teenagersareharmedbothphysicallyandmentally.2.__________(concern)aboutthestudent,theteachercalledhisparentstofindoutwhyhewassooftenab-sentfromclass.3.Avaccinecan'tbeputontothemarketunless__________(test)onalargescale.4.Filmhasamuchshorterhistory,especiallywhen__________(compare)tosuchartformsasmusicandpainting.5.When__________(publish),thenovelwillbecomeoneofthebestsellersoftheyear.6.Xiaomingmusthavebeenplayingfootballatthattime,andhissister__________(play)thepiano.7.Somepoisonousmushrooms,if__________(consume)mistakenly,canbedeadly.8.Attheageoftwentyhelefthishometown,__________(determine)nottoreturnwithoutachievinghisgoal.9.Shewonderedwhyhedidn'tdoitas__________(require).10.Itisadifficultskilltomaster,butonce__________(obtain),itwillbenefityoufortherestofyourlife.11.Inthefilm,theactorthrewhimselfoffthehorseasif__________(shoot)todeath.12.Waterinmanyplacesisnotsafetodrinkunless___________(boil).13.When__________(expose)todangerandconflict,mentendtoincreasebloodpressure,feelingnervousoranxious.14.When__________(ask)laterwhatthecallwasabout,yourfriendalwaysanswers,"Oh,nothingreally.”15.If__________(convenience)Iwillvisityouthisweekend.=1\*ROMANI.阅读理解ANow,citieslargeandsmalloftenhaveremainsofearlierhistoricstreetsandsidewalkpavements（人行道）.Yettheyoftengounprotectedevenwhentheymaybeolderthanneighbouringhistoricbuildingsthathaveenjoyedprotectionfortensofyears.Therearemanyreasonstoprotecthistoricpavements-culturevalue,economics,environmentalbenefitsandpublicsafety.Pavementsrepresentedanimportantstepinthemodernizationofcityenvironmentsinthe19thcentury.Beforethelayingofpavement,streetsofdirtcausedmanyproblemstocitizens,especiallyinwetweatherwhentheybecamemuddy（泥泞的），whichlimitedthemovementofpeopleandvehicles.Tosolvetheproblem,citiesexperimentedwithawiderangeofmaterialsinanattempttobalancedurability（耐用性），economics,sourcesofmaterialsandnoiseconsiderations.Theearliestpavementinmanycitieswerecobblestones-naturallyroundedstones.Theywerecheapanddurable,butroughandnoisy.Loosestonepavementswerecheapandsmooth,butnotverydurable.Woodalsoappearedinthe1850sasapopularoption-smooth,quietandaffordable,butnotverydurable.Inmanycitiesandtowns,brick（砖）streetsaretheonlyhistoricpavementsthathavesurvived.Thisfactcoversupthetruthofpavementexperimentationbetweenthe1850sand1920s,whenacitycoulduseuptoadozendifferentpavingmaterialsatthesametime!Indeed,eachcitydevelopedaunique"pavementidentity"inthematerialschosenandthewaytheywerelaid.Itiseasytothinkofthepastwhenseeinghistoricpavements,asrecalling"oldworld"cityqualities.However,theyaremoresimilartotheearlyhighbuildingsandparks-importantcityfeaturesthatshowedthemodernizationofthecity.Atatimewhencitiesarebecomingincreasinglysimilar,suchpavementsalsohelpdefineanimportantsenseofplace.1.Whatisthepresentsituationofhistoricpavements？A.Failingtorepresentmodemenvironments.B.Failingtoreceiveprotectiontheyshouldget.C.Beingbroughtbacktoitsformerglory.D.Beinghighlyvaluedasculturalbuildings.2.Whywasthefirstpavementbuiltinhistory？A.Tohelpdevelopthelocaleconomy.B.Topreventearthfrombeingwashedaway.C.Tolimitthemovementofpeopleandvehicles.D.Tobringconveniencetocitizens'life.3.WhatismainlytalkedaboutinParagraphs4-6？A.Popularityofdifferentpavingmaterials.B.Differentexperimentsoncityidentity.C.Advantagesanddisadvantagesofstonepavements.D.Developmentofpavementsofdifferentmaterials.4.Whatdoesthewriterwanttoexpressabouthistoricpavementsinthelastparagraph？A.Theyaresimilartotallbuildings.B.Theymakecitiesappearsimilar.C.Theyareuniqueofaparticularplace.D.Theyrepresentthemodernizationoftoday'scity.BTherearemanywaystodealwiththeplasticpollution.TomSzaky'swaymaybeoneofthebravest.Hehasgonebacktoanoldway-usingreusablecontainers.Theideawasusedinthelastcentury.ItwasintroducedtotheworldbyCoca-Colaintheearly1920s,whenCokewassoldinexpensiveglassbottlesthatneededreturning.Theyaskedfortwocents,about40percentofthefullcostofthesoftdrink,andgotabout98percentoftheirbottlesback,tobereused40or50times.Bottledepositprogramsremainoneofthemosteffectivemethods.Tenmonthsago,SzakystartedLoop,anonlinedeliveryservicethatusesstrongreusablecontainers.ThebiggestpartofhisriskisthatLooppushesfarbeyondthecommonreusablebottles.Fromfoodpackagingtowashingpowderpackaging,thecontainersareindifferentsizesandmadefromdifferentmaterials.OneofhisproductsisHaagen-Dazsicecreamthatispackedinsideaspecialboxtokeeptheicecreamfrommelting.17yearsago,SzakyfoundedTerraCycle,asmallwastemanagementcompany.Hethoughtupawaytodealwithplastics,cigarettewastes,andalonglistofotherwastes.Gradually,hebecamemoreinterestedinthinkingofhowtorecycledifferentkindsofwasteinthebestway.Loopispartofthereappearanceofthereusablepackagingasabestchoicetoplasticwaste.Thefoodanddrinkcompaniesaremorelikelytousereusablebottles.AcompanysaidtheyhavestartedtheUnitedStates'firststate-widereusablebeersystem.Moreobviously,Szaky'sideaofreusablepackagingforproductshasattractedmoreandmorecompaniestopayattentiontothereusablepackaging.5.WhatdoweknowaboutTomSzakyfromparagraph1？A.HeinventedCokebottles.B.Herecommendedusingreusablecontainers.C.Heinventedanewkindofcontainer.D.Heaskedpeoplefordeposit.6.WhydoesSzakykeeptheicecreaminaspecialbox？A.Tohelpkeepitstemperature. B.Tomakeiteasytoeat.C.Tomakeitsweeter. D.Tohelpitmeltquickly.7.Whatcanweinferaboutthereusablepackaginginthefuture？______A.Itwillsolveplasticwastecompletely.B.Itwillbringaboutalotofnewwaste.C.Itwillattractmoreandmoreattention.D.ItwillmakeLooplosealotofcustomers.8.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext？A.DifferentNewWaystoDealwithPlasticPollutionB.TheStoryofaCreativeInventorC.TheWorld'sAttitudetoPlasticPollutionD.AnOldIdeaofFightingagainstPlasticPollutionⅡ.语法填空阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。Dayafterday,

asmallbluetruckspeedsalongthestreetsofFunen.Adogsitsbesidethedriver,lookingathimasif1(listen)tohisorder.Wheneverthetruckgoesby,

thepeopleofFunenturnandstare,

someinwonder,

othersinadmiration.Onitssides2

(print)thewordsTRACKERDOGandatelephonenumber.

Yes,

thepassengerinthebluetruckisadogthat3

(be)usedtofindlostthingsorfollowthetracksofpersonsandanimals.Withinsevenyears,

thedogandhis4

(own)Andersonhavefoundlostthingsworthnearly$400,000,among5

arewatches,

jewelry,

money,

cows,

pigs,

andotherdogs.Ofcourse,

thesecretofthedogishissensitivenose.

EachyearthedogandAndersonanswerabout700calls

6

help.Fouroutoffivetimestheyfindwhattheyareaskedtolookfor.

WheneverthephoneringsatAnderson’shouse,

thedogis7

(immediate)excited.Hequicklyrunstothetruck,

eagertobeoffinsearchofthe8

(lose).

Ontheway,

Andersonrepeatsagainandagainthenamesof9

theyarelookingfor.Sobythetimetheyarrive,

thedogisready10

(get)towork.Hecircleshereandthereuntilhepicksupthesmellofanobjectinaplacewhereitdoesn’tbelong.基础帮Ⅰ.单句语法填空1.【答案】addicted【解析】句意：青少年一旦沉迷于网络游戏，身心都会受到伤害。分析句子结构可知，设空处所给单词addict的逻辑主语是teenagers，且与其是被动关系，应该填过去分词形式，构成“Once+过去分词”结构作状语。Onceaddicted实际上是省略了theyare的条件状语从句。由于主句和从句主语一致，且从句中有动词be，故可省略从句中的主语和be动词，故填addicted。2.【答案】Concerned【解析】句意：出于对那个学生的关心，老师打电话给他的父母，问他为什么经常缺课。短语beconcernedabout意思是"担心……"，分析句子可知，本句是原因状语从句的省略，原句是Becausehewas

concernedaboutthestudent...，从句的主语和主句的主语一致，从句省略了引导词、主语和系动词was，句首单词大写首字母，故填Concerned。3.【答案】tested【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：除非大规模试验，否则疫苗无法投入市场。分析句子可知，本句考查unless引导的条件状语从句的省略，原从句是“unlessitistestedona

largescale.”，从句的主语it代指的是主句主语Avaccine，故可以将it省略，谓语动词使用的是被动语态，把be动词省略，直接使用过去分词做状语，即“unlesstestedona

largescale”，故填tested。

4.【答案】compared【解析】句意：电影的历史要短得多，尤其是当它和像音乐与绘画这样的艺术形式相比时。所给动词compare与其逻辑主语film之间是动宾关系，需用一般现在时的被动语态。句中从句的完整形式为whenfilmiscomparedtosuchartformsasmusicandpainting.主从句主语一致时，when引导的从句可省略主语+be动词。故填compared。5.【答案】published【解析】句中willbecome作谓语，空格处用非谓语形式，thenovel与publish之间为被动关系，分析句意可知，此处可以用when引导的时间状语从句，根据主将从现原则，此处可以理解为用一般现在时的被动语态，(itis)published，主句主语

thenovel和从句主语相同，可以省略主语和be动词；也可以理解为用过去分词形式作状语。故填published。6.【答案】playing【解析】and前后句子时态一致，由前面的havebeenplayingfootball可知，and后的句子时态也应该为现在完成进行时，主语hissister是单数，因此空格处为hasbeenplaying，为了避免重复，省略havebeen，因此空格处为playing，故填playing。

7.【答案】consumed【解析】句意：一些有毒的蘑菇，如果误食，可能会致命。考查从句的省略句式，if引导的条件状语从句，当其主语与主句一致，谓语动词含有be动词时，可将主语和be动词省略；动词consume的逻辑主语是mushrooms，构成被动的关系，因此使用被动语态bedone形式，把主语和be动词省略，故填consumed。

8.【答案】determined【解析】句意：二十岁时他离开了家乡，决心不达目的就不回去。bedeterminedtodosth.决心做某事，固定搭配，因为空处主语和主句主语一致，所以此处省略了主语he和be动词，所以空处需用determined作状语。故填determined。

9.【答案】required【解析】句意：她不明白他为什么没有按要求做。require动词，要求，与主语“he”之间是动宾关系，用被动语态，由be动词+动词过去分词构成；句中as引导方式状语从句，当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致时，从句可以将主语和be动词省略。故填required。10.【答案】obtained【解析】句意：这是一项很难掌握的技术/技巧，但一旦掌握，你将受益一生。分析句子成分可知，设空处相当于一个条件状语从句“onceitisobtained”，且与主句主语it一致，从句谓语有be，可以省略，设空处直接填obtained。故填obtained。11.【答案】shot【解析】句意：在这部电影中，那个演员从马上摔了下来，仿佛被枪杀了。在英语中，如果主句的主语和从句的主语一致，且状语从句的谓语动词中有be动词，从句的主语连同be可一起省略，该类状语从句多为时间、地点、条件、方式或让步等，连词为when,while,though,if,unless,although,asif等，后面通常接分词、不定式、形容词、名词等。故此处原句为asiftheactorwasshottodeath变为asifshottodeath。故填shot。12.【答案】boiled【解析】句意：许多地方水不煮沸就不能安全饮用。unless引导的状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致，此处省略了主语+be动词is。boil煮沸，与主语"water"是被动关系，需用一般现在时的被动语态，构成unlessthewaterisboiled，将unless从句中主语和be动词省略后为boiled。故填boiled。13.【答案】exposed 【解析】分析句子结构可知，when引导的时间状语从句的主语和主句主语一致，可省略主语和be动词，完整表达为Whentheyareexposedtodangerandconflict...，expose与逻辑主语men是被动关系，故用过去分词。故填exposed。14.【答案】asked【解析】句意：之后，当被问及电话是关于什么的时候，你的朋友总是回答：“哦，没什么。”分析句子结构可知，此处是when引导的时间状语从句的省略，当主从句主语一致时，省略从句主语，由于逻辑主语yourfriend和ask之间是被动关系，直接省去be动词，要用过去分词作状语，故填asked。15.【答案】convenient【解析】​​​​​​​句意：如果方便的话，我这个周末去拜访你。分析句子结构可知，If______(convenience)是省略句，完整句子应改为Ifitisconvenient，同时省略了主语和be动词，此处应用convenient，“方便的”，形容词，故填convenient。能力帮=1\*ROMANI.阅读理解A【解题导语】这是一篇议论文。文章谈的是古建筑人行道的保护和历史，并呼吁其应该得到保护。1.B.细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句Yettheyoftengounprotectedevenwhentheymaybeolderthanneighbouringhistoricbuildingsthathaveenjoyedprotectionfortensofyears.（然而，尽管它们比周围那些享受了十来年保护的历史建筑还要古老，但是它们却没有得到保护。）可知历史人行道尽管比一些得到保护的建筑古老得多，但它们还是没有得到应得的保护。故选B.2.D.细节理解题。根据第三段中的Beforethelayingofpavement,streetsofdirtcausedmanyproblemstocitizens,especiallyinwetweatherwhentheybecamemuddy（泥泞的），whichlimitedthemovementofpeopleandvehicles.（在铺人行道之前，泥泞的街道给市民造成了很多问题，尤其是在潮湿的天气它们变得泥泞的时候，这限制了人和车辆的行动。）可知本段论述了没有人行道的状况，道路泥泞阻碍出行，反过来可知修建人行道就是为了解决通行问题，便利生活，故选D.3.D.主旨大意题。根据文章第四段Tosolvetheproblem,citiesexperimentedwithawiderangeofmaterialsinanattempttobalancedurability（耐用性），economics,sourcesofmaterialsandnoiseconsiderations.（为了解决这个问题，各城市实验了各种各样的材料，试图在耐用性，经济，材料来源和噪音之间找到平衡），再根据第五段和第六段，分别讲述了天然鹅卵石、裸石及砖块各自的优缺点，可知，这三段主要讲人行道上的不同材料的发展。故选D.4.C.推理判断题。根据最后一段第二句However,theyaremoresimilartotheearlyhighbuildingsandparks-importantcityfeaturesthatshowedthemodernizationofthecity.（然而，它们更类似于那些展示城市现代化发展的重要城市标志---大楼和公园）可知作者认为古建筑人行道的作用，就等同于现代城市中的那些标志性建筑，这些人行道也是一个特定的地方所独有的。故选C.B5.B.细节理解题。根据第一段中TomSzaky'swaymaybeoneofthebravest.Hehasgonebacktoanoldway-usingreusablecontainers.（TomSzaky的方式可能是最勇敢的。他又回到了老方法---使用可重复使用的容器）可知，TomSzaky建议使用可重复使用的容器。故选B.6.A.细节理解题。根据第二段中OneofhisproductsisHaagen-Dazsicecreamthatispack